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[laomta}umif;a}umifh/ rdrdwkd@.b0udk zsufqD;
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acwf opf b0/ pmrsufESm-55-56)
u|efawmfonf Ak'<bmom0iftjidrf;pm; oHtrwf}uD;
wpfOD;jzpfygonf? oufwrf;tm;jzifh EkdifiHh0efxrf;
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onf? uHtm;av#mfpGm ,if;EkdifiHrsm;onf rGwfpvif
trsm;tjym;aexdik f&m/ rav;&Sm;/ tif'kdeD;&Sm;/
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tdEdN,EkdifiHwdkh jzpf}uygonf?
Tokd@tm;jzifh ,if;a'o&Sd rGwfpvifrsm;ta}umif;
ukd teD;uyf avhvmcGifh &&SdcJhygonf? rsm; r}umrDu
(1990-ckeSpfvGefrsm;u) jzef@csDaeaom rdsK;aysmufrSm
pkd;a}umuf&trnf&Sd rGwfpvifqef@usifa&; pmwrf;

tNidrf;pm;oHtrwfBuD;wpfOD;

wckukd &&SdcJhygonf? Tpmwrf;yg tcsuftvuf

rsm;ukd avhvm}unfah omtcg tdEdN,EkdifiHwGif
w&m;0if jzef@csdaeaom tm&d,mprmcsf (ac:) tm&d
,mor*~tzGJ@/ R.S.S *sefeqif; ponfjzifh [dENL
w,loeftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. pm;wrf;yg tcsuftvuf
rsm; jzpfaea}umif;awG@&onf?
TtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf vGefcJhaom 1920-jynfEh Spf
avmufupI rGwfpvifqef@usifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ukd
jyKvkyfvmcJh&m/ tdEdN,wkdufi,fa'owGif tdEdN,eSifh
yguDpPwef[lI ESpfEkdifiH ay:xGef;jcif;onfom trSwf
xifcJh&onf? rGwfpvifvlrsdK;rsm;&Sd&m a'oonf
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txd tdENd,EkdifiHwGif rGwfpvifwkd@. tiftm;um;
}uD;xGm;qJyifjzpfonf?
tdENd,EkdifiHukd tkyfcsKyfvkdaom EkdifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;
rsm;onf rGwpf vifwkd@ESifh tay;t,l jyKvkyfavh&Sd
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EkdifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;onfyif tm%m&&Sd&ef olwkd@.
rlvrGwfpvif qef@usifa&; auG;a}umfoHrsm;ESifh
cH,lcsufrsm; aqmifyk'frsm;ukd &kyfodrf;chJ&onf?
rdsK;aysmufrSm -pkd;a}umuf&pmwrf;wGifygouJhokd@
tdEdN,EkdifiHwGif [dENLrsm;onf rGwfpvifrsm;ukd rkef;
wD;onf? twdwfu cJrSefzl;onf[laom a&;om;
csufum; vk;H 0yif rSm;,Gif; aeaom azmfjycsuf jzpf
aeonf? wcgw&H jzpfavhjzpfx&Sdaom bmoma&;
t"du&k%f;rSty tdEdN,om;wkd@onf wlnDaom
trdsK;om;a&; pdwf"mwfxm;&dS=uonfudk awG@&
onf?
wcgw&HwGifrl tdENd,.&kd;&m"avhrsm;/ tEkynmrsm;
ukd rGwfpvifwkd@u ykdrkd pGJjrJpGm xdef;odrf;xm;a}umif;
awG@jrifEkdifonf? tdENd,EkdifiHwGifEkdifiHa&; tzGJ@rsm;
onf bmoma&;ukd olwkd@tm%m&&Sda&;twGuf
tok;H csavh&Sdonf?

