ComputerScienceIIyear, III sem. TableofContents: 1. Introduction.2.Nanotechnology in Computers.2.1.Ballistic Sensor Disks. 2 . 2 . S p i n t r o n i c s . 2.3. Smart Dust. 3. Nanotechnology in Medicine. 3.

1 Cell Surgery, Cell Pharmacology. 3.2 Microvibore Artificial WBC. 3.3 Reciprocites: Mechanical Artificial RBC. 3.4 Ribosome. 3.5 Utility Fog.4.Nanotechnology & International Security.5.Nanotechnology and Environment.6.Basis of Economy: A Strong possibility.7.Conclusion. 8. References.

Nanotechnology: Engendering an Eraof Industrial Revolution 1. Introduction: A technology stepping into every aspect of our lines,p o w e r f u l e n o u g h t o m a k e t h i n g s e a s i e r a n d impossible which hitherto was unimaginable. Theset h i n g s i n c l u d e d e s k t o p m a n u f a c t u r i n g c e l l u l a r repairs, artificial intelligence, inexpensive spacet r a v e l , a b u n d a n t e n e r g y a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l restoration, ie radically changing the whole economica n d p o l i t i c a l s y s t e m s . T h i s i s t h e N a n o t e c h n o l o g y . Nanotechnology is the creation of useful materials,d e v i c e s a n d s y s t e m s t h r o u g h m a n i p u l a t i o n o f miniscule matter, manipulation of m a t t e r a t t h e atomic or nonoscale (i.e one billionth of meter). The semiconductors industry is edging closer to the w o r l d o f n o n t e c h n o l o g y w h e r e c o m p o n e n t s a r e miniastured to the point of individual molecules anda t o n e s t h i s w o r l d a l o n e a u t o m a t i c c o n t e n t i o n o f consumer goods with traditional labour like a Xeroxm l / c p r o d u c e s u n l i m i t e d r e t y p i n g o f t h e o r i g i n a l information. The shotgun marriage of chemistry ande n g i n e e r i n g c a l l e d is ushering in the era of self -r e p l i c a t i n g m a c h i n e r y a n d s e l f - a s s e m b l i n g consolatory goods made from cheap raw atoms.

Fig1 . Depicts an infrastructure been built byconvergent system.

In Nanotechnology by controlling molecular structurei n m a t e r i a l s y n t h e s i s w e have gained i n e v i t a b l e control over the basis material properties

s u c h a s conductivity, strength, relativity, yielding innovativea p p l i c a t i o n r a n g i n g from w i t h batteries c h e a p , to automotivem a t e r i a l s . B y s t a r t i n g

a b u n d a n t compared molecules and processing them with

smallh i g h f r e q u e n c y , h i g h p r o d u c t i v i t y m / s i t w i l l m a k e products inexpensive design computes p e r CPUs in will will s e c the enable execute m o r e t h a n world. us to t h e Talking d o radical

i n s t r u c t o r s e n t i r e semiconductor aboutapplications

Nanotechnology

n e w t h i n g s i n v i r t u a l l y e v e r y t e c h n o l o g i c a l and scientific areas. 2. The New Era of Nano Computers: N a n o t e c h n o l o g y w o r k i n g mechanisms i s using a l l a b o u t components. b u i l d i n g Such as

s u p e r computers (bacteria sized) with todays MIPS (Millioninstructions per sec) capacity, or super computers int h e s i z e o f s u g a r c u b e p o s s e s s i n g t h e p o w e r o f ab i l l i o n laptops regular sized desktop model w i t h power of billions of todays PC and magnetic storaged e s k s c o u l d w o r d 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 t o n e s more data t h a n current disk.Computation will then become a property of

matter,computers right be morporated in next generation, b y 2 0 1 0 w e w i l l b e a w a r e o f o u r u s i n g n a n o s c a l e computers. 2.1. Ballistic Sensor Disc: Nanoscale computers will certain hard disks, which have sensors, sensitive enough to detect presence ora b s e n c e o f m a g n e t i c f i e l d i n a m i c r o s c o p i c b i t of material. This is done as if the magnetic f i e l d i s strong

enough to change a sensors electron flow theb i f t r e p r e s e n t s a 1 , i f n o t i t i s 0 , the key factor ism ak i n g sensors that can read and matter

b i t s i n increasing the magnetic resistance of sensors.

Fig2. The contact between these wires is only a few hundred atoms wide. The tight squeeze keeps electrons from scattering, allowing the sensor to readthe minuscule bits that future, super high -capacity disk drives willdepend on. 2.2. Spintronics: R e s e a r c h e r s a r e a i m i n g t o m a k e a s p i n b a s e d c o m p u t e r c h i p t h a t d o e s a l l t h e t i m i n g t h a t conventional chip do but with cost power size a n d were viability advantages that come from magneticlogic with the concept of Spintronics hard disks maybe replaced with plastic memories to open up manyo p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r n e w t e c h n o l o g i e s s u c h a s f l e x i b l e displays and responsive solar cells.Ohio State University researchers have made nearlyall the moving electrons inside a sample of plastic to

