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is a phenomenon where under certain circumstances a particle exhibits wave properties and under other conditions a wave exhibits properties of a particle.

CHAPTER 10: Wave properties of particle (2 Hours)

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PHYSICS CHAPTER 10 Learning Outcome:

www.kmph.matrik.edu.my/physic s
10.1 de Broglie wavelength (1 hour)
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: State and use formulae for wave-particle duality of de Broglie,

h = p

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10.1 de Broglie wavelength

From the Plancks quantum theory, the energy of a photon is given by hc E= (10.1)

From the Einsteins special theory of relativity, the energy of a photon is given by E = mc 2 and mc = p (10.2) By equating eqs. (10.1) and (10.2), hence

E = pc

particle aspect

hc = pc h p=

(10.3) wave aspect

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where

p : momentum

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From the eq. (10.3), thus light has momentum and exhibits particle property. This also show light is dualistic in nature, nature behaving is some situations like wave and in others like particle (photon) and this phenomenon is called wave particle duality of light. light Table 10.1 shows the experiment evidences to show wave particle duality of light. Wave Youngs double slit experiment Diffraction experiment Particle Photoelectric effect Compton effect

Table 10.1

Based on the wave particle duality of light, Louis de Broglie suggested that matter such as electron and proton might also have a dual nature. nature
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He proposed that for any particle of momentum p should have a wavelength given by

h h = = (10.4) p mv where : de Broglie wavelength

h : Planck's constant m : mass of a particle v : velocity of a particle

Eq. (10.4) is known as de Broglie relation (principle). (principle) This wave properties of matter is called de Broglie waves or matter waves. waves The de Broglie relation was confirmed in 1927 when Davisson and Germer succeeded in diffracting electron which shows that electrons have wave properties. properties
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Example 1 :

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In a photoelectric effect experiment, a light source of wavelength 550 nm is incident on a sodium surface. Determine the momentum and the energy of a photon used. (Given the speed of light in the vacuum, c =3.00 108 m s1 and Plancks constant, h =6.63 1034 J s) 9 Solution : = 550 10 m By using the de Broglie relation, thus

h = p

6.63 10 34 550 10 9 = p p = 1.21 10 27 kg m s 1

34 8

and the energy of the photon is given by

hc E=

(6.63 10 )(3.00 10 ) E=
550 10 9 E = 3.62 10 19 J
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Example 2 :

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Calculate the de Broglie wavelength for a. a jogger of mass 77 kg runs with at speed of 4.1 m s1. b. an electron of mass 9.11 1031 kg moving at 3.25 105 m s1. (Given the Plancks constant, h =6.63 1034 J s) Solution : 1 a. Given m = 77 kg; v = 4.1 m s The de Broglie wavelength for the jogger is

h = mv

kg; v = 3.25 10 m s b. Given m = 9.11 10 The de Broglie wavelength for the electron is

6.63 10 34 = ( 77 )( 4.1) = 2.1 10 36 m

31

6.63 10 34 = 9.11 10 31 3.25 105

)(

= 2.24 10 9 m
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Example 3 :

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An electron and a proton have the same speed. a. Which has the longer de Broglie wavelength? Explain. b. Calculate the ratio of

/ p. (Given c =3.00 108 m s1, h =6.63 1034 J s, me=9.11 1031 kg, mp=1.67 1027 kg and e=1.60 1019 C)
e

p Solution : e a. From de Broglie relation,

v =v =v

h = mv

the de Broglie wavelength is inversely proportional to the mass of the particle. Since the electron lighter than the mass of the proton therefore the electron has the longer de Broglie wavelength. wavelength
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h m v e e = p h mp v me 1.67 10 27 = 9.11 10 31 e = 1833 p = mp

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Solution : ve = vp = v Therefore the ratio of their de Broglie wavelengths is

PHYSICS CHAPTER 10 Learning Outcome:

www.kmph.matrik.edu.my/physic s
10.2 Electron diffraction (1 hour)
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: Describe Davisson-Germer experiment by using a schematic diagram to show electron diffraction. Explain the wave behaviour of electron in an electron microscope and its advantages compared to optical microscope.

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10.2 Electron diffraction

10.2.1 Davisson-Germer experiment

Figure 10.1 shows a tube for demonstrating electron diffraction by Davisson and Germer. diffraction graphite film screen pattern anode e +4000 V cathode electron diffraction Figure 10.1: electron diffraction tube A beam of accelerated electrons strikes on a layer of graphite which is extremely thin and a diffraction pattern consisting of rings is seen on the tube face. 11

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h = mv

This experiment proves that the de Broglie relation was right and the wavelength of the electron is given by (10.5)

where

m : mass of an electron v : velocity of an electron

If the velocity of electrons is increased, the rings are seen to increased become narrower showing that the wavelength of electrons decreases with increasing velocity as predicted by de broglie (eq. 10.5). The velocity of electrons are controlled by the applied voltage V across anode and cathode i.e.