tNidrf;pm;oHtrSwfBuD;wpfOD;

bkHaysmufrSm pdk;aMumufrd&Sm

t,k'<, AvDausmif;ajrae&monf [dENLbk&m;yGifh&m

ae&mjzpfonf[k twkduftcHwd@k u EkdifiHa&;t&
tok;H cscJhonf? 1991 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv (6) &ufae@
wGif [dENLtpGef;xGufrsm;u t,k'<, AvDbk&m;
ausmif;ukd 0ifa&muf zsufqD;odrf;ykdufcJh&m/ ,if;.
aemufqufwGJtjzpf [dENLbk&m;ausmif; tajrmuf
trsm; zsufqD;cHcJh&onf?
,if; t,k'<,AvD udpPa}umifh tdEdN,EkdifiHonf
&lyDaiGukaaygif; (4000)ausmf qkH;&_H;jyD;/ vlaygif;
wodef;eD;yg;aocJh&onf? EdkifiH&yfjcm;&Sd tdEdN,EkdifiHeSifh
ukefoG,fzuf rGwfpvifEkdifiHrsm; 0,faps;uGuf vuf
vGwf qkH;&_H;cJh&onf? ,if;onf tdEdN,EkdifiHYomru
Oa&mywkduf&Sd jAdwdefEkdifiHtxd jzpfcJh&onf?

u|efawmff rGwfpvifEkdifiHwGif aexkdifcJhpOf bmom

a&;qkdif&m yg&*lrsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;cJhbl;ygonf? olwkd@
tqkdt& rGwfpvifwOD;onf tjcm;bmom0ifwpfOD;
ukd wenf;enf;jzifh 'kuQay;cJhv#ifvnf;aumif/ tjcm;
bmom0ifwkd@. bk&m;ausmif;rsm;ukd zsufqD;cJhv#if
vnf;aumif;/ olwkd@.tvm[fbk&m;u tjypfay;
rnfjzpfa=umif;/ ,if;ol onf i&Jusrnft
h a=umif;
olwkd@.bk&m;pm uk&d rfusrf;wGif ynwf xm;a=umif;
ajymjy=uonf?
u|efawmfuvnf; twdwfumvu rGwfpvifwd@k rSm
Ak'<b&k m;ausmif;rsm; ukd zsufqD; cJha=umif;ajymjy&m/
xkdyg&*lynm&Sifwd@k u tukd;tum;jzifh atmufyg
twkid f; ,if; pGyfpGJcsufrsm;ukd &Sif;jycJhygonf?

rGwfpvifwkd@onf olwdk@bmom0ifrsm;ukd urBm.

b,ft&yf a'owGifrqkd xdcJhv#if/ olwkd@bufu
wHkhjyef uvJhpm;acsavh&Sdonf? 1987-ck0ef;usifwGif
{&m0wDwkdif;/ anmifwkef; jrdK@wGif AvDbk&m;ausmif;
ESifhtdrf,mrsm; zsufqD;cJhonfukd ta=umif;jyKI
tif'kdeD;&Sm;EkdifiH&Sd aAma&m Aka'<mbk&m;ausmif;.
t&HapwD wqludk zsufqD;cJhonfwkd@ukd rarhtyfay?
1996-ckESpf/ rwfvwGif &efukefjrdK@wGif AvDbk&m;
ausmif;rsm;udk 0ifa&muf zsufqD;cJhonfh owif;
a=umifh urBmhrGwpf vifwdk rausreyfjzpfcJh&m tmz*ef
epPwef EkdifiH&Sd wmvDbefwkd@u olwkd@EkdifiH&Sd awmif
}uD;xufwiG f xkvkyfxm;onfh a&S@a[mif; Ak'<bk&m;
&kyfxu
k kd azmufcGJypfrnf[k jcdrf;ajcmufao;onf?
TudpPukd ukvor*~ ,leufpukdu arwWm&yfcHrS
olwkd@vufavsmh vku
d fjcif;jzpfonf?

bDpD 6 &mpkacwfrSpI tdEdN,EkdifiH bmomukd;uG,fr_

orkdif;wGif Ak'<omoemonf ol. ZmwdajrwGif
ESpfaygif; (1600)cef@wdwd wnfwHhcJhonf? c&pf
ouU&mZf 1 &mpkrS 8-&mpk ESpfrsm;wGif Ak'<
omoemonf tdEdN,ajrrS vkH;0aysmufuG,fcJh&onf?
Tokd@ ysufoOk f;&jcif;. t"duta=umif;&if; ok;H ck
rSm-

