EXPERIMENT NO: 9 MICROSTRIP RING RESONATOR AIM: (a) To Measure the Resonance Characteristics of a Microstrip Ring Resonator.

(b) To Calculate the Relative Dielectric Constant r of the Substrate. PARAMETERS GIVEN: Strip Width ( in the Ring ) Height of the Substrate Mean Radius of the Ring EQUIPMENT/COMPONENTS: Microwave Signal Source: VSWR Meter Detector Microstrip Ring Resonator 3 dB Attenuator SETUP: (2.2 3 GHz) w = 1.84 mm h = 0.76 mm R = 12 mm

SOURCE ( 2.2 3 GHz)

VSWR METER

3 dB Attenuator

Q DETECTOR

RING RESONATOR

PROCEDURE: 1) Assemble the Setup as shown in the Figure. 2) Set Modulation Switch to AM, Modulation Frequency to 1 kHz and RF Switch to ON Position. 3) Switch on the VSWR Meter and keep Gain to Maximum. 4) Connect the Ring Resonator to points P & Q and vary the frequency of the Generator, till VSWR Meter shows a sharp peak. 5) Note down the frequency of the Resonator fr at which peak in VSWR is maximum. b) TO CALCULATE r :

-------- (1)

R = mean radius ( 12 mm ) n = mode number ( n = 1 ) v0 = velocity of light Substitute fr from the above observation in Equation (1) and calculate ef: Calculate r using Equation (2) below: ( ( ) )

EXPERIMENT NO: 10 MICROSTRIP 3 dB POWER DIVIDER AIM: To measure power division and isolation characteristics of a 3 dB microstrip power divider. EQUIPMENTS / COMPONENTS: 1) Microwave Signal Source. 2) VSWR Meter 3) Detector 4) Microstrip 3 dB Power Divider 5) 3 dB Attenuator SET UP:

SOURCE ( 2.2 3 GHz)

VSWR METER

3 dB Attenuator

Q DETECTOR

1 3 3 dB POWER DIVIDER

PROCEDURE: 1) Assemble the setup as shown in the Figure. 2) Set the Modulation switch to AM, Modulation frequency to 1 kHz & RF Switch to ON Position. 3) Switch on VSWR Meter and keep the gain to maximum. 4) Connect the points P & Q directly and note down VSWR Meter ( power reading in dB P1i ) 5) Without disturbing signal source power level, connect, Power divider between P & Q and measure power at Ports 2 and 3. (Note: Terminate unused Port by matched load.) 6) Record the values as shown below. POWER DIVISION: Frequency (GHz) 2.3 2.4 2.5 . . 3.0 VSWR Readings P1i P2S P3S Power Division Port 1 to Port 2 S21 in dB S21 = P1i - P2S Power Division Port 1 to Port 3 S31 in dB S31 = P1i P3S

Power Division from Port 1 to Port 2 = -10 log10 | S21|. Power Division from Port 1 to Port 3 = -10 log10 | S31|. POWER ISOLATION: Frequency (GHz) 2.3 2.4 2.5 . . 3.0 i = Input Port s = Output Port P2i P3S P3i P2S Isolation Port 2 to Port 3 S32, S23 (dB) S32 = P2i - P3S S23 = P3i P2S

EXPERIMENT NO: 11 MICROSTRIP DIRECTIONAL COUPLER

AIM: To measure the Coupling Characteristics and Isolation Characteristics of a Microstrip Directional Coupler. EQUIPMENTS / COMPONENTS: Microwave Signal Source ( 2.2 3 GHz ) VSWR Meter Detector 3 dB Attenuator Directional Couplers: Microstrip Branchline Coupler. Microstrip Parallel Coupled Coupler. Note: The Procedure given below applies to both Couplers. SET UP:

SOURCE ( 2.2 3 GHz)

