NHD Topic Background Briefing Directions: Fill in necessary information.

. Answers should be written in complete sentence unless otherwise noted. Your answers should be thorough and detailed. Be sure to include citations for all information! Group Members: Amanze Ejiogu Topic: The Space Race Key Events related to your topic and a brief explanation of each: The Cold War: A standoff between the two superpowers the United States and the Soviet Union. This helped make new technologies (the interstate highway system, the U2 spy jet, the internet, etc.) and also started the space race. Since the Soviets exploded their first nuclear bomb, their first atomic bomb one year after the U.S. With these super destructive weapons at each countrys fingertips, they were worried the other would use it to spread their influence around the world. The U.S. and the Soviet Union started making huge stockpiles of nuclear weapons to use as a counterattack in case the other one struck. The two countries did not strike, because they knew there would be no winner. Since the war between the two was cold, the name, the Cold War was used. Sputnik 1 October 4, 1957: Sputnik 1 was the worlds first artificial satellite, launched by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957. Around the world, people ether used special radios to listen to the telemetry signal or its broadcast on their radios and looked at the white object that zoomed across the sky.

Vanguard TV3 12-6-1957(U.S.): Satellite that was planned to be launched before Sputnik I by the U.S. Navy. It was launched 33 days (or about 4 weeks) after Sputnik II. The spacecraft was a 1.36-kg [about 3 pounds] aluminum sphere 15.2 cm in diameter, nearly identical to the later Vanguard 1,NASAs National Space Science Data Center. The spacecraft exploded only about 2 seconds after liftoff damaging the launch pad and satellite. The official cause of the disaster is unknown, however, it is hypothesized that the fuel tank leaked and lit. Made the U.S. feel behind on technology. (Source: NASAs National Space Science Data Center) Explorer I 1-2-1958(U.S): The first successfully launched spacecraft by the U.S. Launched by the U.S. Army on January 2, 1958, Cape

Canaveral, FL, atop the Jupiter C rocket. Explorer I helped carried instruments that measured cosmic rays, micrometeorites, and monitoring its temperature. It detected the Van Allen Radiation Belt under the Earths magnetic field. The special equipment of the satellite weighed 4.82 kg (10.6 pounds) of the 13.97kg (30.79 pounds). A single Geiger-Mueller detector was used for the detection of cosmic rays. Micrometeorite detection was accomplished using both a wire grid... and an acoustic detector. (Source: NASAs National Space Science Data Center) NASA 10-1-1958: The National Aeronautics and Space Administration, or NASA, was first proposed by Congress with the National Aeronautics Space Act. To "provide for research into problems of flight within and outside the Earth's atmosphere, and for other purposes" (Source: Gale Science in Context, from National Aeronautics Space Act) Before the bill, and the organization following, the rocket launches were controlled by the U.S. Military (Navy and Army). The bill was passed after the 1957 scare of Sputnik 1 and 2. (Source: Gale Science in Context) Pioneer V 3-11-1960 (U.S.S.R.): Pioneer was launched by NASA and the U.S. Air Force. It was used to examine the interplanetary space of Venus and Earth. It measured magnetic field occurrences, solar flare materials, and ions in the space. The data was transmitted to Earth until June 26, 1960, after 138.9 hours. However, communications became too infrequent from the craft on April 30, 1960 for normal collection of data. (Source: NASAs National Space Science Data Center) Sputnik VI 8-19-1960 (U.S.S.R.): This spacecraft was the second in an effort to see the effects of space and help boost the cause to put a man in space. Two dogs (Strelka and Belka) were sent up with cameras and scientific equipment. After one day in space, they were both recovered. Strelka had pups, which they gave one named Pushinka to Mrs. Kennedy. (Source: NASAs National Space Science Data Center) Ham the Astro Chimp 1-31-1961 (U.S.): The payload (Ham) was put into suborbital flight and was brought home safely. Was the first American chimp in space. (Source: NASAs National Space Science Data Center) Vostok I 4-12-1961 (U.S.SR.): The first manned mission into space. Yuri A. Gagarin became the first person to be in space. However, all of the operations were man by ground control. (Source: NASAs National Space Science Data Center) Mercury III (or Freedom VII) 5-5-1961(U.S.): First manned U.S. mission to space occurring only 23 days after the Soviet Yuri Gagarin's flight.