,ae@ Ak'<txdrf;trSwf taqmuftOD; trsm;tjym;

onf tmz*efepPwef ESifh yguDpPwefEkdifiHwGif &Sdonf?
olwkd@onf ,if;txdrf;trSwfrsm;ukd olwkd@. a&S;a
[mif; tarGtESpftjzpf *k%f,lazmfjyavh&Sdonf?
yguDpPwefEkdifiHonf wuUoDvm tygt0if ,if;a&S;
a[mif;*E<m&,Ofaus;r_ukd ta=umif;jyKI ESpfpOf
urBmvSnfhc&D;onfrsm; xHrS EkdifiHjcm;aiGtrsm;tjym;
&&Sdaeonf?

&SifAk'<y&dedAmefpHawmfrlcJhaom bDpD-5 &mpk ukefvkeD;

umvtwGif; &SifAk'<xlaxmifcJhaom "rR0g'Dwkd@tm;
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(bDpD-4 &mpk)ESifh wwd, o*Fg,emwifyGJ (bDpD-3
&mpk)wk@d usif;ycsdefwGif Ak'<oHCtzGJ@onf *kd%f;uGJ
(18) cktxd uGJcJh&onf? rlvyifr tkyfpk}uD; toGifrS
ax&0g'*kd%f;/ oA`wWd0g'*kd%f;/ r[moH,dw*kd%f;}uD;
rsm;tjzpf tjydKiftqkdife,fjzef@I omoemjyKcJh=u
onf? TacwfwGif oA`wWd0g'*kd%f;ESifh oH,dw
*kd%f;wkd@.t,l0g'onf rlv ax&0g' *kd%f;ESifh odod
omomuGJjym;oGm;I trsm;}udKuf bmoma&;toGif
ul;ajymif; ykHysufoGm;um r[m,me Ak'<bmom[lI
woD;wjcm; xGufay:vmcJhonf? Tok@d Ak'<.oHCmh
*kd%f;onftwGif; jydKuGJr_rsm;txyfxyf jzpfay:vm
jcif;jzifh wjznf;jznf; tiftm; qkwf,kwfomG ;cJhonf?

bkHaysmufrSm pdk;aMumufrd&Sm

1// oHCm*kd%f;twGif; *kd%f;i,f toD;oD;cGJxGufcJhI

pnf;vkH;odyfonf;r_ jydKuGJcJh&onf?
2// Ak'<rwkid fcifu tdEdN,EkdifiHwGif txift&Sm;
&Sdaeaom [dENL0g'/ jA[Rm%0g' ESifh *sdef;0g'wk@d .
xkd;ESufr_ukd Ak'<0g'Drsm;u tvl;tvJ cH&jcif;?
bDpD-3&mpktwGif; arm&d,vufeufEikd fiHukd tkyfcsKyf
cJhaom {u&mZf bk&if tmaomurif;}uD; (bDpD273-232 cef@)onf Ak'<bmomukd tvGef tusL;
csD;ajrSmufcJhjyD;/ arm&d,EkdifiHawmf w0ef;vk;H Ak'<
omoemESifh Ak'<0g'jyef@yGg;a&;udk pGrf;pGrf;wrH aqmif
&GufcJhonf? Tacwfonf Ak'<jrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAmef
pHawmf rljyD;onfhaemuf Ak'<omoem txGftxdyf
ukd a&mufcJhaom acwf[kqkd&ygrnf?
okd@aomf tmaomurif;}uD;ukd qufcHcJhaom ol.
ajr;rsm; jzpfaom rif;rsm; onf *sdef;0g'Drsm;jzpf=uI
ax&0g' Ak'<bmomukd csD;ajrSmufjcif; r&SdcJhay?
arm&d, rif;quf ysufokOf;I ok*Frif;qufukd wnf
axmifcJhaom yk&Sfrd=w [dENLrif; (bDpD 185-150)
onf / bDpD-2-&mpkukefvkeD;twGif; Ak'<0g'Drsm;ukd
t}uD;tus,f ESdyfuGyf nSOf;yrf;cJhonf? &[ef;
ausmif;rsm;/ apwD ykxkd;rsm;/ omoedu taqmuf
ttkHrsm;ukdvnf; rD;&_d@zsufqD; cJhonf? Ak'< &[ef;
awmf trsm;tjym;wkd@onf tdEdN,jynf tv,fykdif;
a'orS ,ck yguDpPwef &Sd&m yef*syfe,fajrudk ajy;0if
ckdv_HcJh&onf?
xkd@tjyif c&pfESpf-7 &mpkwGif tkyfpkd;cJhaom *kyfwm
eef; qufrS ovufrif;uvnf; [dENL0g'ukd ajrSmuf
pm;vkdI Ak'<0g'Drsm; ESifh omoedut aqmufttkH
rsm;ukd zsufqD; &kHomru r[m aAg"dyifukdyg tjrpfrS
wl;jzwfjzdKvJS cscJhonf?
w&kwf &[ef;}uD; zgwD,eftpfpifESifh[d,efqif
wkd@.rSwfwrf;rsm;t& Ak'<omoemonf us,fjyef@
ckdifrmr_r&SdawmhbJ/ tdEdN,tv,fydkif;/ ta&S@buf