VSWR METER

3 dB Attenuator

Q DETECTOR

Branchline Coupler

4 1

3 2

3 Parallel Line Coupler 1

PROCEDURE: 1) Assemble the setup as shown in the figure. 2) Switch on the signal source, RF Power Switch to ON Position, set the modulation switch to AM and Modulation frequency to 1 kHz Preset Position. 3) Switch on VSWR Meter and keep the Gain to maximum. 4) To Measure the Coupling: (i) Connect points P & Q directly. Increase RF Power output of the Source till the VSWR meter reading shows a reading in 50 dB range. Starting from 2.3 GHz, increase the frequency of the Source in steps of 0.1 GHz upto 2.8 GHz & note the corresponding VSWR meter readings as P1i dB ( minus value ) in Column 2 of Table 1. (ii)Insert the Directional Coupler between P & Q with Port 1 as input Port connected to P and Port 3 to Q. Terminate Ports 2 & 4 with matched loads. Record the readings of VSWR meter in Column 3 at above frequencies as P3S dB ( minus value ). 5) To measure the Isolation: (i)Connect the points P & Q directly. Increase RF Power output of the source till the VSWR Meter reading shows a reading in the 40 dB range. Note the VSWR Meter readings as P1i dB in Column 2 of Table 2 for various frequencies from 2.3 GHz to 2.8 GHz. (ii)Insert the Directional Coupler between P & Q with Port-1 as input Port connected to P and Port-4 to Q. Terminate the Ports 2 & 3 with matched loads. Record the readings of VSWR meter in Column 3 at above frequencies as P4S dB ( minus value ). 6) Using the calibration graph, get the corrected values of P1i and record them as P1i in Column-4 of Table-1. Similarly get the corrected values of P3S and record them as P3S. 7) Using the calibration graph, get the corrected values of P1i and record them as P1i in Table-2. Similarly, get the corrected values of P4S and record them as P4S.

OBSERVATIONS: TABLE-1: To measure the Coupling: Frequency ( GHz) 2.3 2.4 . . 2.8 VSWR Meter Readings P3S (dB) P1i (dB) P3S (dB) Coupling C (dB) = P1i P3S

P1i (dB)

TABLE 2 : To measure the isolation. Frequency ( GHz) 2.3 2.4 . . 2.8 VSWR Meter Readings P4S (dB) P1i (dB) P4S (dB) Coupling C (dB) = P1i P4S

P1i (dB)

Note: i input Port, s output Port.

EXPERIMENT NO : 12 MEASUREMENT OF DIRECTIVITY OF ANTENNAS AIM: To measure the E & H Plane Radiation Patterns and to calculate the Directivity of Printed Yagi Antenna, Printed Dipole and Microstrip Patch Antenna. EQUIPMENTS / COMPONENTS: (i) Microwave Signal Source ( 2.2 3 GHz ) (ii) VSWR Meter (iii) Detector (iv) 3 dB Attenuator (v) Antennas: Printed Yagi Antenna, Printed Dipole and Microstrip Patch Antenna. Note: The Procedure is written for Yagi Antenna. Use two identical Antennas; one for Transmission & the other for Reception. The given Procedure is common to all Antennas. SET UP:
Signal Source 2.2 3.0 GHz 1 KHz AM

R
Transmitting Antenna Test Antenna (Rotatable)

VSWR Meter

Attenuator Pad

Detector

PROCEDURE: 1) Assemble the setup as shown in the Figure. 2) Switch on the Signal Source, RF Power Switch to ON position, set the modulation switch to AM & modulation frequency to 1 kHz preset position. 3) Switch on VSWR meter & keep the gain to maximum. Take all VSWR Meter readings on dB scale & record them as minus dB. Eg: If range switch is to 40 dB and needle points to 6 dB, then note it down as (40+6) = -46 dB. 4) The distance R between the two Antennas must satisfy the relation R > 2D2 / 0, where 0 = free space wavelength & D is maximum dimension of the Antenna. 5) For E-Plane pattern, align the antennas ( bore sight direction ), and mount them for horizontal Polarization.

6) Set the frequency of the source to 2.4 GHz and vary the frequency around this value with the antennas set to 0o & properly aligned, adjust the power output of the source to get maximum reading on the VSWR meter. 7) Next, rotate the Antenna clockwise in steps of 5o till 90o ( or till the meter reading falls to 70 dB). Record the angle & VSWR meter readings. Repeat measurements in anticlockwise direction. 8) Repeat the above procedure for H-Plane pattern. 9) Refer the calibration graph to read to read the corrected values. Normalise all the readings w.r.t. 0 dB. Eg: If corrected value is -49.5 dB, then add 49.5 dB to all the readings of Column 3 & 7. 10) Plot E & H-Plane patterns on a polar plot with Normalised values in dB v/s angle. Locate -3dB points and determine CALCULATIONS:

Directivity =
OR D (dB) = 10 log10 ( OBSERVATIONS: E-PLANE PATTERN: Angle (degrees) Relative Power Level Angle VSWR Corrected Normalised (degrees) meter Value Value (dB) reading (dB) (dB) x (ref) y 0 0 -5 -10 . . . Relative Power Level VSWR Corrected Normalised meter Value Value (dB) reading (dB) (dB) 0

0 5 10 . . .

Repeat the above for H-Plane Pattern.