Music Reaserch BBA

TO STUDY THE MARKET PROFILE OF MUSIC INSTRUMENTS IN INDIA WITH REFERENCE TO BRANDED PRODUCTS
CONTENT
1. Objective 2. Introduction
3. Research Methodology 4. Data Collection 5. Data Analysis 6. Finding and Observation 7. Conclusion 8. Recommendation 9. Limitations
10. Bibliography 11. Questionnaire
OBJECTIVE:1. TO STUDY THE MARKET PROFILE OF MUSIC INSTRUMENTS. 2. TO KNOW ABOUT THE BRANDED MUSIC INSTRUMENTS AVAILABLE IN THE MARKET. 3. TO THE ABOUT THE IMPORT AND EXPORT OF MUSIC INSTRUMENTS. 4. TO KNOW ABOUT THE INTEREST OF COMMON MAN IN MUSIC WITH RESPECT TO DIFFERENT MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
INTRODUCTION
Musical instrument is a device created or adapted for the purpose of making musical sounds. In principle, any object that produces sound can serve as a musical instrumentit is through purpose that the object becomes a musical instrument. The history of musical instruments dates back to the beginnings of human culture. The purpose of early musical instruments was ritual: a hunter might use a trumpet to signal success on the hunt, or a shaman might use a drum in a religious ceremony. Cultures later developed the processes of composing and performing melodies for entertainment. Musical instruments evolved in step with changing applications. Music serve the basic purpose of melody i.e any kind of sound which is liked by our ears.. To study about the musical instruments a clear cut or brief introduction of music is mandatory.
MUSIC
Music is an art form whose medium is sound and silence. Its common elements are pitch(which governs melody and harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation), dynamics, and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture. The word derives from Greek (mousike; "art of the Muses"). The creation, performance, significance, and even the definition of music vary according to culture and social context. Music ranges from strictly organized compositions (and their recreation in performance), through improvisational music to aleatoric forms. Music can be divided into genres and subgenres, although the dividing lines and relationships between music genres are often subtle, sometimes open to individual interpretation, and occasionally controversial. Within "the arts", music may be classified as a performing art, a fine art, and auditory art. There is also a strong connection between music and mathematics.[ To many people in many cultures, music is an important part of their way of life. Ancient Greek and Indian philosophers defined music as tones ordered horizontally as melodies and vertically as harmonies. Common sayings such as "the harmony of the spheres" and "it is music to my ears" point to the notion that music is often ordered and pleasant to listen to. However, 20th-century composer John Cage thought that any sound can be music, saying, for example, "There is no noise, only sound."[3] Musicologist Jean-Jacques Nattiez summarizes the relativist, post-modern viewpoint: "The border between music and noise is always culturally defined which implies that, even within a single society, this border does not always pass through the same place; in short, there is rarely a consensus ... By all accounts there is no single and intercultural universal concept defining what music might be."
HISTORY
Prehistoric music can only be theorized based on findings from paleolithic archaeology sites. Flutes are often discovered, carved from bones in which lateral holes have been pierced; these are thought to have been blown at one end like the Japanese shakuhachi. The Divje Babe flute, carved from a cave bear femur, is thought to be at least 40,000 years old. Instruments such as the seven-holed flute and various types of stringed instruments have been recovered from the Indus Valley Civilization archaeological sites.[5] India has one of the oldest musical traditions in the worldreferences to Indian classical music (marga) are found in the Vedas, ancient scriptures of the Hindu tradition.[6] The earliest and largest collection of prehistoric musical instruments was found in China and dates back to between 7000 and 6600 BC.[7] TheHurrian song, found on clay tablets that date back to approximately 1400 BC, is the oldest surviving notated work of music
KINDS OF MUSIC
Classical Music:
Classical music is a complex form of music as it requires high musical skills, like learning the ragas and ability to coordinate with other musicians. One has to maintain the complex relationship between its emotional flows. If you wish to learn this music, then you have to go through proper training.
Rock Music:
This music genre originated in the rock and roll era of 1950s. The vocals are accompanied by guitar, drum and bass. Certain rock groups also use piano, synthesizer, saxophone, flute, mandolin and sitar for a deeper effect. This type of music has several sub genres, such as hard rock, progressive rock and metal rock. All these types of rock music are popular till date.
Metal Music:
Metal music emerged after the Second World War. Here the melody of the song is heavily influenced by the structure of the songs. While in rock music, songwriting is based within a form; in metal music, the central melody decides the structure of the song. It is also known as 'information music'.
Hip-hop Music:
Hip-hop music always includes the use of instruments such as guitar, violin, fiddle, piano, bass and drums. In these types of music, the bass is the main instrument. This can be used in different intensities to emote feelings of anger, pride and others. This type of music is the result of hip-hop culture and is known as hip-hop music. This music shows a heavy influence of Jamaican music. The roots of the music are found in African-American and West African music. It was first played by a group of traveling singers and poets of West Africa.
Wedding Ceremony Music:

Wedding music is used in the ceremonies like wedding. These can be classical and modern, according the tastes of people. Some people prefer country melodies, while others opt for classical music as wedding music. Such music varies from every culture.
Trance Music:
This type of music is usually played in club houses and discotheques. It originated in the 20th century. This music is characterized by fast tempo and repetitious beats of the percussion. It has a hypnotic effect on the souls of listeners.
Jazz:
This type of music is featured by strong and complex rhythms. The main musical instruments used for jazz music are cornet, trumpet or violin, that helps carry the melody. This is a rhythmic music and has a forward momentum called "swing". However, in this music genre, the skilled performer interprets a tune in his own way.
Folk Music:
Folk music is a kind of traditional music that is handed down from generations in every culture. This type of music reflects the emotions of common laity. Popular music and tribal music are the two sub genres of folk music. This folk music shows the social upheaval that lies among various classes of people. This also portrays their struggle for survival and their culture.
Techno Music:
Techno music is also known as fusion music. This became popular towards the middle part of the 1980s. This is a form of electronic dance music and based on African-American music styles like funk, electro and electric jazz. It features fast beats and this form was initiated by Juan Atkins, Kevin Saunderson and Derrick May.
Opera Music:
Opera music first emerged in Italy in the 1600s. This genre has a remarkable combination of theatrical art and musical invention and is specifically played in the theaters. This has greater appeal for its delightful orchestral accompaniment. The preludes and interludes of this music set the tone for the action on-stage.
Beside these, there are Blues, new age music, Celtic music, religious music, Chamber music that have a soul touching effects.
Indian Music
The music of India is said to be one of the oldest unbroken musical traditions in the world. It is said that the origins of this system go back to the Vedas (ancient scripts of the Hindus). Many different legends have grown up concerning the origins and development of Indian classical music. Such legends go a long way in showing the importance that music has in defining Indian culture. However the advent of modern historical and cultural research has also given us a good perspective on the field. This has shown that Indian music has developed within a very complex interaction between different peoples of different races and cultures. It appears that the ethnic diversity of present day India has been there from the earliest of times. The basis for Indian music is "sangeet". Sangeet is a combination of three artforms: vocal music,instrumental music and dance. Although these three artforms were originally derived from the single field of stagecraft. Today these three forms have differentiated into complex and highly refined individual artforms.
The present system of Indian music is based upon two important pillars: rag and tal. Rag is the melodic form while tal is the rhythmic. Rag may be roughly equated with the Western term mode or scale. There is a system of seven notes which are arranged in a means not unlike Western scales. However when we look closely we see that it is quite different what we are familiar with. The tal (rhythmic forms) are also very complex. Many common rhythmic patterns exist. They revolve around repeating patterns of beats. The interpretation of the rag and the tal is not the same all over India. Today there are two major traditions of classical music. There is the north Indian and the south Indian tradition. The North Indian tradition is known as Hindustani sangeet and the south Indian is called Carnatic sangeet. Both systems are fundamentally similar but differ in nomenclature and performance practice. Many musical instruments are peculiar to India. The most famous are the sitar and tabla. However there are many more that the average person may not be familiar with. All of this makes up the complex and exciting field of Indian classical music. Its understanding easily consumes an entire lifetime.
Fundamentals of Rag
Introduction to the North Indian concept of the rag.