tNidrf;pm;oHtrwfBuD;wpfOD;

b*Fvm;e,f/ awmifzuf 'ufcefukef;jrifhw0kdufY

}udK=um; }udK=um;om usef&Sdawmha=umif; qkdxm;
onf?
(3) c&pfouU&mZf-3 &mpktwGif;u uoD&R e,f&SifS
[dENLbk&ifr[d&ukv onf ,ae@ yguDpPwefEkdifiHwGif
a&S;a[mif;tarGtESpftjzpf
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tjym;ukd okwfoifcJhonf? Ttcsufrsm;onf
orkdif;. azsmufzsufI r&Ekdifaom trSefw&m;rsm;
jzpfonf? (&efukefwuUokdvf ta&S@wikd f;bmom&yf
qkdif&m pmay pifrsm; wGif &SmazGawG@&Sd Ekdif ygonf?)
rGwfpvif wrmefawmfrkd[mrwfonf c&pfouU&mZf
(570)ckESpfwGif arG;zGg;cJhonf? ok@d jzpfI tdEdN,EkdifiHwGif
Ak'<bmomonf rkd[mrwfrarG;cifuyif aysmuf
ysufaejyD; jzpfonf? rkd[mrwf uG,fveG fjyD;aemuf
ESpfaygif; (300)avmufwGif tpPvmrfbmomonf
tdEdN,okd@a&muf&Sdjcif;jzpfonf?
c&pfouU&mZf 12 &mpktwGif; tdEdN,EkdifiHwGif
0ifa&mufar$aESmufaom tmz*efrGwfpvifwkd@a=umifh
Ak'<bmomonf tdEdN,rSaysmufuG,f&onf[k [dENL
orkdif;ynm&Sifwkd@u qkd=uonf? Az:jyyg tmz*ef
ppfaoG;uGrsm;onf rlvu Ak'<bmomuk;d uG,fol
rsm;jzpfjyD;/ tpPvmrfbmomESifhpyfvsOf;I odjrifem;
vnf olrsm; r[kwyf g?
tpOD;ykdif;wGif tdEdN,okd@a&mufcJhaom tm&Afwkd@
a=umifh tdEdN,EkdifiH&Sd qif;&Jom;wk@d rif;ajrSmufcJh&
onf? tm&AfrGwfpvif wkd@onf tdEdN,EkdifiH&Sd qif;&J
om;rsm;/ Zmwfedrfhrsm;/ v,fu|efrsm;. &ykdifcGifhrsm;
ukd &&Sdatmif aqmif&Guf ay;EkdifcJhonf? tm&Afwdk@
jyefoGm;cJhjyD; ESpfaygif; (200) ausmfrS tmz*efwkd@u
tdEdN,okd@ 0ifa&mufvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf? olwkd@onf
tdEdN,wkdufe,fokd@ 0ifa&mufvmaomtcg rnfonfh
bmom/ rnfonfhvlrsdK;[k owfrSwfjcif;r&SdbJ/ olckd;

tNidrf;pm;oHtrSwfBuD;wpfOD;

