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INTRODCTION
The water treatment process is performed in two ways where one is performed by direct insertion of chemicals (calcium chloride, aluminum sulfate, lime, chlorine) in to the coagulation tank and they reacted each other. The Treated water by this process is used for a major component for sugar dissolving and syrup blending section. And the other one is water softening process is using ion exchange resins with salt (NaCl) this water is used in bottle washer make-up used for rinsing purpose and water used in boilers and heat exchange equipment.
Coagulation
Coagulation is the process by which this done, and consists of making this particle heavier, So that they can quickly settle out. Additives used as a coagulant are calcium chloride, Aluminum sulfate, lime, chlorine. These chemicals are dosed to the reaction tank through a thin hose from their storage tank.
CALCIUM CHLORIDE
Addition of calcium chloride which forms calcium carbonate from the sodium bicarbonate as the calcium bicarbonate is formed. It reacts with the lime to reduce the water alkalinity. Sodium alkalinity is present when the total alkalinity (m reading) is greater than the hardness (h reading) of the water.
Reaction
Na+HCO3 + Na+HCO3 (Na. Bicarbonate soluble) + Ca OH CaCl2
Ca HCO3
HCO3
+ 2Nacl
(Nacl Soluble)
OH (Insoluble)
ALUMINIUM SULPHATE
The most widely used coagulant for water treatment is aluminum sulfate (Alum). At high alkaline (PH) prevalent in the water these salt produce insoluble aluminum hydroxide Al2 (SO4)3 +6H2O----- 2Al (OH) 3 +3H2SO4 3H2SO4+3Ca (HCO3)2------3CaSO4 +6H2CO3 6H2 CO3 ---------------- 6CO2 +6H2O
AL2 (SO4)3 + 3Ca (HCO3)2 ----- 2AL (OH) 3 + 3Ca SO4 + 6 CO2
LIME
Lime is an alkaline material it reacts with the dissolving water alkalinity (Ca and Mg bicarbonate) to form CaCO3. Ca OH + Ca HCO3 ----------- 2 Ca CO3 + 2H2O OH Ca HCO3
OH
HCO3
(Soluble)
Lime
(Insoluble)
CHLORINE
Performs a number of tasks -Destroy bacteria -Oxidize metallic hydroxide. -Destroy odors, such as hydrogen sulfide. -Destroy of tastes derived from organic or certain in organic materials. Sand filtration The function of sand filtration is to remove any trace of flock or suspended materials carried over in the treated water from the reaction tank .To perform the function properly depends up on the flow rate of water. Flow rate of water should not exceed 2gallones per minute per square foot of sand surface. Activated carbon
Adsorption is a surface phenomenon where dissolved substances in water are attracted to and adhere to the surface of the adsorbent. it is the most commonly used adsorbent in granular form. Adsorption on activated carbon is probably the most economical and technical attractive method available for removing soluble organic such as phenol, chlorinated hydrocarbons, surfactants, odor and color producing substances from water. POLISHER Suspended particles are removed from the water by passing the water through a polishing medium containing cotton art ridges which are polisher the polishing media. It is be stain less steal. Ultra violet light Used to remove scaling or other build up transmittances which are left over from other method should be completely maintained. Then the treated water goes to DEARATION TANK. In the dearation tank removing of air from water takes place using vacuum pump in order to achieve maximum filling speed and less foaming at the filler. Then finally it goes to the heat exchanger to cool from 25oc to 4oc in order to minimize foaming and it mixes with syrup and carbon dioxide in the mixing tank.
BACK WASHING It is a very important function of the sand filter and carbon purifier. Back washing consists of reversing the water flow rate through the unit by a combination of water flow and pressure, the sand or carbon beds are raised, the granules become suspended in the water and vigorously agitated. The agitation causes the sand grain to rub and grind against each other. This removes the adhered, filtered out flock particles which are washed out of the unit by back washing water and cleans the surface of the sand grains. Proper back washing requires a water flow rate 5 to 6 times the forward flow rate to 10 to 12 gallons per minute per square foot of flitter or purifier bed area.
Titranets
0.02N H2SO4 N/44 0.01M EDTA
1. total hardness
take 100ml water sample add 12-15 drop of 10%NH3 buffer add 3 drop of hardness indicator Color change from color less to pink Then titrate using 0.01M EDTA Color from pink to blue
2. Alkalinity
Take water sample 100ML Add 3 drop T- solution Add 3 drop m-solution 1. Color change from colorless to light green Then titrate using 0.02N H2 S04 Color change from light green to pink. Then measure the volume of 0.02N H2SO4
Then titrate using N/44 until the first pink color change Measure the volume of N/44 3. Calcium hardness
Take water sample 100ml Add 3 drop of (T-solution) Add 0.5g of Ca hardness Then titrate using 0.01EDTA COLOR change from pink to purple
Appearance-------------------clear Taste --------------------------none Odor ---------------------------none Turbidity ----------------------1.0ppm maximum Total hardness ---------------500ppm max Sulphate ---------------------250ppm max Chloride ----------------------250ppm as so4 max Total alkalinity --------------50ppm as CaCO3 max Organic matter --------------none Manganese -------------------none Florien ------------------------1.0ppm Chlorine ----------------------none Nitrate ------------------------25ppm as NO3 DAILY CHECK LIST Measure the chemicals properly and dissolve in their tank. Check all tanks are clean Check all pumps and agitators functioning properly. Check all the water line and valves are function properly. Checks the chemical spraying pumps especially LIME pump it closed by lime granules. Check the amount of chlorine ortolidine solution and chlorine detector equipment which is founded between 68ppm.
Check the alkalinity rang between 2 & 8 Check water hardness by taking water sample with in 4 hrs If the hardness of water is greater than 20ppm then change the other softener which generated by NaCl.
In the evaporator there is plate type heat exchanger then the glycol water inters to the evaporator at 80c and it reaches to 10c and returned back to glycol water tank and finely it goes to shell and tube heat exchanger to cool water and syrup which come to contact at 25 0c after heat exchange takes place the glycol water returned back to its storage tank and the cooled water and syrup are goes to mixing tank.