Swar (Sur) - The "note". Saptak (The Scale) - Introduction to the scale. Scales and Modes - More advanced material on scales. That - The modes. Jati - The number of notes in the rag. Arohana / Avarohana - Ascending and descending structures. Vadi & Samvadi - Important notes of the rag. Pakad (Swarup) - Characteristic phrases. Samay - Timings Raga / Ragini - The old way of visualising relationships between rags Saptak - The Register
Fundamentals of Tal
An introduction to the North Indian approach to rhythm.
Avartan - The cycle. Bol - mnemonic syllables Bollywood Film Songs - A breakdown of many popular songs organised by their tals Index of Tals - The common rhythmic patterns in North Indian music. Khali - Waving of the hands. Lay - Tempo. Matra - The Beat Sam - First beat of the cycle. Tali - The claps. Theka - The "Groove". Vibhagh - The measure (bar).
Various kinds of Indian music includes:. Folk Tribal Bhajans or devotional Ghazals and Qawwalis Bhangra Indi-pop Film songs Remix songs Fusion
FOLK MUSIC
It includes both traditional music and the genre that evolved from it during the 20th century folk revival. The term originated in the 19th century but is often applied to music that is older than that. Certain types of folk music are also sometimes called world music. Traditional folk music has been defined in several ways: as music transmitted by mouth, as music of the lower classes, and as music with unknown composers. It has been contrasted with commercial and classical styles. This music is also referred to as traditional music and, in US, as "roots music". One meaning often given is that of old songs, with no known composers; another is music that has been transmitted and evolved by a process of oral transmission or performed by custom over a long period of time. Starting in the mid-20th century a new form of popular folk music evolved from traditional folk music. This process and period is called the (second) folk revival and reached a zenith in the 1960s. The most common name for this new form of music is also "folk music", but is often called "contemporary folk music" or "folk revival music" to make the distinction.[1] This type of folk music also includes fusion genres such as folk rock, folk metal, electric folk, and others. While contemporary folk music is a genre generally distinct from traditional folk music, in English it shares the same name, and it often shares the same performers and venues as traditional folk music. Even individual songs may be a blend of the two.
TRIBAL MUSIC:
It is a kind of music which is played by particular tribe or a particular community the music played by any of the tribes is named as a tribal music
BHAJAN:
Music to human ears is heavenly. And if it's purely devotional, it's truly divine. Such a genre of music is the bhajan A Bhajan is any type of Indian devotional song. It has no fixed form: it may be as simple as amantra or kirtan or as sophisticated as the dhrupad or kriti with music based [1] on classical ragasand talas. It is normally lyrical, expressing love for the Divine. The name, a cognate of bhakti, meaning religious devotion, suggests its importance to the bhakti movement that spread from the south of India throughout the entire subcontinent in the Mughal era. Anecdotes and episodes from scriptures, the teachings of saints and descriptions of gods have all been the subject of bhajans. The Dhrupad style, Sufi qawwali and the kirtan or song in the
Haridasi tradition are related to bhajan. Nanak, Kabir, Meera, Narottama Dasa, Tulsidas are notable composers. Traditions of bhajan such as Nirguni, Gorakhanathi, Vallabhapanthi, Ashtachhap, Madhura-bhakti and the traditional South Indian form Sampradya Bhajan each have their own repertoire and methods of singing.
GHAZAL:
The ghazal is a poetic form consisting of rhyming couplets and a refrain, with each line sharing the same meter. A ghazal may be understood as a poetic expression of both the pain of loss or separation and the beauty of love in spite of that pain.
BHANGRA:
BHANGRA is specific kind of music which is confined basically to Punjabis and their communities. It also includes little bit of western styles.
INDIPOP:
Indian music+ pop music = INDIPOP As it is clear that Indian music when combines with pop music together makes INDIPOP.
FILM SONG:
This is not any specific kind of music but it may be the combination of various kinds of music as required by the situation.
REMIX:
Combination of various music
FUSION:
It is basically a rock music
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
Overview
A musical instrument is a device created or adapted for the purpose of making musical sounds. In principle, any object that produces sound can serve as a musical instrumentit is through purpose that the object becomes a musical instrument. The history of musical instruments dates back to the beginnings of human culture. The purpose of early musical instruments was ritual: a hunter might use a trumpet to signal success on the hunt, or a shaman might use a drum in a religious ceremony. Cultures later developed the processes of composing and performing melodies for entertainment. Musical instruments evolved in step with changing applications. The date and origin of the first device considered to be a musical instrument is disputed. The oldest object that some scholars refer to as a musical instrument, a simple flute, dates back as far as 67,000 years. Solid consensus begins to form about early flutes dating to about 37,000 years old. However, most historians believe that determining a specific time of musical instrument invention is impossible due to the subjectivity of the definition and the relative instability of materials that were used in their construction. Many early musical instruments were made from animal skins, bone, wood, and other non-durable materials. Musical instruments developed independently in many populated regions of the world. However, contact among civilizations resulted in the rapid spread and adaptation of most instruments in places far from their origin. By the Middle Ages, instruments from Mesopotamia could be found in Maritime Southeast Asia and Europeans were playing instruments from North Africa. Development in the Americas occurred at a slower pace, but cultures of North, Central, and South America shared musical instruments. By 1400, musical instrument development slowed in many areas and was dominated by the Occident. The classification of musical instruments is a discipline in its own right, and many systems of classification have been used over the years. One may classify musical instruments by their effective range or their material composition; however, the most common method, HornbostelSachs, uses the means by which they produce sound. The academic study of musical instruments is called organology.
History
There is no complete reliable methods of determining the exact chronology of musical instruments across cultures. Comparing and organizing instruments based on their complexity is
misleading, since advancements in musical instruments have sometimes reduced complexity. For example, construction of early slit drums involved felling and hollowing out large trees; later slit drums were made by opening bamboo stalks, a much simpler task. Curt Sachs argued that is misleading to arrange the development of musical instruments by workmanship since all cultures advance at different levels and have access to different materials. For example,contemporary anthropologists attempting to compare musical instruments made by two cultures that existed at the same time but who differed in organization, culture, and handicraft cannot determine which instruments are more "primitive". Ordering instruments by geography is also partially unreliable, as one cannot determine when and how cultures contacted one another and shared knowledge. German musicologist Curt Sachs, one of the most prominent musicologists and musical ethnologists in modern times, proposed that a geographical chronology until approximately 1400 is preferable, however, due to its limited subjectivity. Beyond 1400, one can follow the overall development of musical instruments by time period. The science of marking the order of musical instrument development relies on archaeological artifacts, artistic depictions, and literary references. Since data in one research path can be inconclusive, all three paths provide a better historical picture.
Primitive and prehistoric

Two Aztec slit drums, called teponaztli. The characteristic "H" slits can be seen on the top of the drum in the foreground Until the 19th century AD, European written music histories began with mythological accounts of how musical instruments were invented. Such accounts included Jubal, descendant of Cain and "father of all such as handle the harp and the organ", Pan, inventor of the pan pipes, and Mercury, who is said to have made a dried tortoise shell into the first lyre. Modern histories have replaced such mythology with anthropological speculation, occasionally informed by archeological evidence. Scholars agree that there was no definitive "invention" of the musical instrument since the definition of the term "musical instrument" is completely subjective to both the scholar and the would-be inventor. For example, a Homo habilis slapping his body could be the makings of a musical instrument regardless of the being's intent. Among the first devices external to the human body that are considered instruments are rattles, stampers, and various drums. These earliest instruments evolved due to the human motor impulse to add sound to emotional movements such as dancing. Eventually, some cultures assigned ritual functions to their musical instruments, using them for hunting and various
ceremonies. Those cultures developed more complex percussion instruments and other instruments such as ribbon reeds, flutes, and trumpets. Some of these labels carry far different connotations from those used in modern day; early flutes and trumpets are so-labeled for their basic operation and function rather than any resemblance to modern instruments. Among early cultures for whom drums developed ritual, even sacred importance are the Chukchi people of the Russian Far East, the indigenous people of Melanesia, and many cultures of Africa. In fact, drums were pervasive throughout every African culture. One East African tribe, the Wahinda, believed it was so holy that seeing a drum would be fatal to any person other than the sultan. Humans eventually developed the concept of using musical instruments for producing a melody. Until this time in the evolutions of musical instruments, melody was common only in singing. Similar to the process of reduplication in language, instrument players first developed repetition and then arrangement. An early form of melody was produced by pounding two stamping tubes of slightly different sizesone tube would produce a "clear" sound and the other would answer with a "darker" sound. Such instrument pairs also included bullroarers, slit drums, shell trumpets, and skin drums. Cultures who used these instrument pairs associated genders with them; the "father" was the bigger or more energetic instrument, while the "mother" was the smaller or duller instrument. Musical instruments existed in this form for thousands of years before patterns of three or more tones would evolve in the form of the earliest xylophone. Xylophones originated in the mainland and archipelago of Southeast Asia, eventually spreading to Africa, the Americas, and Europe. Along with xylophones, which ranged from simple sets of three "leg bars" to carefully tuned sets of parallel bars, various cultures developed instruments such as the ground harp,ground zither, musical bow, and jaw harp.
VARIOUS KINDS OF INDIAN MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
Indian musical instruments can be broadly classified into three categories,

