MICROWAVE TUBES 2012

CHAPTER 2 MICROWAVE TUBES

onventional tubes are microwave tubes using transit time in the conversion of dc power to radio-frequency power. The interchange of power is accomplished by using the principle of electron velocity modulation and lowloss resonant cavities in (or near the electron beam of) the microwave tube. Velocity modulation is defined as that variation in the velocity of a beam of electrons caused by the alternate speeding up and slowing down of the electrons in the beam. This variation is usually caused by a voltage signal applied between the grids through which the beam must pass. The direction of the electron beam and the static electrical field goes to each other parallelly (linearly) into linear beam tubes. Against this the fields influencing the electron beam stand vertically by the electron beam at the cross field tubes. Figure 6 shows classification of conventional microwave tubes.

MICROWAVE TUBES

DENSITY CONTROLLED TUBES

VELOCITY MODULATED TUBES

PLANAR TUBES (TRIODE)

CROSSED FIELD TUBES

LINEAR BEAM TUBES

AMPLITRON MAGNETRON CARCINOTRON

TRVELLING WAVE TUBES

KLYSTRON &REFLEXKLYSTRON

A MAGNETIC FIELD IS REQUIRED FIG 1 :MICROWAVE TUBE CLASSIFICATION

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MICROWAVE TUBES 2012

GENERAL INFORMATION OF THE UHF TUBES. An ultra high frequency tube is a vacuum device using the electron beam energy to generate or amplify electromagnetic waves in the range of the ultra high frequencies, typically between 300 MHz and 300 GHz . The tube comprises primarily two distinct elements: an electron beam constituting a kinetic source of energy or potential and a ultra high frequency circuit so that the beam yields broadly part of its energy has the wave by mutual interaction . In this direction, the device is different from an electron accelerator which functions on the opposite process. The electron beam being propagated in the tube draws its energy from a power supply delivering a current I with the potential V. This potential corresponds has the energy of the electrons and the tube constitute a load which stores and dissipates energy. Part of electron beam energy is converted into ultra high frequency radiation, whereas another part is dissipated in form of heat and must be evacuee. Thus, the power applied was left again between the microwave power and the power dissipated. The output of the tube is defined by the report/ratio of the output RF power on the incidental electric output. The general principle of operation of a ultra high frequency tube is present on figure 1. When a RF power is applied at the entry of the tube, the signal introduced amplified by the beam; the system is one amplifier characterizes by its profit, its band-width and its nonlinearities. When there is no input RF signal, the RF noise present in the electromagnetic structure then extracted in exit by coupling; the system is then an oscillator characterized by its RF output power and its pass band. The configurations of amplifier and oscillator are presented in figure 1. CLASSIFICATION OF THE ULTRA HIGH FREQUENCY TUBES The ultra high frequency devices can be divided in two great families: O-type tubes, like Ordinary and M-type tubes, like Magnetron. 1: O-TYPE TUBES In this category of tubes, the electrons are propagated in the space of interaction in parallel with the magnetic field which is used for focusing of the beam. There are several mechanisms of creation and formation of the electron beam. Initially, the electrons emitted from a cathode, at a very high temperature to lower the energy of extraction, then accelerate by the electric field enters cathode and the anode region. The most widely used gun is that of Pierce . It comprises a cathode in the shape of segment of a sphere and an electrode for forming the electron beam, which makes it possible to make converge the beam towards the space of interaction or the electrons are guides by the longitudinal magnetic field (figure 2a). This is generated by an external solenoid or by permanent magnets and it makes it possible to compensate for the expansion of beam due to the space charge. To reach higher densities of current with a weaker dispersion spreads, certain tubes use hollow cylindrical beams (figures 2b and 2c). COUPLED CAVITY TWT

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MICROWAVE TUBES 2012 Lastly, after interaction in the RF structure, the electrons bombard on a collector, specifically designed so that the power density are not excessive and that the temperature of the walls the component remains within the acceptable levels.

FIGURE 2: BEAMS OF GUN OF O-TYPE: (a) GUN OF PIERCE (FULL BEAM), (b) MIG GUN(MAGNETRON GUN INJECTION ), INTENSE HOLLOW BEAM, (c) PRODUCTION OF A HOLLOW BEAM PER COLD EMISSION

2: M-TYPE TUBES In the M-type tubes, the electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular between them. One calls also this category of tube of the systems as crossed field. Electrons of beam have thus a speed of derived in the direction from the vector product There exists several configurations of M-type tube: the beam can be injected in the interaction space to the assistance of an electron gun upstream of the tube, as it is the case for the O-type tube, or to re-circulate in RF cavity as it is the case for the Magnetron; devices are in this case has reentrant beam. In the M-type oscillators generally the energy exchange takes place in several coupled cavities. The electrons interact with a stationary modes established in the RF structure. This mechanism is called the distributed interaction. However, the energy of the beam converted into RF energy is stored and trapped in the electromagnetic structure. Indeed, the interaction on a standing wave leads group velocity a null. Thus, to extract the radiation of the tube, a coupling between the interaction space and the output of the guide must be realized judiciously. Such a design is not coarse. In the case of the tubes has waves progressive (T.O.P), the group velocity is positive and allows the evacuation of the RF radiation at output of the device.

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FIGURE 3: SCHMATIC DIAGRAM OF THE FREE ELECTRONS

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