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Energy Management for Light System in the Convenience Stores: Case Study of Gas Station in Thailand
Kitti Tirawannavit1, Wichit Krueasuk1, Pornrapeepat Bhasaputra1, Woraratana Pattaraprakorn2

Abstract-- In Thailand, energy conservation has become one of the most challenging issues which are set as the nation agenda. Base on the development of electrical equipment especially, light bulbs, many technologies are proposed to evaluate the economics performance for convenience stores. In this paper, the energy management of lighting system in convenience stores for gas station is studied to enhance the energy efficiency in term of economic with the acceptable standard and regulation of Thailand. According to the existing system, T8 and standard ballast was typically installed in convenience stores for gas station that may be insufficient under energy crisis. The proposed energy management program will be discussed between the typical lighting system controlled by dimmer device and T5 with electronic ballast, which is a recommended technology from Ministry of Energy. In addition, the experimental results from selected gas station are presented in term of the luminance standard and energy conservation of proposed technologies. In the part of technical comparison, the T8 with dimmer device can decrease 38.67% of energy consumption which is better than T5 with electronic ballast. Furthermore, with additional 10% light dimming after midnight, the energy consumption is more reduced almost 10% without customer dissatisfaction. Not only the technical consideration but also the financial analysis is also evaluated in order to understand feasibility in practical implementation. Index TermsEMS, Light system, Gas Station, Saving energy

TABLE I ENERGY SAVINGS FROM DIMMING THE LIGHTS.

Conve nience Store Store A Store B Store C Store D Store E Store F Store G Store H Store I Others Total

2007 4,279 976 716 568 495 330 7 1 0 1,174 8,546

2010 5,790 1,159 930 699 614 545 53 16 1 1,155 10,962

Growth rate (%) 23 19 30 23 24 65 657 1,500 -2 22

I. INTRODUCTION

N Thailand, the consumer life style in the civilization had changed to a comfortable and easy way of life to access the convenience store, according to statistic data in 2010 a convenience store serves 8,658 persons a day which much higher than a convenience store in Taiwan and Japan (about 3,000 and 3,282 person a day). The growth rate of convenience store in Thailand during 2007 to 2010 is 22% when comparison to the number of available convenience stores to servicing in year 2007 only 8,546 stores and increase to 10,961 stores in year 2010 as show the details of competitor in Table I [1].

1 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Thammasat University, 99 M18 Phaholyothin Road. Khlongluang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand 2 Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Thammasat University, 99 M18 Phaholyothin Road. Khlongluang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand

In general, the large convenience stores had electricity consumption greater than other retail shops. The electricity consumption of lighting system in the large convenience stores is approximate 30% of overall electricity consumption. The major consumptions of the electricity in convenience stores are air conditioning system, lighting system, thermal heating system and refrigerant system, respectively. The economics growth in Thailand made significant increasing of electricity energy consumption in the convenience store sector but the high competitive business of the convenience stores forces the organization to initiative saving. The lighting system is the main focus of the saving because of less initial investment cost and simple method to improve efficiency. The brightness is the necessary requirement in the large convenience store thus the lighting intensity has to be concerned. The effectiveness and efficiency of electric equipment are the priority to selection for energy conservation project of the company and also in the convenience store as well. The simple reduction operating cost of electric equipment is came from the improved efficiency equipment and effective of utilization that electric equipment. The typical simple method of the cost reduction on energy consumption is the improve efficiency of lighting system because of it easy to achievement and had a shorted return of investment made it easy to decision by management to implement this energy conservation method.

To improve of the lighting system most common actions from the convenience stores are improved efficiency of lighting equipment by selected the high performance equipment and higher effectiveness of the equipment. The high efficiency electric lamp and fluorescent lamp are very easy to implement, less investment, fast return of investment and less changing of fixture or upgrades. The easy of replacement or upgrade of the lighting equipment by drop and play or plug and play made this method was widely implementation among the convenience stores from the result of our survey in the Thailand market. Therefore, this research approach the energy management for light system in the convenience stores to determine the optimal solution guideline of investment and decisions in energy saving for light system of the convenience stores in Thailand. In this case study of convenience stores are selected from the urban convenience store branches nationwide currently in Thailand. The results are useful to compare the two different technologies approaches of the lighting system control by dimmer device and recommended by replacement new technology of high efficiency lamp from Ministry of Energy that is T5 fluorescent lamp with new electronic ballast in order to analyze effectiveness of investment cost and energy consumption. Also discusses the major energy consuming processes in this technology is compared and discussed for feasibility in practical implementation for energy savings. II. LITERATURE REVIEWS A. Regulation of the Lighting System Design Natural illumination in the office buildings requires correctly designed passive architecture to provide sufficient day lighting at some distance into the building but can also cause glare, overheating, high heating and cooling energy costs. Thus, artificial illumination is required to supplement daylight on a temporary or permanent basis. The basic element using in lighting design are luminous intensity, luminance, luminous flux and brightness of illumination. The brightness levels are specified for specific task to suitable visualizes area. The illuminance is the luminous flux density at a surface measured in lumens per square meter (lm/m2) or Lux (lx). Table II gives the recommended illuminance in Lux [2].
TABLE II RECOMMENDED LUX VALUES

