MAT 2384 B

Homework 2

Due date: Friday, October 19

1. Solve the following initial value problems: 1. y + 2y + 2y = x y(0) = 0 y (0) = 1 Solution of 1 The characteristic equation has solutions 1 = 1 + i, 2 = 1 i. Hence the general solution of the homogeneous problems is yh = c1 ex cos x + c2 ex sin x. To nd a particular solution (of the non-homoneneous problem), lets use the method of undetermined coecients. Since the non-homogeneous term of the equation (r(x) = x) is a degree one polynomial, we let y = ax + b. Then y = a and y = 0: plugging y, y , y in the dierential equation we obtain 0 + 2a + 2(ax + b) = 2ax + (2a + 2b) = x and the last equality implies that 2a+2b = 0 and 2a = 1. Hence a = 1/2 and b = 1/2. Therefore a particular solution is given by x/2 1/2, and the general solution of the non-homogeneous problem is yg = c1 ex cos x + c2 ex sin x + x/2 1/2. The initial value conditions imply c1 = 1/2 and c2 = 1, and the solution of the initial value problem is 1 x 1 y = ex cos x + ex sin x + 2 2 2 2. y 4y = 0 y(0) = 1 y (0) = 1 Solution of 2. The equation is homogeneous. From the characteristic equation we get the general solution of the homogeneous problem yh = c1 e2x + c2 e2x . Then from the initial value conditions we obtain c1 = 3/4 and c2 = 1/4, hence the solution of the initial value problem is 3 1 y = e2x + e2x 4 4 3. y + 9y = 0 y(0) = 1 y (0) = 1 Solution of 3 It is again a homogeneous equation, but now the solutions of the characteristic equation are pure imaginary, namely 3i, 3i: hence the general solution of the homogeneous problem is yh = c1 cos(3x) + c2 sin(3x). From the initial value conditions we obtain c1 = 1, c2 = 1/3, and the initial value problem has solution

y = cos(3x) +

1 sin(3x) 3

4. y + 3y + 2y = cos(4x) y(0) = 0 y (0) = 1 Solution of 4. The characteristic equation of the homogeneous problem has solutions 1 = 2, 2 = 1, hence we have the general solution of the homogeneous problem yh = c1 e2x + c2 ex . To nd a particular solution of the non-homogeneous equation, we can use the method of undetermined coecients. Now since r(x) = cos(4x), we make the choice y = a cos(4x) + b sin(4x). Then y = 4a sin(4x) + 4b cos(4x), y = 16a cos(4x) 16b sin(4x). Plugging y, y , y into the dierential equation we get

16a cos(4x)16b sin(4x)12a sin(4x)+12b cos(4x)+2a cos(4x)+2b sin(4x) = cos(4x) hence we have the system of two equations 16a + 12b + 2a = 1, 16b 12a + 2b = 0. We solve and obtain a = 7/170 and b = 3/85. The general solution of the non-homogeneous problem is therefore yg = c1 e2x + c2 ex 7 3 cos(4x) + sin(4x) 170 85

The initial value conditions impose c1 + c2 7/170 = 0 and 2c1 c2 + 24/170 = 1. We solve the equation and obtain c1 = 9/10, c2 = 16/7, and the solution of the initial value problem is yg = 5. y + 2y + y = x3 Solution of 5. Now the characteristic equation has a double solution, = 1 hence the homogeneous problem has general solution yh = c1 ex + c2 xex . In order to nd a particular solution of the non-homogeneous equation, lets use the method of undetermined coecients once again. Now since r(x) is polynomial of degree 3, we choose y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d. The derivatives are y = 3ax2 + 2bx + c, y = 6ax + 2b. If we plug everything in the non-homogeneous equatiion we obtain a system of equations in a, b, c, d which has solution a = 1, b = 6, c = 18, d = 24. The general solution of the non-homogeneous is therefore yg = c1 ex + c2 xex + x3 6x2 + 18x 24. Finally the initial value problem imposes the equations c1 24 = 0 and c1 + c2 + 18 = 1, and we obtain c1 = 24, c2 = 7. The solution of the initial value problem is therefore 9 2x 16 x 7 3 e + e cos(4x) + sin(4x) 10 17 170 85

y(0) = 0 y (0) = 1

y = 24ex + 7xex + x3 6x2 + 18x 24 6. y + y + y + y = 0 y(0) = 0 y (0) = 1 y (0) = 2 Solution of 6. The characteristic polynomial is 3 + 2 + + 1 = ( + 1)(2 + 1), and the roots are 1, i, i. The general solution is therefore yg = c1 ex + c2 cos x + c3 sin x. From the initial value problem we get the equations c1 + c2 = 0, c1 + c3 = 1, c1 c2 = 2 which give c1 = 1, c2 = 1, c3 = 2. The solution of the initial value problem is therefore y = ex cos x + 2 sin x 2. Find a basis for the set solutions of the equation y (5) + 5y (3) 36y (1) = 0 Solution The characteristic polynomial is 5 + 53 36 = (2 4)(2 + 9) which has roots 0, 2, 2, 3i, 3i. A basis is therefore y1 = 1, y2 = e2x , y3 = e2x , y4 = cos(3x), y5 = sin(3x). NOTATION: y (n) denotes the n-th derivative of y(x). 3. Prove that: if a2 4b = 0, then y = xeax/2 is a solution of the equation y +ay +by = 0. 4. Use your favorite method to construct the polynomial p of degree at most 5 with the following values: p(0) = 3 p(2) = 2 p(3) = 1 p(4) = 4 p(6) = 0 p(8) = 1. In order to obtain full credit, you have to write the polynomial in the form: p(x) = c5 x5 + c4 x4 + c3 x3 + c2 x2 + c1 x + c0 . Give the coecients ck with two decimals (or if you like as a fraction of integers).