s p i n i n s a m e d i r e c t i o n a n e f f e c t c a l l e d s p i n polarization that could field plastic memories b y r e p l a c i n g t h e h i g h / l o w v o l t a g e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f boolean ones and zeros with north pole/south pole r e s p e c t i v e l y . W e c a n construct basic logic gates,w h i c h c a r r y o u t c o m p u t a t i o n s u s i n g t h e s p i n electrons. This technology will make extremely small chips thata r e i n e x p e n s i v e t h a n t r a d i t i o n a l I C s because thec i r c u i t s a r e m a d e f r o m s i n g l e w i r e s r a t h e r t h a n s e m i c o n d u c t o r t r a n s i s t o r s l e a d i n g t o u s e o f c h e a p and low power computers. Also because spin states of electrons remain stable even when power goes off,s u c h a c o m p u t e r w o u l d n o t h a v e t o b o o t u p e v e r y time it is turned on. 2.3 Smart Dust: These are bottle-cap-shaped micro-machines fittedwith wireless communication devices - that measurelight and temperature, When clustered together, theya u t o m a t i c a l l y c r e a t e h i g h l y f l e x i b l e , l o w p o w e r networks with applications ranging from climate -

c o n t r o l s y s t e m s t o e n t e r t a i n m e n t d e v i c e s t h a t interact with handheld computers."

fig3. Golem-dust. solar powered mote with bi-directional communications and sensing(acceleration and ambient light) 11.7 mm3 total circumscribed volume~ 4.8 mm3total displaced volumeEngineers also envision other uses for the Smart Dust project, including: 1 ) M o n i t o r i n g h u m i d i t y a n d t e m p e r a t u r e t o a s s e s s the freshness of foods stored in the refrigerator or cupboard.2 ) M o n i t o r i n g q u a d r i p l e g i c s ' eye movements andf a c i a l g e s t u r e s a n d t o a s s i s t t h e m i n o p e r a t i n g a wheelchair or using computational devices.3 ) Communicating with a handheld computer forgames and other forms of entertainment. A usercould attach the sensors to his or her fingers to"sculpt" 3D shapes i n v i r t u a l c l a y v i s i b l e o n t h e device's screen. The same idea could be applied top l a y i n g t h e p i a n o o r c o m m u n i c a t i n g i n s i g n language, with the handheld c o m p u t e r t r a n s l a t i n g hand gestures into music and speech.4) Detecting the onset of diseases, such as cancer.E x p e r i m e n t s o n h u m a n s a r e e x p e c t e d t o begin assoon as one year from now, with adoption t a k i n g place anywhere from three to 10 years, according toSmart Dust researchers 3. Medicinal Era brought by Nanotechnology We can actually say good -bye to cancer diseases;h o s p i t a l s n o longer will plagues of AIDS or Ebola s t r i k e t h e h u m a n r a c e . A n t i b i o t i c s w i l l e v e n decreasing effectiveness, would no longer be stapleof medical industry.H o w i t w i l l b e p o s s i b l e s i n c e d i s e a s e s a r e c a u s e d l a r g e l y b y d a m a g e a t m o l e c u l a r l e v e l a n d c e l l u l a r level and todays surgical tools at this scale are largeand low, so with NT we will have nano-robots whichwill be programmed to perform delicate surgeries.

s t r i k e t h e h u m a n r a c e . A n t i b i o t i c s w i l l e v e n decreasing effectiveness, would no longer be staple of medical industry.H o w i t w i l l b e p o s s i b l e s i n c e d i s e a s e s a r e c a u s e d l a r g e l y b y d a m a g e a t m o l e c u l a r l e v e l a n d c e l l u l a r level and todays surgical tools at this scale are largeand low, so with NT we will have nano-robots whichwill be programmed to perform delicate surgeries. Fig4 .showing an artificial DNA structure built by nano-matters Autonomous molecular m/c operating in human bodycould monitor levels of various compounds and store

the info in internal memory. The molecular m/c can b e f i l t e r e d o u t o f b l o o d s u p p l y a n d t h e i n f o r m a t i o n can be analyzed supply and the information can beanalyzed . This is very useful in diagnosis of variousdiseases.It is also suggested that using NT medical diagnosis w i l l b e transformed and use of nano - robots withinb o d y c o u l d p r o v i d e a d e f e n s e a g a i n s t i n v a d i n g viruses. This technology could be used in particularapp lication when considering immune sys. as this tocombat immune deficiency diseases live HIV/AIDS. T h e r e i s a l s o speculation that nano-robots woulds h o w o n e v e n r e v e r s e t h e a g i n g p r o c e s s a n d l i f e expectancy could increase significantly.In near future we will be acquainted with notions like: Cell Pharmacology: Delivery of drugs by medicalnano-machines to exact location in the body. Cell Surgery:

Modifying cellular structures usingmedical nano-machines. Ribosome: Naturally occurring molecular machinethat manufactures proteins according to instructionsderived from cells genes. Nanomedicine: Bunch of non -replicatingnanorobots with a specified medical task such ascleaning and closing a would and many more. Reciprocytes: Mechanical Artificial RBC: A bloodb o r n e s p h e r i c a l 1 M i c r o n d i a m o n d e d 1 0 0 0 a t m pressure vessel with active pumping powered by endogenous serum glucose, able to delver 236 timesmore oxygen to tissues per unit volume than nationalred cells and to manage carbonic acidity. Microbivore Artificial WBC: This will destroymicrobiological agent causing d i s e a s e f o u n d i n human bloodstream using a digest and d i s c h a r g e protocol.