U =K

1 2 eV = mv 2 2eV v= m

(10.6)
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=
h 2eV m m h = 2meV
(10.7)

By substituting the eq. (10.6) into eq. (10.5), thus

Note:

Electrons are not the only particles which behave as waves. The diffraction effects are less noticeable with more massive particles because their momenta are generally much higher and so the wavelength is correspondingly shorter. shorter Diffraction of the particles are observed when the wavelength is of the same order as the spacing between plane of the atom. atom
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Example 4 :

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a. An electron is accelerated from rest through a potential difference of 2000 V. Determine its de Broglie wavelength. b. An electron and a photon has the same wavelength of 0.21 nm. Calculate the momentum and energy (in eV) of the electron and the photon. (Given c =3.00 108 m s1, h =6.63 1034 J s, me=9.11 1031 kg and

e=1.60 1019 C) V = 2000 V

Solution : a. Given h 6.63 10 34 = de Broglie wavelength for the electron is = The

2meV

2 9.11 10 31 1.60 10 19 2000

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)(

= 2.75 10 11 m

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Solution : b. Given e

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= p = 0.21 10 9 m

For an electron,

h Its momentum is p = e
and its energy is

6.63 10 34 p= 0.21 10 9 p = 3.16 10 24 kg m s 1 p 1 2 K = me v and v = me 2 2 p = 2me 24 2 3.16 10 = 2 9.11 10 31 5.48 10 18 = 1.60 10 19 K = 34.3 eV 15

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Solution : b. Given e

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= p = 0.21 10 9 m

For a photon,

p = 3.16 10 24 kg m s 1 and its energy is hc E= p

Its momentum is
34

0.21 10 9 9.47 10 16 = 1.60 10 19 E = 5919 eV

(6.63 10 )(3.00 10 ) =
8

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Example 5 :

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Compare the de Broglie wavelength of an electron and a proton if they have the same kinetic energy. (Given c =3.00 108 m s1, h =6.63 1034 J s, me=9.11 1031 kg, mp=1.67 1027 kg and e=1.60 1019 C) Solution : K e = K p = K By using the de Broglie wavelength formulae, thus

=
=

2meV h 2mK

and

eV = K

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h e 2me K = p h 2m K p mp = me

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Solution : K e = K p = K Therefore the ratio of their de Broglie wavelengths is

1.67 10 27 = 9.11 10 31 e = 42.8 p

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10.2.2 Electron microscope

A practical device that relies on the wave properties of electrons is electron microscope. It is similar to optical compound microscope in many aspects. The advantage of the electron microscope over the optical microscope is the resolving power of the electron microscope is much higher than that of an optical microscope. microscope This is because the electrons can be accelerated to a very high kinetic energy giving them a very short wavelength typically 100 times shorter than those of visible light. Therefore the light diffraction effect of electrons as a wave is much less than that of light. light As a result, electron microscopes are able to distinguish details about 100 times smaller.
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In operation, a beam of electrons falls on a thin slice of sample. The sample (specimen) to be examined must be very thin (a few micrometres) to minimize the effects such as absorption or scattering of the electrons. The electron beam is controlled by electrostatic or magnetic lenses to focus the beam to an image. The image is formed on a fluorescent screen. There are two types of electron microscopes: Transmission produces a two-dimensional image. image Scanning produces images with a three-dimensional quality. quality Figures 10.2 and 10.3 are diagram of the transmission electron microscope and the scanning electron microscope.

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Figure 10.2

Figure 10.3

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Exercise 10.1 : Given c =3.00 108 m s1, h =6.63 1034 J s, me=9.11 1031 kg and e=1.60 1019 C
1. a. An electron and a photon have the same wavelengths and the total energy of the electron is 1.0 MeV. Calculate the energy of the photon. b. A particle moves with a speed that is three times that of an electron. If the ratio of the de Broglie wavelength of this particle and the electron is 1.813 104, calculate the mass of the particle. ANS. : 1.62 1013 J; 1.67 1027 kg 2. a. An electron that is accelerated from rest through a potential difference V0 has a de Broglie wavelength 0. If the electrons wavelength is doubled, determine the potential difference requires in terms of V0. b. Why can an electron microscope resolve smaller objects than a light microscope?
(Physics, 3rd edition, James S. Walker, Q12 & Q11, p.1029)
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Next Chapter
CHAPTER 11 : Bohrs model of hydrogen atom

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