1.Classical 2. Western 3. Folk
Harmonium
Peti or baja are the Indian names for the harmonium. This instrument has its origins in Europe, and ever since it came to India in the 19th century it has become an essential part of Indian musical compositions. This musical instrument is a blend of the east and west. Its keyboard is similar to that of the piano and the body with its other parts creates sounds for Indian classical compositions. The harmonium is a portable instrument in the shape of a rectangular box. The musician can sit comfortably on the floor playing it, using both his hands. One hand dances along the keyboard and the other is engaged in pumping the instrument. The body of the harmonium houses bellows that are the pumps, which push the air through the instrument. There are external bellows that are pumped manually and the internal ones that are reservoirs for the air pumped by the external ones. This instrument has stops, which are a series of valves that controls the way in which air flows. There are also drone stops that determine the
flow of air over the reeds that do not have keys. The keys, called chabi in Hindi, are controls made from wood. The keyboard, as mentioned earlier, is like that of the piano, minus the chords. When the harmonium is not in use it is protected by a cover either made from wood, cloth or glass. The harmonium is most commonly played while sitting. However, one could also sling this instrument across their shoulder and play it as they walk. The following are the various Indian music genres that require this instrument: Bhajan Folk Music Ghazal and qawwali Hindustani music variations
Sitar
Sitar is said to be one of the prime musical instruments of Indian music and the most used of all the stringed instruments. It has been almost 700 years since this music instrument was introduced to India. The word sitar originates from the Persian term sehtar, which is broken into she meaning three and tar meaning strings.
According to historians, the famed musician of the 13th century, Amir Khusrao, reversed the strings of the veena, thereby inventing this instrument. Further modifications to the sitar were made in the eighteenth century with the addition of three strings. This popular stringed instrument of Indian classical music consists of various parts, which are: Tumba: This is the lower hemispherical, hollow gourd Dandi: This is the stem of the sitar
Gulu: This is the upper gourd that is used as a balance for musician as he or she plays the instrument Kunti: These are the tuning pegs. They are of two sizes. The larger ones are used to tune the main strings and the smaller ones for the sympathetic strings Tar: This is the string of the sitar. The sitar has three types of strings, which are the drone strings, sympathetic strings and the playing stings Parda are frets that are metal rods tied to the stem or neck of the sitar. They are adjusted by the musician for the required pitch
Basically there are two types of sitars, which are distinguished on the basis of the number of strings they have: The sitar with 13 sympathetic strings. This is tuned to the notes of the raga. It has 3 playing strings to cover three octaves; a fourth one reaching the bass octave and 3 rhythm strings The sitar with 11 sympathetic strings. This smaller instrument is specifically designed high speed playing
Generally sitar is rested on the right shoulder with the right hand plucking the strings. The index finger of the left hand travels up and down the neck of the sitar. Playing the sitar may seem like an easy task to on lookers, but it does require a high degree of concentration and co-ordination. Even one string plucked out of sync will take the entire composition to a different tune.
Sarod
The sarod is a stringed instrument that is generally carved out of a single piece of teakwood. Its belly is covered with goatskin. This instrument is played with plectrum made from coconut shell. This is probably one of the oldest instruments of Indian music. Carvings of it have been found in the Champa temple that was constructed in the 1st century. One also comes across paintings and carvings of this stringed musical instrument in the Ajanta caves. The history of Indian classical music claims that the famous musician of the 13th century, Amir Khusrao had modified the sarod, creating the sitar; and later Ustad Ali Akbar Khan modified the shape of the original instrument thereby improvising the tonal quality. The sarod has a number of strings that are fixed onto the instrument in accordance to the roles they have to play. There are basically three types of strings: Four main strings Six rhythm and drone strings Fifteen sympathetic strings
All the strings are made from metal. This instrument has gone through several modifications to suit the needs of the varied musicians. Being one the prime instruments of Hindustani music, the various gharanas added or reduced the number of strings according to their musical needs. For instance the maihar gharana sarod had a larger number of strings being strung at three levels, which were the upper, middle and lower. Whereas, the traditional sarod commonly had only two levels.
Sarangi
The name derives from Sau Rangi meaning 100 colors. Sarangi is played with a bow and has four main strings and as many as forty resonant strings. It is generally used to accompany singers but can also be a solo instrument. A number of bowed instruments across the country base their name on this instrument. It was commonly by musicians who created folk compositions. The following are some of the varied sarangis found across the country: Sarinda Chikara Sindhi sarangi Gujrtan sarangi Dhadya sarangi Dedh pasli sarangi
The instruments dilruba and esraj have common physical characteristics that make them resemble the classical sarangi. This instrument was played to the tunes of the khayal, dhrupad and thumri vocals. However, as time went by this instrument gained prominence amongst courtesans and musicians began to look towards other musical instruments. However, this instrument has not lost complete existence because of prominent musicians like Gopal Misra, Pandit Ram Narayan, and Ustad Sabri Khan, who are regarded as sarangi maestros. This bowed instrument is not too large as far as size is concerned. It is carved from a single piece of wood. Its body is hollow. At the top and bottom end it is one-inch thick. The sides are barely half-an-inch in thickness. The sarangi has a metal bar placed along it. There are three main strings and one brass sympathetic string tuned by four pegs in the lower part of the instrument. The upper part has eleven pegs that tune the thirty-five to forty sympathetic strings fixed there.
Tanpura
The tanpura is a stringed Indian musical instrument that produces the drone, which is an essential background, required for all Indian music genres. This instrument is believed to have been invented either in the sixteenth or seventeenth century. The basic structure of a tanpura consists of: Tumba, which is the hemispherical base that functions as a resonance chamber Tabli, which is resonating plate covering the opening in the tumba Dandi is the stem that has a fingerboard Gulu is the neck of the tanpura that connects the tumba and dandi Four tuning pegs of which two are placed on either side of the top end and the other two at the forefront. Two bridges over which the strings are suspended. The one on top is called meru or ara. The bridge at the lower end is called ghodi or ghodaj.
Silk or cotton pieces of thread which cushion the strings Four metal strings of which one is tuned to the lower pitch and the other three are meant for the higher pitch.
In north India this instrument is known by its actual name being tanpura; however in the south it is also called: Ttambura Tthamboora Thambura Tamboora
It is also available in three distinct styles being: The miraj style: This is the typical north Indian version of the instrument as discussed above The Tanjore style: This is mainly found in the southern parts of India and a favorite amongst the Carnatic musicians Tamburi: This is the smallest type of tanpura and is popular amongst musicians who travel
Santoor
The santoor is a musical instrument that originated in the beautiful lands of Kashmir, also known as heaven on earth. The ancient or rather original santoor had over a hundred strings and was considered the forerunner of the piano. This instrument was formerly known as the Shatatantri Veena since it had a hundred strings. The modern day instrument has eighty-seven metal strings that are strung across a hollow trapezoidal box carved either from walnut or maple wood. The top and bottom of the instruments framework is covered by either veneer or plywood. The strings are clubbed together in sets of three, thus there are 29 sets of strings. Steel tuning pegs are fixed on the right side of the instrument. While playing the santoor the musician is required to keep the instrument in a particular manner. He or she has to bear in mind that the wide side should be facing them and the narrow end should be towards the audience or listeners. Also, the musician could either place this musical instrument on their lap or on a stand, which is of comfortable length. The Indian santoor has counterparts that are played in various parts of the world. These are: Yang qin (China)
Zymbalon (Romania) Cimbalon (Hungary) Santoori (Greece) Santoo (Iran) Kanteli (Finland)
This instrument can be played solo or then can be accompanied with other instruments. Initially it was played as an accompaniment for Sufi hymns. According to archeological and historical findings this instrument was made from dried grass during the Vedic period.