Fig 4 .Showing artificialWBC. Utility Fog: These are objects formed of intelligent polymorphics u b s t a n c e s , h a v i n g t y p i c a l l y a n o c t e t t r u s s . I t s a simple extension of nanotechnology, based on tinyself-replicating robots. The robots are called Fogletsand the substance they form is Utility Fog.

Fig5 . shows us individual foglet & then the whole Utility Fog.

4. Nanotechnology & International Security: T h e p o s s i b l e a p p l i c a t i o n s o f N a n o t e c h n o l o g y t o advanced weaponry are fertile ground for fantasy. Itis obvious that 3-D assembly of nanostructures inb u l k c a n y i e l d m u c h b e t t e r v e r s i o n s o f m o s t conventional weapons e.g. guns can be made lighter,e a s y m o r e a m m u n i t i o n , f i r e s e l f g u i d e d b u l l e t s , incorporate multispectral gun sights or even f i r e themselves when an enemy is detected.Aerospace hardware would be far lighter and higherperformance, built with minimal or no metal, it wouldb e s u c h harder to spot radar.Embedded computerwould allow remote activation of any weapon andmore compact power handling would a l l o w g r e a t l y improved robotics.Nuclear weapons can be credited

to prevent major wars since their inventions. Nuclearweapons have high long term cost of use that wouldb e m u c h l o w e r w i t h n a n o t e c h weapons.Nuclearwe a p o n s r e q u i r e m a s s i ve r e s e a r c h e f f o r t a n d industrial development, which can be

tracked moreeasily than nanotech weapons. Greater uncertainty of capabilities of the adversary less response time toan attack and better targeted destruction of enemysr e s o u r c e s d u r i n g a n a t t a c k a l l m a k e n a n o t e c h a r m r a c e s l e s s s t a b l e . N a n o t e c h w e a p o n s w o u l d b e extremely powerful and could lead to a dangerouslyt o a n a r m r a c e . A l s o u n l e s s n a n o t e c h i s t i g h t l y controlled the number of nanotech nations in thew o r l d c o u l d b e s u c h h i g h e r t h a n t h e n u m b e r o f nuclear nations increasing the chance of a regionalconflict blowing.

5.Nanotechnology and Environment : Nano technology has the potential to substantiallybenefit e n v i r o n m e n t t h r o u g h p o l l u t i o n p r e v e n t i o n , treatment and remediation. Auborne nano robots canbe programmed to rebuild the removed from watersources and oil spills can be cleaned up instantly. Ourd e p e n d e n c e an non-renewable sources would diminish with nano-technology. Many resources canbe developed by nano-machines.

diminish with nano-technology. Many resources canbe developed by nanomachines. Fig6. Nanotectnology making transortation easy.

H o w e v e r u s e o f N T i s s c a l e d u p e m i s s i o n s t o environment may also increase and perhaps a wholen e w c l a s s o f t o x i n s o r o t h e r e n v i r o n m e n t p r o b l e m s may be created. 6. Basis of Economy: A Strong possibility: T h e p u r c h a s e r o f m a n u f a c t u r e d p r o d u c t t o d a y i s paying for its design, raw materials, the labour and capital of manufacturing, transportations storage andsales. If nano-factories can produce a wide variety of

p r o d u c t w h e n a n d w h e r e t h e y a r e w a n t e d m o s t o f this efforts will become unnecessary. 7. Conclusion: T h u s , w h a t w e a r e s e e i n g i s t h e s e g m e n t o f a revolution caused by our ability to work on same s c a l e a s n a t u r e , N a n o - t e c h n o l o g y w i l l a f f o r d e v e r y aspect of our lives from the medicines we use powerof our computers the energy supplies we require, thef o o d w e e a t , t h e c a r s w e d r i v e , t h e b u i l d i n g w e l i v e in, the clothes we wear.N a n o t e c h n o l o g y w i t h a l l i t s c h a l l e n g e s a n d opportunities is an unavoidable part of o u r f u t u r e . The researches are filled with optimums and productsare filled with optimum and products based on thistechnology are beginning to make their mark. The extent to which non-technology will impact ourlives only depends on times of human in genuinely.H u m a n i t y w i l l b e f a c e d w i t h a p o w e r a c c e l e r a t e d social reduction as a result of nano-technology.M o r e p o w e r f u l industrial revolution capable of bringing wealth, h e a l t h a n d e d u c a t i o n t o e v e r y person on this planet is just around the corner. Alongwith the development of nanotechnology comes then e c e s s a r y t o d e v e l o p r e a s o n a b l e g u i d e l i n e s procedures and laws in order to protect h u m a n i t y from new forms of terror, runaway inanities misuse of technologies.