Heat Capacity

Heat capacity is the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of an object by 1 oC (or 1 K).

Specific Heat Capacity

The amount of heat required to change the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1oC.

Formula of Specific Heat Capacity

Example 1

How much thermal energy is required to raise the temperature of a 2 kg aluminium block from 25 C to 30 C? [The specific heat capacity of aluminium is 900 Jkg-1 oC1

Answer: Mass, m = 2kg Specific heat capacity, c = 900 Jkg-1 oC-1 Temperature change, = 30 - 25 = 5 oC Thermal energy required, Q = mc = (2)(900)(5) = 9000J.

Conversion Of Electrical Energy Into Thermal Energy

An electric heater supplies 5 kW of power to a tank of water. Assume all the energy supplied is converted into heat energy and the energy losses to the surrounding is negligible. How long will it take to heat 500 kg of water in the tank from 25 to 100 C? [Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg-1 oC-1] Answer: P = 5000W m = 500kg c = 4200 J kg-1 oC-1 = 100 - 25 = 75oC t=? We assume, all the electrical energy supplied = heat energy absorbed by the water Pt = mc (5000) t = (500)(4200)(75) t = 31500s = 525 minutes = 8 hours 45 minutes (Practically the time can be much longer than this because a lot of heat may be losses to the surrounding.)

Conversion of Gravitational Energy into Thermal Energy

Example 3 A lead shot of mass 5g is placed at the bottom of a vertical cylinder that is 1m long and closed at both ends. The cylinder is inverted so that the shot falls 1 m. By how much will the temperature of the shot increase if this process is repeated 100 times? [The specific heat capacity of lead is 130Jkg-1K-1] Answer: m = 5g h = 1m 100 = 100m g = 10 ms-2 c = 130Jkg-1K-1 =? In this case, the energy conversion is from potential energy to heat energy. We assume that all potential energy is converted into heat energy. Therefore mgh = mc gh = c (10)(100) = (130) = 7.69 oC

Conversion Of Kinetic Energy Into Thermal Energy

Mixing 2 Liquid

Example 4 What will be the final temperature if 500 cm3 of water at 0 C is added to 200cm3 of water at 90 C? [Density of water = 1gcm-3] Answer: The density of water is 1g/cm3, which means the mass of 1 cm3 of water is equal to 1g. Let the final temperature = m1 = 500g = 0.5kg c1 = c 1 = - 0 = m2 = 200g = 0.2kg c2 = c 2 = 90 - m1c11 = m2c22 (0.5) c ( ) = (0.2) c ( 90 - ) 0.5 = 18 - 0.2 0.5 + 0.2 = 18 0.7 = 18 = 25.71 oC

Application of Specific Heat Capacity

Car radiator

Water is pumped through the channels in the engine block to absorb heat. Water is used as the cooling agent due to its high specific heat capacity. The hot water flows to the radiator and is cooled by the air flows through the fins of the radiator. The cool water flows back to the engine again to capture more heat and this cycle is repeated continuously.

Cooking utensils

Cooking utensils are made of metal which has low specific heat capacity so that it need less heat to raise up the temperature.

Handles of cooking utensils are made of substances with high specific heat capacities so that its temperature wont become too high even if it absorbs large amount of heat.

Thermal Radiator

Thermal radiators are always used in cold country to warm the house. Hot water is made to flow through a radiator. The heat given out from the radiator is then warm the air of the house.

The cold water is then flows back to the water tank. This process is repeated continuously. Water is used in the radiator because it has high specific heat capacity.

Phenomena of specific heat capacity sea breeze

Sea Breeze

Land has lower heat capacity than sea water. Therefore, in day time, the temperature of the land increases faster than the sea.

Hot air (lower density) above the land rises. Cooler air from the sea flows towards land and hence produces sea breeze.

Land Breeze

Land has lower heat capacity than sea water. During night time, the temperature of the land drops faster than the sea.

