Embedded Processors-II

DR. APARNA P. Assistant Professor EC Dept NITK, Surathkal

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Embedded Systems

Microcontroller

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Embedded Systems

Microcontrollers
A single chip that contains
The processor (the CPU) Non-volatile memory for the program (ROM or flash) Volatile memory for input and output (RAM) Basic I/P and O/P interfaces Basic peripherals like timers, PWM etc. A clock generator.

More generic and simple in nature.

Computer on Chip

Emphasis on
Low cost Less Power Small size

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Distinction between P and C

Ps are associated with general purpose computing whereas Cs are associated with embedded application. Cs have a simple memory hierarchy (RAM and ROM are on chip and usually cache is absent.) where as Ps will have multi layered cache. Ps development time is higher unlike Cs which choose the existing processor. The power consumption and temperature rise of C is restricted because of constraints on physical dimension. 8 bit and 16 bit Cs are very popular with a simpler design as compared to large bit-length (32 bit-64 bit) complex general purpose processor.
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Popular Microcontrollers-I
Atmel
AT89 series (Intel 8051 architecture) AT90, ATtiny, ATmega, ATxmega series (AVR architecture) (Atmel Norway design) AT91SAM (Smart ARM-based Microcontrollers ) AVR32 (32-bit AVR architecture) (Atmel Norway design)

Freescale Semiconductors
8-bit: 68HC05,68HC08, 68HC11 (Motorola 680x series) 16-bit: 68HC12, 68HC16 32-bit: Freescale 683XX (Motorola 683xx family ) MCF5xxx (Freescale Coldfire-MC68000 architecture) MPC 860, MPC 8240/8250, MPC 8540/8555/8560 (Power PC Architecture)

Infineon
8-bit: XC8000 (Intel 8051 architecture) 16-bit: -XC2000, XE166, C166, C167-(RISC To replace 8051) 32 bit XMC4000 (ARM Cortex M4 based) TricoreTM- (Unified RISC/MCU/DSP processor core)

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Popular Microcontrollers-II
Intel

8-bit: MCS-48 (8048 Family) MCS-51 (8051 family)- Harvard Architecture 16 bit: MCS-96 (8096 family-8xC196 series), MCS-296
NXP Semiconductors

8-bit: 80C51 32-bit: ARM7 (LPC 2000 series ),ARM9 (LPC 3000 series ) ARM Cortex M0- (LPC 1100, LPC 1200 series ) ARM Cortex M3- (LPC 1300, LPC 1700, LPC 1800 series ) ARM Cortex M4- (LPC 4300 series )
ST Microelectronics

8-bit: ST6, ST7,STM8(pipelined RISC architecture) 32 bit : STR7 (ARM7TDMI) STR9- (ARM966E-S) STM32 F0-(Cortex-M0), F1, F2, L1, W ((Cortex-M3), F4(Cortex-M4)
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Popular Microcontrollers-III
Texas Instruments

16 bit: MSP430- (Mixed Signal microcontroller) 32 bit: C2000 High performance, real time control applications. Stellaris (ARM Cortex M3 architecture)
MicroChip

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Architecture of a typical C (Intel MCS-96 )

Introduced by Intel during 1982. Family of 16-bit microcontrollers. Widely used in printers, modems and hard disc drives. Have different operating frequencies and offered in various packages. 8xC196 is discussed as a sample member of the family.

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The simplified internal architecture

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Important Features of MCS-96

Register-to-Register architecture 16K on-chip ROM/OTPROM 488 bytes register RAM Five 8-bit I/O ports High speed I/O subsystem Full-Duplex serial port 16-bit multiply and divide instructions 8 or 10-bit A/D converter with sample and hold Four 16-bit software timers 16-bit up/down counter with capture Dynamically configurable 16-bit or 8-bit bus-width Three PWM outputs 16-bit Watchdog Timer 28 interrupt sources, 16 vectors HOLD/HLDA bus protocol
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Pins and Signals of 8xC196 (68-pin PLCC)

External memory interfacing is allowed thr external address, data and control lines. Pin numbers differ in package type. MCS-96 designed around Princeton (Von Neumann) architecture. Program and data share same memory space. Total addressable memory (internal and external) is 64K.

