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CE 248 - Behavior of plastic design of steel structures Topic: Loading

Tony Yang University of California, Berkeley
ASCE 7 02 (or 05): Minimum Design Loads for Building and Other Structures.

Scope
This standard provides minimum load requirements for the design of buildings and other structures that are subject to building code requirements. Loads and appropriate load combinations, which have been developed to be used together, are set forth for strength design and allowable stress design. For design strengths and allowable stress limits, design specifications for conventional structural materials used in buildings and modifications contained in this standard shall be followed.

Allowable Stress Design (ASD)

Used by engineers for more than 150 years. Best estimate of the load are applied to a linearly equivalent model. Stress of the model is calculated and checked against Allowable stress (usually portion of the yield stress). For example: o Allowable tensile stress for gross steel cross section = 0.6 Fy. This is equivalent of providing a safety factor of 1.67 (Fy/0.6Fy = 1.67). o Different material (steel, concrete) and action (tension, shear, bending, torsion) will have different safety factor.
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Load and Resistant Factor Design (LRFD)

Routinely used by engineers in the design office. Loads are factored to calculate the ultimate load, where the load factors are based on statistical interpolation of measured condition. For example: the load factor for the dead load is greater than the live load. The applied load is then applied to a linearly elastic model. The component capacities are calculated assuming some inelastic behavior of the cross section.

Load and Resistant Factor Design (LRFD)

Different strength reduction factor are assigned for different failure mode. For example: phi = 0.9 (for bending), phi = 0.85 (for shear). This is because we want to be more conservative in shear failure than flexure failure. Simultaneously consider the uncertainties in both the Load and Resisting Strength.

Basic requirements:
1. Strength: ASD => stress check. LRFD => check the force between demand and capacity. 2. Service ability: Drift, vibration, vertical deflection, , ect. Typical deflection limits: LL=> L/360, DL+LL=> L/240 ~ L/180 3. Self-strained force: Creep. dt, , ect. 4. Counter acting structural action: Overturning, sliding, up lifting, , ect.

System integrity :
Ductility, energy dissipation, progressive collapse. Redundancy, Redundancy, Redundancy!!!

Classification of Buildings:
Category I, II, III, IV. Higher the number the higher importance. Selected base on: Number of occupancy and Hazardous content in the building. ASCE 7-02 Table 1-1 (pg 4).

Load combination factors (LRFD):

1. 1.4(D + F) 2. 1.2(D + F + T ) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or S or R) 3. 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (L or 0.8W) 4. 1.2D + 1.6W + L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) 5. 1.2D + 1.0E + L + 0.2S 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H 6. 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H * Note there are some exceptions to watch. Please refer to ASCE 7-02 Section 2.3.2.

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Load combination factors (ASD):

1. D + F 2. D + H + F + L + T 3. D + H + F + (Lr or S or R) 4. D + H + F + 0.75(L + T ) + 0.75(Lr or S or R) 5. D + H + F + (W or 0.7E) 6. D + H + F + 0.75(W or 0.7E) + 0.75L 7. 0.75(Lr or S or R) 8. 0.6D + W + H 9. 0.6D + 0.7E + H * Please refer to ASCE 7-02 Section 2.4.2 for more detail

Maximum member loading:

Maximum negative moment at support B. Maximum reaction at support B.

Live loads

Dead loads A B C D

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Maximum member loading:

Maximum positive moment at span AB and CD.

Dead load
3.1 Definition: Dead loads consist of the weight of all materials of construction incorporated into the building including, but not limited to, walls, floors, roofs, ceilings, stairways, built-in partitions, finishes, cladding, and other similarly incorporated architectural and structural items, and fixed service equipment including the weight of cranes. ASCE 7-02 Table C3-1 (pg 246) for minimum design dead loads. ASCE 7-02 Table C3-2 (pg 252) for material weight.
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Live loads

Dead loads A B C D

Live load
4.1 Definition: A load produced by the use and occupancy of the building or other structure that does not include construction or environmental loads, such as wind load, snow load, rain load, earthquake load, flood load, or dead load. ASCE 7-02 Table 4-1 (pg 12) - minimum uniformly distributed and concentrated live loads. L0

Live load reduction

ASCE 7-02 Section 4.8 (pg 10) Since the probability for elements with large influence area to have all its live load acting on the element at the same time is small, most building code allows live load reduction. ASCE 7-02 Equation 4-1 (pg 10)

15 L = L0 0.25 + K LL AT
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Roof live load

4.1 Definition: A load on a roof produced (1) during maintenance by workers, equipment, and materials and (2) during the life of the structure by movable objects, such as planters or other similar small decorative appurtenances that are not occupancy related. Minimum roof live loads: ASCE 7-02 Section 4.9

Direction of applying Lr
Lr

Lr

roof
(Yes)

roof
(No)

Lr = 20 R1 R2
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Snow load
ASCE 7-02 Section 7 (pg 77). Ground snow loads, Pg ASCE 7-02 Figure 7-1 (pg 82 ~ pg 83). [psf]. The number in parentheses represents the upper elevation limit in ft. In CS area use local map to determine the ground snow load. In Alaska area obtain the value from ASCE 7-02 Table 7-1 (pg 90)
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Flat roof snow loads (slope < 50)

p f = 0.7 Ce Ct I pg
Exposure factor, Ce ASCE 7-02 Table 7-2 (pg 90) Thermal factor , Ct ASCE 7-02 Table 7-3 (pg 91) Importance factor , I ASCE 7-02 Table 7-4 (pg 91)

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Low slope roof snow loads

Definition: Slope < 150 or curved roof with vertical angles from eaves to crown < 100.

Low slope roof snow loads pg 20 psf p f = max(0.7 Ce Ct I pg , p g I )

pg > 20 psf
p f = max(0.7 Ce Ct I p g , pg )

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Sloped roof snow loads

Definition: Slope >= 150 or curved roof with vertical angles from eaves to crown >= 100.

Slope > 700

Definition: Portion of the roof with slope > 70 degrees =>no snow load.

ps = C s p f

Cs = roof slope factor ASCE 7-02 Table 7-2 (pg 84)

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Folded plate, saw tooth roofs

Definition: For folded plate, saw tooth and barrel vault roofs, Cs = 1 (no reduction).

Unbalanced snow loads

When 150 < roof slope < 700, snow from the windward side might be blow to the leeward side of the rood by wind, hence it is important to consider the unbalanced snow load. Balance and unbalanced snow loads should be considered separately. Unbalanced snow load = 1.5 Ps/Ce.

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Question?

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