Veena
The veena is probably the most ancient of all the Indian stringed instruments. It basically has a large body with a hollow belly; a stem; and the neck, which is generally carved into a strange figure that resembles the head of a dragon. This instrument has seven strings. Four of them are the main strings that are attached to the pegs, which are fixed on the neck. The other three are attached to the side. They are used as rhythmic accompaniments. The musician plays this instrument by being seated on the ground. They then place the instrument in front of them resting the neck on one of their shoulders. The right hand is generally used for plucking the main strings and the left hand for tuning the pegs as per requirement. Above is the description of the veena in general. However, this instrument is available in a variety of modified versions, each been given a title. These are as follows: Saraswati Veena: This probably the oldest of all the veena types and has been given an important stature in Indian society. This is said to have been the divine musical instrument of Saraswati, the goddess of music. Its body is generally carved from jack wood. Saraswati veena has four playing strings and three drone strings. The Rudra Veena is commonly associated with the Dhrupad type of Hindustani music. The body of this instrument is basically a hollow tube carved out of teakwood. The Vichitra Veena is a modified version of the rudra veena. It has a broad stem with six main strings attached to the wooden tuning pegs. A plectrum is used to string this instrument.
The veena has been mentioned in most of the Hindu scriptures, especially in the Vedas. The cave paintings of Ajanta and temple art of the sixth and seventh centuries have depictions of this archaic stringed musical instrument.
Tabla
The tabla though in the singular is the name given to the two drums that are either played as an accompaniment to other instruments or vocalists; or as a solo performance. This is one of the essential instruments of the Hindustani music forms and is also regarded as This is also regarded as the principal percussion instrument of Hindustani music. One of the drums is made to create high-pitched sounds and the other one is used for low pitch sounds. Generally, the one with high pitch is played by the right hand and the low-pitched is played by the left hand. The right hand drum is also known as dahina and then left one is known as bayan. One can make out the difference between the two, as the dahina gives rise to a number of resonant ringing and clicking sounds. Whereas the bayan produces swooping bass sounds
Both the drums have a large black spot their playing surfaces. These spots are made from a mixture of gum, soot and iron filings. Their primary function is to bring about a bell-like resonance, which is one of the outstanding characteristics of this percussion instrument. After the initial days of the tabla being invented, various musicians created their own schools of playing thereby bringing into being a number of tabla gharanas. Each one had a peculiar style and form, which was carried forward for generations. These include: Delhi gharana Ajrara gharana Benares gharana Farukhabad gharana Lucknow gharana Punjab
In general a tabla solo performance is divided into 5 stages, which are: Uthan or Mohra: This is the prelude or introductory piece. It usually begins slowly and flows into a crescendo to lay the ground for the next stage of performance Peshkar is the first performance of the concert. In this stage the musician is given an opportunity to warm up for the rest of the show. Kaida is the central section or the part where the theme is elaborated. This word actually means rule. The musician generally begins this section with a preconceived composition and as he or she goes through it they add improvisations Tukda are the small short compositions that follow the kaida Gatactually means gait and this stage marks the steady movement of the rhythms emanated by the tabla player
Rela means rushing or flooding. In this section the tabla player plays rapidly non-stop till he or she reaches the finally beat. This is like the grand finale of every stage performance.
Bansuri
Bansuri is a type of flute that is carved from bamboo. It is generally played in the vertical position. It has six to seven finger holes, and some of them have additional one or two holes for tuning. Apart from being one the oldest Indian musical instruments, it is presently used in the west too. A large number of fusion bands as well as musicians belonging to other genres of music use this variation of the flute. The music from this instrument is soothing and relaxing. The bansuri is mainly played in north India. Venu is a south Indian variation of this flute and has eight holes. This Indian music instrument is known by varied names such as algoza, bansi, kolalu, kolavi, kukhl, murali, nar, pava, pillankuzhal, pillangrovi, pulangoil and vamsi.
According to Hindu mythological texts and certain scriptures Lord Shiva chose the bansuri to play the role of goddess of destruction. Apart from that is was the musical instrument of Lord Krishna. Radha and the gopis are known to have danced to Lord Krishnas tunes. There are basically two types of bansuris : The vertical type is only popular as a folk instrument in the northern parts of India The horizontal type is used in varied genres of music such as folk, classical and devotional
The parts of a typical bansuri include: The dandi, which is its body. It is generally made from reed, cane or bamboo. They are made in a design to taper at the mouth end The mukha randhra is the blowing hole, which technically know as the embouchure Swar randhra are the finger holes, which produce the tunes in accordance to the dance of the fingers on them. Garbha randhra is the opening at the other end of the flute from where the tunes flow out. Rassi is the twine that is wound around the bansuri to prevent it from cracking.
The technique for playing this musical instrument is basic, however you would require training in creating tunes and compositions. Basically the opening of the flute is placed on the lower lip so that you can blow through it. You hold the flute horizontally with your thumbs and three fingers of the left hand, and four of the right hand directs the sound. This is done by opening or closing the holes on the body of the flute.
Shennai
The shennai is an Indian wind instrument. This quadruple-reed instrument has a tube that widens towards the lower end. This instrument has either eight or nine holes of which the lower two are used for tuning and the upper ones are meant for playing. This instrument is considered a symbol of festivity and celebration. For centuries the shennai has held an important position in Indian culture. Since time immemorial every auspicious function commenced to the sounds of this wind instrument. Those this maybe a traditional custom, even today, many temples begin the day by playing this instrument. It is considered an auspicious way of waking up the gods. Though there are not to many renowned exponents in the musical field of shennai playing, going down into the deeper regions of north India, you will come across innumerable budding talents. Unfortunately they have not been given adequate formal training and minimal exposure. They are just known locally and asked to play at weddings and other festive occasions. Playing this instrument is not very simple. You are required to learn the basic technique in terms of the notes that emanate as you move your fingers. Apart from this breath control is an important aspect in creating tuneful compositions. Though this instrument is played solo during auspicious functions and occasions, it is also used as an accompaniment either with other instruments or a vocalist.
Indian percussion instruments There are a large number of Indian percussion instruments. Some of them are known around the world such as the tabla, while a large number of them have never been heard about either in India or abroad. Here is a an exhaustive list of almost all Indian percussion instruments that has existed in the past or continues to exist even today: Pakhawaj is the traditional north Indian wooden drum that is played horizontally. It has a long body and both sides are covered with skin having a long body. Mridangam is mainly used as an accompaniment for Carnatic music. It looks like the pakhawaj, with the actual difference being the coverings of the ends Dholak is a cylindrical side drum, which is one of the basic accompaniments for north Indian folk music. Nagara is a percussion instrument made out of clay and played with mallets Ghatam is a clay pot with metal shavings that create a resonance when being played. The pots opening is held against the musicians body while the broad round end is being tunefully tapped upon. Bhangam is a percussion instrument made from clay and has been mentioned in various Tamil texts Mondai is a south Indian clay percussion instrument Ubhangam is an archaic clay instrument that was used in South India Bheri is a drum in a conical shape Damaru is a drum in the shape of an hourglass. It has a string tied in the center and the ends knotted. When this drum is shaken the knotted ends strike the ends of the drum. It is also known as Lord Shivas instrument. Dholki is a horizontal drum in the shape of a barrel Gummati is a pot drum that was used by the rural inhabitants of Andhra Pradesh. includes:-
Musical instruments whose origin is not confined to India
GUITAR VIOLIN RABAB LAHUTA BANJO DADUK DIDGERIDOO BALBAN etc.
GUITAR
VIOLIN
Import Of Various Musical Instruments Through Various Ports In India