Hot air (lower density) above the sea rises. Cooler air from the land blows towards sea and hence produces land breeze.

http://www.oneschool.net/Malaysia/UniversityandCollege/SPM/revisioncard/physics/heat/heatcap acityapplication.html

Specific Heat and Heat Capacity

Specific heat is another physical property of matter. All matter has a temperature associated with it. The temperature of matter is a direct measure of the motion of the molecules: The greater the motion the higher the temperature:

Motion requires energy: The more energy matter has the higher temperature it will also have. Typicall this energy is supplied by heat. Heat loss or gain by matter is equivalent energy loss or gain. With the observation above understood we con now ask the following question: by how much will the temperature of an object increase or decrease by the gain or loss of heat energy? The answer is given by the specific heat (S) of the object. The specific heat of an object is defined in the following way: Take an object of mass m, put in x amount of heat and carefully note the temperature rise, then S is given by

In this definition mass is usually in either grams or kilograms and temperatture is either in kelvin or degres Celcius. Note that the specific heat is "per unit mass". Thus, the specific heat of a gallon of milk is equal to the specific heat of a quart of milk. A related quantity is called the heat capacity (C). of an object. The relation between S and C is C = (mass of obect) x (specific heat of object). A table of some common specific heats and heat capacities is given below: Some common specific heats and heat capacities:

Substance Air Copper Gold Iron Mercury NaCl Ice Water

S (J/g 0C) 1.01

C (J/0C) for 100 g 101

Aluminum 0.902 90.2 0.385 38.5 0.129 12.9 0.450 45.0 0.140 14.0 0.864 86.4 2..03 203 4.179 41.79

Consider the specific heat of copper , 0.385 J/g 0C. What this means is that it takes 0.385 Joules of heat to raise 1 gram of copper 1 degree celcius. Thus, if we take 1 gram of copper at 25 0C and add 1 Joule of heat to it, we will find that the temperature of the copper will have risen to 26 0C. We can then ask: How much heat wil it take to raise by 1 0C 2g of copper?. Clearly the answer is 0.385 J for each gram or 2x0.385 J = 0.770 J. What about a pound of copper? A simple way of dealing with different masses of matter is to dtermine the heat capacity C as defined above. Note that C depends upon the size of the object as opposed to S that does not. We are not in position to do some calculations with S and C. Example 1: How much energy does it take to raise the temperature of 50 g of copper by 10 0C?

Example 2: If we add 30 J of heat to 10 g of aluminum, by how much will its temperature increase?

Thus, if the initial temperture of the aluminum was 20 0C then after the heat is added the temperature will be 28.3 0C. http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/matter-and-energy/specificheat.html
The heat capacity of a defined system is the amount of heat (usually expressed in calories, kilocalories, or joules) needed to raise the system's temperature by one degree (usually expressed in Celsius or Kelvin). It is expressed in units of thermal energy per degree temperature. To aid in the analysis of systems having certain specific dimensions, molar heat capacity and specific heat capacity can be used. In order to measure the heat capacity of a reaction, a calorimeter must be used. Bomb calorimeters are most efficient, although a coffee-cup calorimeter is sufficient.

Molar Heat Capacity

The amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of one mole of a substance by one degree is the molar heat capacity. It is expressed in joules per moles per degrees Celsius, . The molar heat capacity of lead is 26.65 , which means that it takes 26.65 joules to raise 1 mole of lead by K. One degree of Kelvin is almost equal to one degree of Celsius.

Specific Heat Capacity

The amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree is the specific heat capacity. It is expressed in joules per gram per degrees Celsius, . Because the specific heat of lead is .128 Joules to raise one gram of lead by one C. , it takes .128

Quantity of Heat
The quantity of heat is a measurement of the amount of heat is present. The formula of quantity of heat, q, is equal to the mass of substance, m, multiplied with the specific heat and the change in temperature, . q= specific heat m

When the mass of substance is multiplied with the specific heat the product is equal to heat capacity, which is donated as C. q= C

Heat capacity, C, can never be negative for a mass or a substance and the specific heat of a substance can never be negative. Thus, if the change in temperature is negative, the initial temperature is more than the final temperature, then quantity of heat must be negative, for a negative number multiplied by a positive number equals a negative number. When the quantity of heat heat is negative heat the system is depleted of its heat; however, if the quantity of heat is positive then the system gains heat. If one were to like to understand this aspect of heat capacity, it is highly recommended that they attempt this lab from an outside source. The first question in the calculation section of the lab asks for the specific heat capacity of the metal using the law of conservation of energy. Because heat is the transfer of energy from one source to another, heat is also conserved. This means that the total heat in a closed system must remain constant. This is represented by the equation

This means that it is possible to set the quantity of heat of the system equal to the quantity of heat of the surroundings multiplied by negative one, which is used in the first calculation question of lab.

