Networking Devices

Compiled By Wadkar Harshad Suryakant

References
Behrouz A. Forouzan, TCP/IP Protocol Suite, 3rd Edition, TMH, Chapter 3 Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Computer Networks, 4th Edition, Pearson, Chapter 1 Ppt : LAN_Switching Ppt : Ethernet_Networking2 Ppt : Interconnecting_devices

Network Devices Symbols

Network Devices Categories

Repeater

Operates only in the Physical layer When a bit (0,1) arrives, the repeater receives it - regenerates it and then transmits it onto all other interfaces A repeater does not actually connect two LANs; it connects two segments of the same LAN A repeater forwards every bit, it has no filtering capability. A repeater is a regenerator, not an amplifier
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Hub

Operates only in the Physical layer When a bit (0,1) arrives, the repeater receives it - regenerates it and then transmits it onto all other interfaces A repeater does not actually connect two LANs; it connects two segments of the same LAN A repeater forwards every bit, it has no filtering capability. A repeater is a regenerator, not an amplifier

Hub
3333 1111 2222 Nope 1111

The hub will flood it out all ports except for the incoming port. Hub is a layer 1 device. A hub does NOT look at layer 2 addresses, so it is fast in transmitting data.

5555 Nope

3333

For me!

4444

Nope

Hub
2222 1111 2222 For me! 1111

Disadvantage with hubs:

A hub or series of hubs is a single collision domain. A collision will occur if any two or more devices transmit at the same time within the collision domain. The hub takes up unnecessary bandwidth on other links.

5555 Nope

Wasted bandwidth
3333 Nope 4444 Nope
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Hub

Bridge
Operates in both the Physical layer & Data link layer As a physical layer device, it regenerates the signal it receives As a data link layer device, it can check the MAC addresses contained in the frame and take filtering decision Filtering decision : A bridge can check the destination MAC address of a frame and decide if the frame should be forwarded or dropped, and if it is to be forwarded then which specific port

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Bridge

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Hub Vs Bridge

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Switch

Operates in both the Physical layer & Data link layer As a physical layer device, it regenerates the signal it receives As a data link layer device, it can check the MAC addresses contained in the frame and take filtering decision Filtering decision : A bridge can check the destination MAC address of a frame and decide if the frame should be forwarded or dropped, and if it is to be forwarded then which specific port

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Switch
Source Address Table Port Source MAC Add. switch Port Source MAC Add. 3333 1111 Abbreviated MAC addresses 2222 4444
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1111

3333

Switches are also known as learning bridges or learning switches. A switch has a source address table in cache (RAM) where it stores source MAC address after it learns about them. A switch receives an Ethernet frame it searches the source address table for the Destination MAC address. If it finds a match, it filters the frame by only sending it out that port. If there is not a match if floods it out all ports.

Switch
Source Address Table Port Source MAC Add. switch Port Source MAC Add. 3333 1111 Abbreviated MAC addresses 2222 4444
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1111

3333

Switches are also known as learning bridges or learning switches. A switch has a source address table in cache (RAM) where it stores source MAC address after it learns about them. A switch receives an Ethernet frame it searches the source address table for the Destination MAC address. If it finds a match, it filters the frame by only sending it out that port. If there is not a match if floods it out all ports.

Switch No destination address in table, flood

Source Address Table Port Source MAC Add. Add. 1 1111 switch Port Source MAC 3333 1111

How does it learn source MAC addresses? First, the switch will see if the SA (1111) is in its table. If it is, it resets the timer (more in a moment). If it is NOT in the table it adds it, with the port number.
Next, in our scenario, the switch will flood the frame out all other ports, because the DA is not in the source address table.

1111 Abbreviate d MAC addresses 2222

3333

4444

Switch No destination address in table, flood

Source Address Table Port Source MAC Add. 1 1111 Port Source MAC Add.

3333

1111

switch

How does it learn source MAC addresses? First, the switch will see if the SA (1111) is in its table. If it is, it resets the timer (more in a moment). If it is NOT in the table it adds it, with the port number.
Next, in our scenario, the switch will flood the frame out all other ports, because the DA is not in the source address table.

1111 Abbreviate d MAC addresses 2222

3333

4444

Switch - Destination Address in table, Filter

Source Address Table Port Source MAC Add. Port Source MAC 1 1111 6 3333 Add.

1111

3333

switch

Now 3333 sends data back to 1111. The switch sees if it has the SA stored. It does NOT so it adds it. (This will help next time 1111 sends to 3333.) Next, it checks the DA and in our case it can filter the frame, by sending it only out port 1.

1111 Abbreviated MAC addresses 2222

3333

4444

Switch - Destination Address in table, Filter

Source Address Table Port Source MAC Add. Port Source MAC Add. 1 1111 6 3333

3333

1111

switch 1111 3333

Now, because both MAC addresses are in the switchs table, any information exchanged between 1111 and 3333 can be sent (filtered) out the appropriate port.

1111 Abbreviate d MAC addresses 2222

3333

4444

Switch - No Collisions in Switch, Buffering

Source Address Table Port Source MAC Add. Port Source MAC Add. 1 1111 6 3333 9 4444

3333

1111

switch 3333 4444

1111 Abbreviate d MAC addresses 2222

3333

4444

What happens when two devices send to same destination? Unlike a hub, a collision does NOT occur, which would cause the two PCs to have to retransmit the frames. Instead the switch buffers the frames and sends them out port #6 one at a time. The sending PCs have no idea that their was another PC wanting to send to the same destination.

Switch
Source Address Table Port Source MAC Add. Port Source MAC Add. 1 1111 6 3333 9 4444

switch

1111 Abbreviated MAC addresses 2222 4444 3333

How long are addresses kept in the Source Address Table? 5 minutes is common on most vendor switches. How do computers know the Destination MAC address? ARP Caches and ARP Requests How many addresses can be kept in the table? Depends on the size of the cache, but 1,024 addresses is common. What about Layer 2 broadcasts? Layer 2 broadcasts (DA = all 1s) is flooded out all ports.

Router
Operates in the Physical layer, data link layer and network layer As a physical layer device, regenerates the signal it receives As a data link layer device, it checks the physical layer addresses contained in the packet. As a network layer device, it checks the network layer address Connect LANs and WANs with similar or different protocols together Switches and bridges isolate collision domains but forward broadcast messages to all LANs connected to them. Routers isolate both collision domains and broadcast domains Routers Communicate with each other and exchange routing information Determine best route using routing algorithm by special software installed on them Forward traffic if information on destination is available otherwise discard it (not like a switch or bridge)
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Router

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Ethernet Cabling
Straight-Through Cable Host to Switch or hub Router to Switch or hub

Crossover Cable Switch to Switch Hub to Hub Host to Host

Ethernet Cabling
Rolled Cable Serial Port

Thank You.

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