Diversified Market Research offers a detail anaylsis of the imports with break down for items of Musical Instruments and other relevant information.
Indian Ports Ahmedabad Air Bangalore Air Bangalore ICD Bombay Air Bombay Sea Calcutta Air Calcutta Sea Cochin Sea Delhi Air PPG ICD TKD ICD Faridabad ICD Goa Sea Hyderabad Air Hyderabad ICD Jaipur Air JNPT Ludhiana ICD Madras Air Madras Sea Tuticorin ICD Tuticorin Sea Total Rupees 3336.49 914353.96 3885453.45 234263911.4 27405984.57 7616658.12 108195445 6613739.03 21699164.36 38394485.05 296944205.2 76277924.44 43289694.12 336494.67 1327529.01 4339918.7 1149672794 66567.86 9926306.14 63878296.31 973630.47 3043551.47 2099069444 US$ (value 45.1651) 73.645.2 20,182.20 85,762.30 5,170,829 604,923 168,119 2,388,162 145.982 478,958 847.468 6,554.35 1,683,657 955,519 7,427.33 29,302.10 95,793.50 25,376,345 1,469.33 219,100 1,409,964 21,490.60 67,179.30 46,332.06
MARKET ANALYIS
Western musical instruments are becoming popular in the domestic market, thanks to the keen interest among children and young adults. With increase in demand, several stores that sell Indian musical instruments now also sell western instruments. Apart from this, exclusive western musical instrument stores are also opening up.
Indian SceneWestern Outlook Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, is quite popular for producing brass metal musical instruments that make an integral part of the western orchestra. There are a large number of manufacturers in Meerut who produce and export French horn, saxophone, clarinet, oboe, trumpet, euphonium, sousaphone, althorn, cornet, flute, and bagpipe, etc. There is a huge demand of electronic instruments that are part of western style of music and India can really make the most of this, given its prowess in electronics. While talking to some musical instrument manufacturers in Delhi and Mumbai, a common thought came into fore: Indian manufacturers can make it big in the international market for western musical instruments if they focus on precision and quality. Collaborating with good international brands would be the ideal choice for manufacturers at this stage; and later independently tap the market.
Import of Musical Instruments from China (Rs. Lacs.)

