Sumati J.

Singh

TRANSMISSION MEDIA
1/23/2013

Classification
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Sumati J. Singh

1/23/2013

Wired Media
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Sumati J. Singh

1/23/2013

Twisted Pair
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2 conductors (copper) , own insulation , twisted 1 used to carry signal Other used for ground reference Receiver uses the difference between them Noise or crosstalk may affect both

Sumati J. Singh

1/23/2013

Noise on Parallel Lines

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Sumati J. Singh

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Noise on Twisted Lines

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By adding the twist, reduction in the noise effect.

Sumati J. Singh

1/23/2013

Twisted Pair
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Generally color coded twisted pairs of insulated copper wires encased in plastic sheath Each wire has a diameter of 0.4 to 0.8 mm More twists per foot, more resistant to crosstalk. Higher quality More expensive Number of twists per foot/meter is called twist ratio. More twists need more cable, may increase ATTENUATION. Balance is needed b/w minimizing crosstalk and reducing attenuation
Sumati J. Singh 1/23/2013

Twisted Pair
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Various purposes Designs vary in twist ratio, grade of copper used, type of shielding. 1 to 4200 pairs can be packed. Modern networks use 4 pairs packed in together.
Sumati J. Singh 1/23/2013

Characteristics
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Twisted pair is
Relatively inexpensive Flexible Easy to install Span significant distance before needing a repeater Easily accommodates different topologies

Two categories : STP & UTP

Sumati J. Singh

1/23/2013

Shielded Twisted Pair

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Consists of twisted wire pairs that are not only individually insulated, but also surrounded by a shielding made of a metallic substance such as foil. Sometimes braided copper shielding Acts as barrier to external EM forces

Sumati J. Singh

1/23/2013

Unshielded Twisted Pair

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Twisted wire pairs (insulated individually) covered in a plastic sheath No additional shielding Less expensive Less resistant to noise

Sumati J. Singh

1/23/2013

Standards
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TIA/EIA finalized specifications in 1991 named TIA/EIA 568

TIA Telecommunications Industry Standards EIA Electronic Industries Standards

Divides twisted pair wiring in several categories Cat from 1 to 7

Sumati J. Singh

1/23/2013

TIA/EIA 568
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Category

Bandwidth
very low < 2 MHz 16 MHz 20 MHz 100 MHz 200 MHz 600 MHz

Data Rate
< 100 kbps 2 Mbps 10 Mbps 20 Mbps 100 Mbps 200 Mbps 600 Mbps

Digital/Analog
Analog Analog/digital Digital Digital Digital Digital Digital
1/23/2013

Use
Telephone T-1 lines LANs LANs LANs LANs LANs

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Sumati J. Singh

Cat 3 vs Cat 5
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Apart from the listed differences, some visual clues Higher twist ratio in Cat 5 , at-least 12 twists/ foot
Cat 3 has 3 twists/foot

Cat 3 jacket is loose than Cat 5 Cat 5 can support only a small amount of untwisting before termination.
Sumati Cat 5 provides better throughput. J. Singh 1/23/2013

STP and UTP

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Cost STP is generally more expensive and also requires grounding and installation charges. UTP 6 is costly too. Throughput Ranges from 10 to 1000 Mbps depending on type of wire. Connector Both use RJ-45 and RJ-11 connectors Noise immunity STP is more resistant than UTP
UTP may use filtering and balancing to offset the effects of noise

Size & Scalability Max segment length is 100 m or 328 ft. On Ethernet support 1 Mbps to 10 Gbps with max 1024 nodes.
Sumati J. Singh 1/23/2013

UTP Performance
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Terminating Twisted Pair

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Cross over cable

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Coaxial Cable
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Also called coax Single core (copper wire) enclosed in insulating sheath, encased in outer conductor metal foil / braid / combination. This outer wrap is used to shield and acts second conductor for ground Outer conductor is insulated Covered in plastic sheath Insulator is PVC/Teflon