"g;jyuJhokd@ tm;vkH;ukd jyKusifhcJhonf[k orkdif;ynm&Sif

wkd@uvnf; 0efcHxm;=uygonf?
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aom rGwfpvifb&k ifrsm;onf tpPvmrfbmomukd
rnfo
h kd@r# ulnDjzef@csaD y;cJhjcif;r&Sdajumif;/tpPvmrf
bmomukd omoemjyKcJhaom yk*~dKvfwd@k rSm qlzD;[k
ac:aom rGwfpvif&aoh (bmbm}uD;) rsm;om
jzpfa=umif; azmfjyonf?
EkdifiHwumtqifhjzifh urBmhAk'<bmom omoemjyK
tzGJ@udk zGJ@pnf;xm;onf? ,if;ukd *syefEkdifiHESifh
ukd;&D;,m;EdkifiHwkd@u OD;pD;jcif;jzpfonf? ,if;tzGJh wGif
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a'&Sf@/ rav;&Sm;EkdifiH/ tif'kdeD;&Sm;EkdifiHrsm;onf }uD;
rm;aom taetxm;jzifh yg0ifv_yf&Sm; ae=uonf?
,if;EkdifiHrsm;onf rGwfpvifbmom0if trsm;pk&Sdae
aomEkdifiHrsm;jzpfonfukd owdjyKyg? rav;&Sm;EkdifiH
ESifhtif'kdeD;&Sm; Ak'<omoedu taqmufttkHrsm;ukd
tpkd;&u OD;pD;I ususeejyifqif rGrf;rHay;onf?
tif'kdeD;&Sm;&Sd aAm"d&m Aka'<mbk&m;}uD;ukd jyifqif
&mwGif ,leufpukt
d ultnDjzifh IBM uGefysLwm
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&yfjcm;okd@ oGm;a&muf omoem jyKcGifhjyKxm;onf?
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avhvmapvkdygonf? ,if;EkdifiHonf c&pf,ef/
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onfum; olwkd@EkdifiH wkd;wufaprnfh enf;vrf;om
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ponfjzifh vlrsdK;tm;vk;H onf rdrdw@kd ukd,fukd qif*g

bkHaysmufrSm pdk;aMumufrd&Sm

yl&D,ef[lI ac:qkdjcif; jzpfonf? olwkd@onf rav;

vlrsdK;rsm; aexkid f&m rav;&Sm;ESifh tif'kdeD;&Sm;pyf=um;
wGif *k%f&SdpGm OD;armhaeEkdif&jcif;rSm wlnDaom
EkdifiHcspfpdwf"gwfa=umifh jzpfonf?
,ae@tm&AfEkdifiHrsm;wGif
rGwfpvifrsm;tjyif
c&pf,efrsm;/ *sL;rsm;/ [dENLrsm; vnf; aexkid fonf?
tm&AfEkdifiHpkHwGif c&pf,efOD;a&pkpkaygif; (7)oef;
ausmf &Sdonf? bmoma&;ESifhywfoufjyD; t,lonf;
aombk&iftkyfcsKyfonfh aqmf'Dtma&AsrSvGJI usef
EkdifiHrsm;wGif bmoma&;vGwfvyfcGifh&Sdonf?
aqmf'Dwkd@onf oD;jcm;bmoma&;*kd%f;jzpf aom
0[mAkdufrsm; jzpfonf? okd@jzpfI tjcm;rGwfpvifrsm;
ukd olwkd@EkdifiHokd@0ifa&mufv#if wif;=uyfpGm apmifh
=unfh wwfonf? tD*spfjynfom; bkx&kdpfh*gvDonf
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