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Architecture of a typical C (TI MSP 430 )

The MSP430 is a 16 bit RISC mixed-signal microcontroller family from Texas Instruments. Built around a 16-bit CPU, the MSP430 is designed for low cost and, specifically, ultra low power consumption embedded applications. Broad family of TIs 16-bit microcontrollers
from 1Kbytes ROM, 128 bytes RAM (approx. $1 ) to 60Kbytes ROM, 10Kbytes RAM ( $10)

Subfamilies
MSP430x1xx: basic unit MSP430x3xx: more features MSP430x4xx: built-in LCD driver MSP430x5xx new Flash-based family featuring the lowest power consumption
up to 25 MIPS with 1.8 to 3.6V operation starting at 12 MIPS New features include an innovative Power Management Module for optimizing power consumption, an internally controlled voltage regulator, and 2x more memory than previous devices.
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Ultra Low power standby mode

System enters and remains in an ultra-low power standby mode for as long as possible Is awakened only to service interrupts as fast as possible. Multiple oscillators Flexible clock system
allows the MSP430 to operate optimally from a single 32KHz crystal Digitally controlled oscillator (DCO)

Low power standby mode typically consumes current in the 1A range. The integrated high-speed DCO can source the (MCLK) used by the CPU and high-speed peripherals.

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(FRAM) Ferroelectric Random Access Memory

Nonvolatile memory that combines high speed with ultra low power. Lowest Power : Active power consumption <100A/MHz 250x less power than Flash writes Protected write completion True unified memory Gives flexibility to designate any section of memory as program or data memory.
This can be changed throughout the development process to suit the changing needs of the application.

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-contd (FRAM)
Higher Throughput :
FRAM can also maintain very high data throughput for non-volatile data storage. FRAM can write more than 150X faster than flash, while consuming less power
FRAM max throughput = 2000kB/s Flash max throughput = 12kB/s

Write Endurance :
Embedded FRAM also offers longevity and write endurance that existing memory technologies cannot match. This increased write endurance is ideal for data logging, digital rights management, replacing battery-backed SRAM and other applications.
1015 write cycles for FRAM 105 write cycles for Flash/EPROM

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MSP430 Typical Applications

Handheld Measurement Air Flow measurement Alcohol meter Barometer Data loggers Emission/Gas analyser Humidity measurement Temperature measurement Weight scales Medical Instruments Blood pressure meter Blood sugar meter Breath measurement EKG system Utility Metering Gas Meter Water Meter Heat Volume Counter Heat Cost Allocation Electricity Meter Meter reading system (RF) Sports equipment Altimeter Bike computer Diving watches Security Glass break sensors Door control Smoke/fire/gas detectors Home environment Air conditioning Control unit Thermostat Boiler control Shutter control Irrigation system White goods (Washing machine,..) Misc Smart card reader Taxi meter Smart Batteries

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MSP 430 Modular Architecture

16 bit bus handles wide width data much more effectively

Von-Neumann common bus connects CPU to all memory and peripherals

Embedded emulation accesses inapplication with JTag.

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MSP430x14x Architecture

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MSP430 16-bit RISC

Large 16-bit register file eliminates single accumulator bottleneck High-bandwidth 16-bit data and address bus with no paging. RISC architecture with 27 instructions and 7 addressing modes Single-cycle register operations with fullaccess Direct memory-memory transfer designed for modern programming Compact silicon 30% smaller than an 8051 saves power and cost Orthogonal architecture with every instruction usable with every addressing mode. Full register access including program counter, status registers, and stack pointer.

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MSP430 Memory Model

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