The mission was to find out the abilities of people inn space. It was also used to solve many problems, like automatic emergency escaping, vehicle control, spacecraft systems behavior, human behavior, and maneuvers in space. (Source: NASAs National Space Science Data Center) Vostok II 8-6-1961 (U.S.S.R.): The first space flight that lasted longer than one day. The craft was manned and controlled by cosmonaut German S Titov. He orbited the Earth 17 times in the period of 25 hours. Videos of the Earth were obtained during the flight. (Source: NASAs National Space Science Data Center) Friendship 7 2-20-1962 (U.S): The first orbital American flight with a human onboard. John H. Glenn, Jr. was the pilot of the craft. The flight lasted 4 hours, 55 min, 23 seconds. (Source: NASAs National Space Science Data Center) (note: the Mercury Project ended with Faith 7) Vostok III 8-11-1962/ Vostok IV 8-12-1962 (U.S.S.R.): The two space craft were the first two that flew in an orbit next to each other. Vostok III was manned by Andriyan G. Nikolayev, Vostok IV by Pavel R. Popovich. (Source: NASAs National Space Science Data Center) Faith 7 5-15-1963 (U.S.): Was the fourth and final rocket launched in the Mercury Project. Was the first American capsule to stay for one day in space.

Vostok V 6-15-1963 (U.S.S.R.): At the time, this flight was the longest solo mission. The flight lasted for 119 hours and 6 minutes, and the cosmonaut Valeriy F. Bykovskiy completed 81 orbits around the Earth. (Source: NASAs National Space Science Data Center Vostok VI 6-16-1963 (U.S.S.R.): The capsule carried Valentina V. Tereshkova into space, to make her the first woman there. She completed 48 orbits in 70.7 hours. (Source: NASAs National Space Science Data Center) Voskhod I 10-12-1964 (U.S.S.R.): The mission was the first multi manned one consisting of three pilots, Vladimir M. Komarov, Boris B. Yegorov, and Konstatin P. Feoktisov. The mission was intended to test a multi seated craft. (Source: NASAs National Space Science Data Center)

Voskhod II 3-18-1965 (U.S.S.R): The mission had two people on board (Pavel I. Belyayev, and Aleksey A. Leonov). Leonov made the first spacewalk, this lasted for 20 minutes, and then they completed their 26 hour (completing 16 orbits). (Source: NASAs National Space Science Data Center) Gemini 3 3-23-1965 (U.S): Was the first double crewed American space craft. Manned by Virgil "Gus" Grissom and John Young. Was to test the abilities and observe a multi-manned space craft. (Source: NASAs National Space Science Data Center) Gemini 4 6-3-1965 (U.S.): First American spacewalk mission. James McDivitt and Edward White were the crew. White depressurized the cabin (first pressurizing their suits) did the spacewalk for about 23 minutes. The spacewalk lasted 98 hours, helping them complete 62 orbits around the Earth. (Source: NASAs National Space Science Data Center) Gemini 8 3-16-1966 (U.S.): Was launched to test the technique of docking (testing with the Agenda). Manned by Neil Armstrong and David Scott. The mission turned out successful and was the first docking in space. However, after 27 minutes, the two docked craft started to spin and shake. Armstrong undocked the two and the capsule started to shake even more violently. The cause was that one of the stabilizing rockets was still on. However, the spacecraft was stopped and the astronauts came home safely. The flight lasted 10 hours and 41 minutes. (Source: NASAs National Space Science Data Center) (note: the Gemini Program ended at Gemini 12) Apollo 1 1-27-1967 (U.S.): When testing in the capsule, a fire due to a spark and the pressurized oxygen in the room, there was a fire that killed the three astronuats onboard Virgil Grissom, Edward White, and Roger Chaffee. (Source: Kennedy Space Center) Apollo 8 12-21-1968 (U.S.): Was the first mission to successfully orbit the moon. The orbit and travel was to gather information of how to successfully land someone on the moon. The crew was Frank Borman, Pilot James A. Lovell, Jr., and William A. Anders. (Source: NASAs National Space Science Data Center) Apollo 11 7-16-1969 (U.S.): The Apollo 11 was one of the most daring attempts, in order to fulfill President Kennedys dream of landing on the Moon and to give the upper hand on the space race. The Command Module/Service Module holding Michael Collins as pilot reached the moon and started to orbit on July 19th. Then on July 21,