Sumati J. Singh

1/23/2013

Coaxial Cable
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Characteristic
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High resistance to noise Carry signals to larger distances than twisted pair More expensive STANDARDS Radio Guide
Used to guide radio frequencies in broadband Different types provide different impedance, attenuation and throughput Size of core is in AWG ( American Wire Gauge ). High AWG smaller the diameter
Sumati J. Singh 1/23/2013

RG - 6
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Impedance of 75 ohms contains an 18 AWG conducting core. to deliver broadband cable Internet service and cable TV over long distances

Sumati J. Singh

1/23/2013

RG - 8
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50-ohm impedance 10 AWG core. the medium for the first Ethernet networks followed the 10Base-5 standard
10 max throughput 10 Mbps baseband transmission maximum segment length of 500 meters.

known as Thicknet
Sumati J. Singh 1/23/2013

RG - 58
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50-ohm impedance 24 AWG core Popular Ethernet network medium in 80s Smaller diameter than RG-8, more flexible, easy to install & handle 10Base-2 Thinner than RG-8, also called Thinnet

Sumati J. Singh

1/23/2013

RG-59
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75 ohm impedance 20 or 22 AWG core Made of braided copper Less expnsive, but greater attenuation Used for short connections

RG-6 and RG-59 are commonly used

Sumati J. Singh 1/23/2013

Connector
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F-type
Attach in a way so that the pin in the center of the connector is the conducting core of the cable Compressed to attach to cable, connectors are threaded and screw together like a nut and bolt assembly Mostly used for RG-6

Sumati J. Singh

1/23/2013

Connector
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BNC (Bayonet Neill-Concelman)

Crimped, compressed and twisted on cable Connects to another BNC via turning & locking Do not use core of coax, have their own conducting pin Used with RG 59 commonly

Sumati J. Singh

1/23/2013

Applications
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Analog telephone networks

Single cable carries 10000 voice signals

Later used in digital data, carry upto 600 Mbps Cable TV networks

Sumati J. Singh

1/23/2013

Refraction
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Critical Angle
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Reflection
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Fiber Optic Cable

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Glass fibers at the core Covered by glass or plastic cladding

Cladding should be of different density as of core

Outside a plastic buffer protects and being opaque, prevent light from escaping Strands of Kevlar (polymeric fiber) surrounds Plastic sheath

Sumati J. Singh

1/23/2013

Fiber Modes
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SMF
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Narrow core ( less than 10 microns) Highly focused, expensive Limits beam to smaller range of angles, close to horizontal Lower density material , critical angle close enough to 90 degree Propagation almost horizontal Delays are negligible Allows high bandwidth & longest distances (of all Sumati J. Singh 1/23/2013 media)

SMF
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MMF
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Multiple beams travel Larger diameter 50 to 115 microns Used as backbone like router to switch /server Beams travel at different angles from source to destination Short distances

Sumati J. Singh

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Step Index
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Graded Index
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Benefits of Fiber
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More Reliable Extremely high throughput Very high resistance to noise Excellent security Ability to carry signals to larger distances

Sumati J. Singh

1/23/2013

Disadvantage
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Expensive
Cables NICs Connectors hubs

Special equipment to splice Skilled labor Connecting two fibers is specialized task Repairing time is difficult in limited time/resources
Sumati J. Singh 1/23/2013

Connectors
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10 different types are available 4 are commonly used

ST (straight tip) SC (subscriber connector) LC (local connector) MT-RJ (mechanical transfer registered jack)

Existing networks generally use SC & ST With latest technology, LC and MT_RJ are used
Sumati J. Singh 1/23/2013

Connectors
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LC & MT-RJ are smaller and allow higher density of connections MT-RJ is unique as it contains two strands of multimode fiber in single ferrule ( a short tube within, that encircles the fiber to properly align ) Two strands provide for duplex signaling
Sumati J. Singh 1/23/2013

Connectors
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ST

SC

LC MT-RJ
Sumati J. Singh 1/23/2013