Specific Latent Heat

There are two types of specific latent heat: vaporization and fusion. The specific latent heat of vaporization is defined as the quantity of heat energy that is necessary to raise one unit of weight (pounds or grams) with no change of temperature in the surroundings. Like the name implies, this specific latent heat quantifies the transfer of energy when a substance's state changes from liquid to gas or from gas to liquid. On the other hand, the specific heat of fusion is the quantity of heat that is necessary to raise one unit of weight without any change in temperature. This specific latent heat quantifies the transfer of energy when a substance's state changes from a solid to a liquid or from a liquid to a solid. If Q is the amount of heat increase or decrease as the state changes, m is the mass of the substance present, and L is the specific latent heat for that substance, two formulas has be derived from this property: Q=m x L and L=Q/m

Example
1) The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 joules per gram per degree Celsius. How many joules of heat must be added to one gram of water to increase its temperature by 10 degrees Celsius? amount of heat=mass of substance specific heat capacity change of temperature amount of heat=(1gram)(4 18 joules)/(grams C)(10C)

amount of heat=41 8 joules 2) In a calorimeter there is only water at room temperature (25C). About 1.6 grams of ice are added to the system, and the temperature decreases to 1.2C. The specific heat of water is 4.186 J/(g C). What is the quantity of heat of calorimeter and the reaction? Because the change in temperature is given, the heat capacity of the calorimeter is the only unknown constant needed to solve for the quantity of heat of the calorimeter. However, the specific heat, C, of the calorimeter is equal to the specific heat of water, which is 4.186 J/(g C). Now it's possible to solve for the quantity of heat. 1. qcalorimeter= C 4.186 J/(g C)= -99.627 J

qcalorimeter= (1.2C - 25C)

2. The formula for the quantity of heat of the calorimeter is: qcalorimeter= -qreaction -99.627 J= -qreaction
qreaction= 99.627 J

3) There is a coffee-cup calorimeter is filled with water at room temperature (25C) as well as 2 grams of copper. If the two grams of copper are heated up to 46.3C, what is the quantity of heat of the calorimeter and the copper? 1. qcopper= C 4.186 J/(g C)= 89.162 J

qcopper= (46.3C - 25C)

2. The formula for the quantity of heat of the calorimeter is: qcopper= -qcalorimeter
89.162 J= -qcalorimeter qcalorimeter= -99.627 J

4) If the quantity of heat of aluminum is .903 J/(g*C) and the mass of the aluminum is 105 grams, what is the specific latent heat of the aluminum as it's state goes from solid to liquid. L=Q/m L= (.903 J/(g C)) (105 g)= 94.815 J/g= 94.815 kJ/kg.

The temperature (C) is neglected because there is no change in temperature. 5) The specific latent heat of sulfur is 4.84 kJ/kg and the quantity of heat is .706 kJ/(kg*C)

Q=m m=L/Q

m= (4.84 kJ/kg)/(.706 kJ/(kg*C)= 6.856 kg The temperature (C) is neglected because there is no change in temperature. http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Thermodynamics/Calorimetry/H eat_Capacity

Specific heat capacity of water

Heat capacity - Definition

Heat capacity is mathematically defined as the ratio of a small amount of heat Q added to the body to the corresponding small increase in its temperature dT:

For thermodynamic systems with more than one dimension, the above definition does not give a single, unique quantity unless a particular infinitesimal path through the system's phase space has been defined. For a one-dimensional system the only thermodynamic variable is temperature and the short path is implicitly defined, but for higher dimensional systems it must be explicitly defined, since the value of heat capacity depends on which one is chosen. It should be remarked that the above definition requires a constraint on the system when the measurement is made, but the heat capacity corresponding to that constraint is a state function and does not require any constraints on the system in order to be defined for that system. Of particular relevance are the values of heat capacity for constant volume, CV, and constant pressure, CP: In the following discussion, C(T) will be used to specify the specific heat of a onedimensional system, or of a multiple dimensional system in which the particular type of heat capacity is assumed to be known from the context of the discussion.