Model development of the atom.

Ancient Greek ideas (Democritus) 01/01/0470 Democritus believed that everything is composed of atoms. He said that atoms are physically but not geometrically indivisible, that they are indestructible, between them there is empty space, they have always been and always will be in motion, there is an infinite number of atoms, infinite kinds of atoms which all differ in shape and size. He also believed that the solidness of the material corresponded to the shape of the atoms involved. Democritus brought about the theory that atoms exist. John Dalton 01/01/1803 Daltons theory was based on that the atoms with different elements would be distinguished by weight All matter is composed of atoms Atoms cannot be made or destroyed All atoms of the same element are identical Different elements have different types of atoms Chemical reactions occur when atoms are rearranged Compounds are formed from atoms of the constituent elements.
He said that all compounds of two elements must be binary. George Johnstone Stoney 01/01/1894

Stoney suggested that a subatomic particle existed which was a particle of electricity held within the atom, named the electron. This helped us understand that within the atom, there are other particles and that atoms have a charge (as electricity is charged). J J Thompson 01/01/1897 Thomson discovered that atoms did indeed contain particles known as electrons. He discovered this through finding that cathode rays could be deflected by an electric field, thus concluding that these rays were composed of very light negatively charged particles which he called corpuscles, later to be named electrons.This proved Stoneys hypothesis (and thus other consequences) was correct. Robert Millikan 01/01/1909 Millikan measured the charge on an electron with his oil-drop apparatus. He also proved that this quantity was a constant for all electrons (1910), thus demonstrating the atomic structure of electricity. This means that we know that all the electrons in every atom has the same charge. Ernest Rutherford 01/01/1911 Rutherford formulated a model of the atom, which was like this: a very small positively charged nucleus, orbited by electrons. He also speculated on the existence

of neutrons, which could somehow compensate for the repelling effect of the positive charges of protons by causing an attractive nuclear force and thus keeping the nuclei from breaking apart. Rutherford discovered the basic form of an atom regarding protons and electrons. Henry Moseley 01/01/1914 Moseley determined the charge of most nuclei using X-rays. He also discovered that an element's atomic number and number of protons were equal, leading to the Periodic Table of Elements being arranged by atomic number instead of atomic mass, which helped organise it much better. It meant that all atoms of different elements a have different weights. Neils Bohr 01/01/1922 He suggested that when an atom is excited or heated, electrons can jump to higher levels, & when the atom cools, they drop down to lower levels, where precise quanta of energy are released as specific wavelengths. An electrons energy levels can be imagined as concentric circles around the nucleus. He predicted the levels (or shells) had a maximum capacity of electrons each, the innermost being 2. This helps us understand why atoms release light and energy on at certain frequencies. James Chadwick 01/01/1932 Chadwick discovered a 3rd type of subatomic particle and named it the neutron. They help stabilize the protons in the atoms nucleus, preventing the protons from repelling each other. Neutrons are always in the nucleus of atoms, and are about the same size as protons however, they have no electrical charge. This helps us understand why atoms stay together despite the positive charges of the protons.