visually comfortable they feel. Also, it is important to energy efficiency because spaces with higher quality lighting need less illumination and less light fittings. High quality lighting is fairly uniform in brightness and has no glare. Lighting system can be categorized as Direct Lighting, Indirect Lighting and Indirect/Direct Lighting. Alternatively, based on their use, it can also be classified as Ambient Lighting, Task Lighting, Accent or Display Lighting and Security & Street Lighting. Lighting system has many characteristics; power (it refers to power consumption of the lighting system), service life and the light color. The color temperature is the term used in the description of the color-rendering property of the lamp, where the color of the surface under artificial illumination are compared with the color produced by a black body heated to a certain temperature and radiating in the visible part of the spectrum between the ultraviolet and infrared bands [3]. B. Dimmer Controller Dimmer controllers are becoming very favorite choice among the resident owners and builders. Dimmer controllers are taking the place of regular light switches and are being widely used for lighting control. Dimmer controller is becoming a standard in residential building for lighting control. The dimmer controller has many advantages over conventional light switches. Dimmer controller come in multiple styles and control different types of light sources. The modern dimmer controller offer convenience and flexibility. One of the most important features of newer dimmer controller is to offer 'presets'. This feature is allowed the user to pre-set the light intensity according to the user style or need. This powerful feature made the dimmer controller a very popular to apply for largest house or a commercial building. This feature provides a real convenience in homes, hotels, restaurants where the mood and life style of the environment can be set at the touch of a button. This also saves the dimmer controller from wear and tear in the long run.
TABLE III ENERGY SAVINGS FROM DIMMING THE LIGHTS.

Energy Savings Dimming the lights Saves electricity Makes incandescent bulbs last longer 10% 25% 50% 75% 10% 20% 40% 60% 2 times longer 4 times longer 20 times longer >20 times longer

Area/Loaction Lux (lx) Oper plan office mainly screen based work 300 Oper plan office mainly paper based work 500 Deep plan core area (more then 6 m from window) 500 Cellular office-mainly screen based work 300 Cellular office-mainly paper based work 500 Graphics workstations 300 Dealing rooms 300-500 Executive offices 300-500

Light quality is an important factor in the design as it affects how well people can see to do visual tasks and how

Dimmer controllers were in use for the past several decades. The concept behind the dimmer controller is to control the voltage to the light lamp or any source. Dimmer controller regulates the voltage to the source they are connected to. This regulation of voltage increases or decreases the light intensity. Dimmer controller first appeared in the market around 1960s. In the beginning dimmer controller used adjustable power resistors and transformers to regulate the voltage. In the beginning of dimming lighting by transformers did not provide a success. The dimmer controller produced

poor results, expensively and non durable. As the electronics had improved over the time, the new methods and enhance of new electronic components were invented. Thyristors and Triacs came to the market made the new invented of light dimmers which less expensive, durable and gave better performance and good results. Today, the new modern dimmer controller manufacturers are use Thyristors and Triacs in their product designed structure [4-7]. C. T-5 Fluorescent Lamp In 1993, the demand side management (DSM) encourages the energy saving project by using the T8 fluorescent lamp (36 W. and 18 W.) instead of T12 fluorescent lamp (40 W. and 20 W.). The outcome of this project was very successful in peak demand reduction by 400 MW in year of 2000. Because of the constraints of fluctuated economic growth, the security and reliability of power systems and the environment impacts, the power development plan of Thailand needs to be revised due to the energy policy and constraint situations. The latest power system planning in Thailand called Power Development Plan (PDP 2010) is emphasized in several issues such as the energy security, green energy, the optimal mega project investment, the energy efficiency and environment impacts. In PDP 2010, the peak demand reduction of DSM by using T5 fluorescent lamps with electronic ballast is applied in the load forecast during year of 2010 to 2030. The implementation of 200 million of T5 fluorescent lamps with electronic ballasts are expected to reduce the peak demand of 2,000 MW and 5 million tons of CO2 reduction. The energy reduction target from T5 fluorescent lamps is shown in Fig. 1. The expectation of accumulated energy reduction and accumulated peak demand reduction in year 2030 are 5,733 MW and 27,967 GWh, respectively [8].

Fig. 2. Diagram for steps to research.

The measurement of electrical power and lighting system will be measured at the same period. In the 48 hours of storage at each stage of the dimmer controller voltage, and changing the light bulbs in convenience store as energy saving lamps T5.

Fig. 3. Measurements of electrical power and lighting system in a convenience store

IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS The data obtained from measurement electric power and laminated lighting system are shown in Table IV and V, respectively Fig.4 is shows the distribution of light in a convenience store. First of all, the voltage flotation with difference cases is not significant to change the energy consumption that shows the detail in Table IV. Secondly, the power of dimmer controller is only 61.33% of base case and T5 can reduce power up to 23.42%. Finally, the average luminance level of dimmer controller is acceptable by owner of CS and uniformity is in the standard.
TABLE IV ELECTRIC POWER FOR EACH METHOD.