HS Code 9201 9202 9205 9206 9207 9208 9209 920210 2011-12 246.76 474.07 302.43 1482.03 18.88 376.86 18.88 35.28 201112(Apr.Dec.) 193.72 581.55 989.05 1156.03 6.77 327.75 6.77 67.3
Total
2955.19
3328.94
International Music Trade Fairs

There are two major trade fairs in the world that provide the launch pad for musical instrument manufacturers, importers and exporters. One of them is held in Frankfurt, Germany, named Frankfurt Musikmesse; and the second one is held in China, called the China International Musical Instruments Expo. In the last show held at Frankfurt, around 1,558 exhibitors showcased their instruments, music software, sheet music and accessories. The Chinese expo saw a record number of visitors in 2009, including 8152 foreign visitors, which clearly marks the growth in popularity and appeal of musical instruments across the globe. These trade fairs provide ample opportunities for traders to make contacts, choose suppliers, test their instruments and start business procedures across the globe. In India, large-scale traders cater to the need of musical instruments export/import rather than individual musical instrument stores or small-scale manufacturers. Musical instrument manufacturers in India are yet to exploit the potential that this segment holds. Import/Export
International trade of musical instruments has been a bit unsteady in the last couple of years. The figures and statistics available from official sources indicate that import of musical instruments has increased during the last fiscal year while the export of musical instruments is trying to keep the value.
Issues that the musical instrument industry is facing?

Musical instruments are treated as a luxury industry since long and no major investment initiative has been taken. Further, there are few companies in India which are trying to innovate and survive and as such there are few companies which are exposing the products in the international market. There are quality and production problems as there is no input on training of the workers for innovations in this sector. There is also the problem of the availability of raw material in the country as about 75 percent quality material needs to be imported to produce good quality, well finished and well done products to meet international standards, because
local producers of raw material and consumables , due to the small size of the industry, do not cooperate on quality supplies and reasonable prices. There are problems of shipment logistics as Indian classical instruments are bulky and need extensive packing for protection by sea shipment. The transport and packing costs are high which makes the price for end-consumers very expensive. Production infrastructure is small and cannot deliver large orders in time with consistent quality assurance. There are no training schools for skill upgradation and standardization. Good quality instruments are not produced in bulk and low-scale production for small workshops is very expensive. Incentive package from the government to attract investment is needed and removal of incidence of excise on the total spectrum of musical instruments is also needed.
How do you see the future of musical instruments industry?