1969, the lunar module, holding Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed on the Moon. "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind, Neil Armstrong said this after stepping on the moon and being the first one in the world to do this. They then launched from the surface , clipped onto the CM which took them to Earth. (Source: NASAs National Space Science Data Center) Apollo 13 4-11-1970: The space craft was intended to do what Apollo 11 did. However, a fire broke out in the Service Module. The astronauts James A. Lovell, Jr. John L. Swigert, Jr., and Fred W. Haise Jr. moved into the Lander then into the Command Module when they were approaching Earth. All returned safely. (note the Apollo missions went to 1970 ending with Apollo 17) Venera VII 8-7-1970(U.S.S.R): Venera VII was launched from Tyuratam, U.S.S.R. It was the first successful man-made craft landing on another planet. The craft was made to observe the atmosphere of Venus. Venera VII entered the Venusian atmosphere on December 15, 1970. The signal from the lander was received for 58 minutes. (Source: NASAs National Space Science Data Center) Luna XVI 9-12-1970 (U.S.S.R.): First robotic probe to land on the Moon and return samples. This was done after the successes of the U.S.s Apollo XI and XII which landed the first humans on the Moon. The spacecraft was the third man-made object to land on the moon. It weighed 5600.0 kg (34392.1 pounds). In the dark, it collected sample of moon dust and rock via drill, collected it in a container, and the top compartment left the lunar surface. The base of Luna XVI stayed to record information of temperature and radiation. (Source: NASAs National Space Science Data Center) Luna XVII/Lunokhod I 11-10-1970(U.S.S.R.): First automated exploration of the Moons surface. Lunokhod I was the rover like vehicle that traveled over the lunar surface. Luna XVII was the lander. Lunokhod held two antennae, four television cameras, and special tools to measure lunar soil density. Was expected to run for three lunar days, but ran for eleven. The operations of the first lunar rover ceased on October 4, 1971, ironically on the 15th anniversary of Sputnik I (U.S.S.R.). (Source: NASAs National Space Science Data Center) Uhuru 12-12-1971(U.S.): The first satellite that was dedicated to X-ray, gamma ray, UV and other types of radiation data. Launched from the San Marcos platform off the coast of Kenya bay NASA. The Uhuru was sent to catalog cosmic radiation from different stars from different frequencies. (Source: NASAs National Space Science Data Center)

Mars II/Lander 5-19-1971(U.S.S.R.): The lander crashes on Mars due to the capsule steeper than projected. However this is bittersweet, because the U.S.S.R. landed the first man-made artifact on the surface of Mars. The satellite sent back large amounts of information of Martian gravity, its magnetic field, temperature fluctuations, geography and atmospheric chemistry. (Source: NASAs National Space Science Data Center) Mars III/Lander 5-28-1971(U.S.S.R.): The first probe to land on the surface of Mars. Attempted to measure temperature, atmospheric chemistry, and radiations. Lander malfunctioned only 20 seconds after it landed. The satellites (Mars II and III), however, sent back information from December 1971 to March 1972 and, since the two craft were observing together, it was announced on 22 August 1972 both Mars II and III were finished their missions. Mars III sent back the same information as Mars II. Time Period of your topic: Dates only October 4, 1972 -1972. The date of end is quite unofficial for a few reasons. One is that after the Apollo program ended in 1972, the Soviets ambition and work to put one of their own men on the Moon stopped. The U.S. is still the only country that has landed on the Moon. Due to this, the Soviets decided to work on space stations. The heated part of the battle for space was over, and since the U.S.S.R. quit the leg of the race, the U.S. was said to have won. Key Individuals related to your topic and a brief description of each: Dwight D. Eisenhower: The 34th President of the United States. He was president when the Soviet Union started the awe inspiring race for space with Sputnik I. Helped the government organize the efforts to launch American rockets into space. (Source: www.thewhitehouse.gov) John F. Kennedy (May 29, 1917- November 22, 1963): The 35th President of the United States of America. He made the ambitious and daring speech to land a man on the Moon I believe this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, to landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the Earth John F. Kennedy on May 25, 1961 (Sources: MasterFILE Premier/ www.whitehouse.gov/) Wernher Von Braun (March 23, 1912-June 16, 1977): This German born scientist helped make the U-2 Ballistic Missile. With that technology, he made Redstone, Jupiter, and Pershing missiles, as well as the Jupiter C, Juno, and Saturn rockets.

Location of major events related to your topic: The major events of the U.S. was located in Cape Canaveral, FL. Most of the Soviet satellites had a launch site that remained constant too, Tyuratam (Baikonur Cosmodrome), U.S.S.R. Why was this topic historically significant? (How did it change history in the short-term and long-term?) The Space Race was significant because of the huge improved technologies in defense, technology and spaceflight. How, amazingly this landslide came after the launching of the very first artificial satellite in space. With this not only came the decreasing of size of technology, but more, for example nuclear weapons (any rocket launched weapon). Also we now know how most living things can adapt in space, including humans. Finally, we have figured out the real meaning of subject spaceflight, how to get someone, or something, up into the cosmos, and safely back. How does this topic relate to the theme Turning Points in History? My topic, the Space Race, heavily relates to the National History Theme Turning Points In History because the battle gave the world many new technologies. For example, general technology changed from the tube to transistor to chip, to try to improve accuracy and efficiency (in size) (Source: Satellites, Invention of War The History Channel website, video). It also increased security concerns in the world due to the fact the new rockets were able to send missiles long distances. This plus the huge nuclear stockpile between superpower rivals the U.S. and the Soviet Union was not easy to settle. In fact, detonating 8 nuclear warheads can kill all life on Earth. (Source: Cold War The History Channel Website, video).

Citations
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