T8 (Base Case) Phase Voltage

Fig. 1. Fluorescent lamp in various sizes.

Dimmer (T8) R S T R

T5 S T

III. METHODOLOGY The research has shown the diagram of Fig. 2 and display measurement as shown in Fig. 3. Testing of this research project was selected as a case study of a convenience store will measure energy consumption or lighting system. The convenience store is selected as with a standard as convenience stores branches nationwide.

SD 2.1 2.1 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.9 1.9 1.7 Max 233.5 233.8 232.6 234.8 234.5 233.6 235.1 234.1 234.4 Avg 228.5 228.7 228.5 230.3 230.0 229.9 228.5 227.6 228.3 Min 224.6 225.2 225.1 226.4 226.2 226.0 222.7 222.0 223.1 5.474 3.357 38.67 4.192 23.42

kWav Discounted rate (%)

TABLE V LIGHT SYSTEM FOR EACH METHOD.

Measure Eavg (lux) Uniformity

T8 (Base Case) 1,258 0.58

Dimmer (T8) 784 0.5

T5 1,186 0.57

The definition of each technology for the investment as follows; the new site T5 is the difference between the costs of traditional systems (Baseline T8) to the T5 system, the replaced T5 is the costs of the traditional system (Baseline T8) to the T5 system, the adapter T5 is only one cost of modification from the traditional system (Baseline T8) to the T5 system and the Dimmer controller plus Baseline T8 is the costs of the dimmer devices for the traditional system (Baseline T8). The discount rate of 6% is used in this analysis
Annual Cash Flow - T5 (New site)

Fig.4. Distribution of Luminance in a Convenience Store

Annual Cash Flow - T5 (Adpter)

IRR = 83.7%
40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000

B/C = 5.51

PB = 2 Years
60,000 40,000 20,000 0

IRR = 20.4%

B/C = 1.59

PB = 2.5 Years

0
-20,000

-10,000 -20,000 -30,000 -40,000 0 1 2 3 4 Annual Cash Flow- T5

-40,000 -60,000 -80,000 0 1 2 3

Annual Cash Flow- T5

10

11

10

12

11

12

NPV = 154,039.00 THB.

MCR =- 34,122.00 THB.

NPV = 45,864.00 THB.

MCR = -77,440.00 THB.

Annual Cash Flow - T5 (Replaced)

Annual Cash Flow - T8+Dimmer

IRR = -6.8%
50,000 0 -50,000 -100,000 -150,000 -200,000 -250,000 -300,000 0 1 2 3 4

B/C = 0.48

PB = N/A
100,000 50,000 0
Annual Cash Flow- T5

IRR = 16.6%

B/C = 1.65

PB = 5.9 Years

-50,000 -100,000 -150,000 -200,000 -250,000 -300,000 -350,000 0 1 2 3 Series1

10

11

12

10

11

12

NPV = -132,638.56 THB.

MCR = -255,920.00THB.

NPV = 221,119.77 THB.

MCR = -338,600.00THB.

Fig. 5. Annual cash flow of technologies.

The analytical results of the investment as shown in Fig. 5 is illustrated the investment of energy saving lamps with T5 fluorescent lamp used in the case of the new site T5 will be most cost-effective where based on with the Net Present Value; NPV is 154,039 THB and the Internal Rate of Return; IRR is 83.7% with the Benefit-Cost Ratio; B/C is 5.51, and Payback Period; PB within 2 years by using the Maximum

Capital at Risk; MCR is -34,122 THB. The second rank is the Adapter T5 there are the Net Present Value; NPV is 45,846 THB, Internal Rate of Return; IRR is 20.4%, Benefit-Cost Ratio; B/C 1.59 and Payback Period; PB within 2.5 years by use the Maximum capital at Risk; MCR is -77,440 THB. However, the CS existing may consider second rank to renovate the lighting system according to the least investment

when compare to the first rank. Finally, the technology improvement of all proposed techniques will be under development which directly effect to the financial analysis. V. CONCLUSIONS In this paper, the investment of the lighting system in convenience stores was presented. T5 fluorescent lamp system is a best solution to selected for the investment in new and existing site of the conveniences stores; if consider return on the cost of investment index analysis. Beside, in case of existing site as the replacement of T5 fluorescent lamp system have high cost of the investment than the T8 with dimmer system. However, to consideration of the investment cost for lighting system of convenience stores should be consideration the other effects such as; the T5 fluorescent lamp is supported by government's investment in recent. The investors of new T5 fluorescent lamp can rebate a decent amount of money back from government to reduction in their fiscal revenue tax. Therefore, the dimmer controller technology system is advantage for lower initial investment cost comparison to replacement by the T5 fluorescent lamp for the existing convenience store, and also the dimmer controller with T8 fluorescent lamp is saving energy more than the install the new T5 fluorescent lamp. Therefore, the selection of appropriate technology should be analyzed other impact, in next research will be considering the risk management of the lighting system in convenience stores in Thailand. VI. REFERENCES
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