The future of musical instrument industry is very bright in the world market due to following: a) Exposure of musical instruments during early childhood makes them better and intelligent children b) Musical instruments are being promoted by almost all the governments world over c) Governments of USA, UK and Australia have taken special initiatives to promote production and use of musical instrument as these governments are providing large fund and support to schools involving children in music. d) Large numbers of MNCs are promoting music circles in their companies to improve the working group interaction and well being e) Almost all NRI families intend to own at least one Indian musical instrument in their house if they can buy the same at reasonable prices f) Bollywood success is also a great contributor towards great prospects for musical instrument industry from and within India g) Good quality musical instrument training institutes are required to be established with
international level certification
Hurdles for this industry

Even if we do not venture into the thick of things, some glaring hurdles are indeed evident: 1. Raw material needed for production is not readily available. A major chunk is imported 2. The manufacturing units are not standardized for international requirements 3. There is lack of skilled labor and the training programs are few 3. The infrastructure is inadequate for large-scale production 4. Government incentives are lacking These issues seem to contribute stiff challenges for companies to manufacture good quality musical instruments that have international appeal.
Future of export/import
During the recession period, the import of various segments of musical instruments from China increased. The total import from China alone is worth Rs 33 crore in 2008-09 (till December). It is interesting to note that China also gets the biggest pie when it comes to producing musical instruments at an international level. The opportunity for Indian companies might lie hereif traders can match China in quality, business strategies and precision-based manufacturing practices, they will be able to tap the markets on a wider scale. The way the industry is headed Despite the hurdles, a lot can be explored in terms of standardizing the manufacturing process and complying it with international demands. Labor training programs and workshops and creating adequate infrastructure to facilitate production are some areas that need serious input. The fundamental requirement to tap the potential of this segment is to build good manufacturing
platform, a business model that works according to the global requirements, and a marketing approach that could diffuse through already established image of the global brands.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research methodology is the method used while doing some research work. Research is one type of investigation undertaken in order to get additional information or to discover new facts. The purpose of research is to discover answers to questions through the application of scientific procedure.
The objectives of a research methodology:

1. Give credibility to a claim or belief. 2. Show the source of data mining in order to prove the depth, extent and validity of research. 3. Help the writer to spot the result of the data analysis without going through the works of interpreting the research analysis. 4. Help one to know the research paper rubric grading for the assignment. 5. Leads to discovery and inventions; most scientific discoveries happened through this pattern. 6. The use of statistical analysis like ANOVA, market analysis, descriptive etc helps to give answers to research queries, like the one above. 7. Give the readers an idea on what devises are good for a particular data.
COLLECTION OF DATA
There are two types of data used in my topic of study-
Primary data- Primary data can be collected through questionnaire.
QUESTIONNAIRE: Questionnaires are considered as the heart of survey operation. Hence it must be very carefully constructed if it is not properly set up, then the survey is bound to fail. In my study I have prepared structured questionnaire. Structured questionnaire are simple to administer and relatively inexpensive to analyses.
Secondary data- Secondary data can be collected through the internet, company profile and reports.
INTERPRETATION
1. Which instrument you are using? a) Guitar 20% b) Key board 30%
1st Qtr 2nd Qtr
2. What is your experience with your branded instrument? a) Satisfactory 46% b) Non satisfactory 04%
1st Qtr 2nd Qtr
3. How you purchase the instrument? a) Direct shopkeeper b) From the advice of senior c) Through advertisement 31% 14% 05%
1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr
4.Your feedback with your particular brand? a) More satisfied b) Not satisfied c) Strongly not satisfied
1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr
FINDINGS
1. Classical instrument are more in demand. 2. Costly. 3. Lesser number of music store. 4. Less awareness among people. 5. Lesser government support. 6. Pressure of corporate sector. 7. Less income source. 8. No means income.
SUGESSTIONS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Other instrument should be given emphasis.
Music instrument must be affordable.
There must be more music stores.
More awareness among people.
More government support.
There must be more means of income.
LIMITATIONS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Project had limit number of people to survey.
Data collection has limited area.
There was limited responder for response.
There was limited budget for analysis.
Lack of audience.
CONCLUSION
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Classical instrument has wider scope. Youngsters are attracted in bollywood music. There is lesser scope of income. Limited audience. Veteran use to listen old melodies. Need more budget to for betterment.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.google.com
www.scribd.com
www.msnsearch.com
www.searchengine.com
QUESTIONNARE
Name: Address: Contact no.:
1. Which instrument you are using? a) Guitar b) Key board
2. What is your experience with your branded instrument? a) Satisfactory b) Non satisfactory
3. How you purchase the instrument? a) Direct shopkeeper b) From the advice of senior c) Through advertisement
4. Your feedback with your particular brand? a) More satisfied b) Not satisfied c) Strongly not satisfied
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TO STUDY THE MARKET PROFILE OF MUSIC INSTRUMENTS IN INDIA WITH REFERENCE TO BRANDED PRODUCTS

10. Bibliography 11. Questionnaire

Wedding Ceremony Music:

Primitive and prehistoric

VARIOUS KINDS OF INDIAN MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS

Indian musical instruments can be broadly classified into three categories,

1.Classical 2. Western 3. Folk

Musical instruments whose origin is not confined to India

GUITAR VIOLIN RABAB LAHUTA BANJO DADUK DIDGERIDOO BALBAN etc.

Import Of Various Musical Instruments Through Various Ports In India

Import of Musical Instruments from China (Rs. Lacs.)

International Music Trade Fairs

Issues that the musical instrument industry is facing?

How do you see the future of musical instruments industry?

international level certification

Hurdles for this industry

The objectives of a research methodology:

There are two types of data used in my topic of study-

Primary data- Primary data can be collected through questionnaire.

1st Qtr 2nd Qtr

1st Qtr 2nd Qtr

1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr

1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr

Other instrument should be given emphasis.

Music instrument must be affordable.

There must be more music stores.

More awareness among people.

More government support.

There must be more means of income.

Project had limit number of people to survey.

Data collection has limited area.

There was limited responder for response.

There was limited budget for analysis.

1. Which instrument you are using? a) Guitar b) Key board

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