Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CHAPTER 10
is a phenomenon where under certain circumstances a particle exhibits wave properties and under other conditions a wave exhibits properties of a particle.
h = p
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 10
From the Plancks quantum theory, the energy of a photon is given by hc E= (10.1)
From the Einsteins special theory of relativity, the energy of a photon is given by E = mc 2 and mc = p (10.2) By equating eqs. (10.1) and (10.2), hence
E = pc
particle aspect
hc = pc h p=
where
p : momentum
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 10
From the eq. (10.3), thus light has momentum and exhibits particle property. This also show light is dualistic in nature, nature behaving is some situations like wave and in others like particle (photon) and this phenomenon is called wave particle duality of light. light Table 10.1 shows the experiment evidences to show wave particle duality of light. Wave Youngs double slit experiment Diffraction experiment Particle Photoelectric effect Compton effect
Table 10.1
Based on the wave particle duality of light, Louis de Broglie suggested that matter such as electron and proton might also have a dual nature. nature
4
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 10
He proposed that for any particle of momentum p should have a wavelength given by
Eq. (10.4) is known as de Broglie relation (principle). (principle) This wave properties of matter is called de Broglie waves or matter waves. waves The de Broglie relation was confirmed in 1927 when Davisson and Germer succeeded in diffracting electron which shows that electrons have wave properties. properties
5
PHYSICS
Example 1 :
CHAPTER 10
In a photoelectric effect experiment, a light source of wavelength 550 nm is incident on a sodium surface. Determine the momentum and the energy of a photon used. (Given the speed of light in the vacuum, c =3.00 108 m s1 and Plancks constant, h =6.63 1034 J s) 9 Solution : = 550 10 m By using the de Broglie relation, thus
h = p
hc E=
(6.63 10 )(3.00 10 ) E=
550 10 9 E = 3.62 10 19 J
6
PHYSICS
Example 2 :
CHAPTER 10
Calculate the de Broglie wavelength for a. a jogger of mass 77 kg runs with at speed of 4.1 m s1. b. an electron of mass 9.11 1031 kg moving at 3.25 105 m s1. (Given the Plancks constant, h =6.63 1034 J s) Solution : 1 a. Given m = 77 kg; v = 4.1 m s The de Broglie wavelength for the jogger is
h = mv
kg; v = 3.25 10 m s b. Given m = 9.11 10 The de Broglie wavelength for the electron is
)(
= 2.24 10 9 m
7
PHYSICS
Example 3 :
CHAPTER 10
An electron and a proton have the same speed. a. Which has the longer de Broglie wavelength? Explain. b. Calculate the ratio of
/ p. (Given c =3.00 108 m s1, h =6.63 1034 J s, me=9.11 1031 kg, mp=1.67 1027 kg and e=1.60 1019 C)
e
v =v =v
h = mv
the de Broglie wavelength is inversely proportional to the mass of the particle. Since the electron lighter than the mass of the proton therefore the electron has the longer de Broglie wavelength. wavelength
8
PHYSICS
h m v e e = p h mp v me 1.67 10 27 = 9.11 10 31 e = 1833 p = mp
CHAPTER 10
10
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 10
Figure 10.1 shows a tube for demonstrating electron diffraction by Davisson and Germer. diffraction graphite film screen pattern anode e +4000 V cathode electron diffraction Figure 10.1: electron diffraction tube A beam of accelerated electrons strikes on a layer of graphite which is extremely thin and a diffraction pattern consisting of rings is seen on the tube face. 11
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 10
h = mv
This experiment proves that the de Broglie relation was right and the wavelength of the electron is given by (10.5)
where
If the velocity of electrons is increased, the rings are seen to increased become narrower showing that the wavelength of electrons decreases with increasing velocity as predicted by de broglie (eq. 10.5). The velocity of electrons are controlled by the applied voltage V across anode and cathode i.e.
U =K
1 2 eV = mv 2 2eV v= m
(10.6)
12
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 10
=
h 2eV m m h = 2meV
(10.7)
Note:
Electrons are not the only particles which behave as waves. The diffraction effects are less noticeable with more massive particles because their momenta are generally much higher and so the wavelength is correspondingly shorter. shorter Diffraction of the particles are observed when the wavelength is of the same order as the spacing between plane of the atom. atom
13
PHYSICS
Example 4 :
CHAPTER 10
a. An electron is accelerated from rest through a potential difference of 2000 V. Determine its de Broglie wavelength. b. An electron and a photon has the same wavelength of 0.21 nm. Calculate the momentum and energy (in eV) of the electron and the photon. (Given c =3.00 108 m s1, h =6.63 1034 J s, me=9.11 1031 kg and
2meV
)(
= 2.75 10 11 m
PHYSICS
Solution : b. Given e
CHAPTER 10
= p = 0.21 10 9 m
For an electron,
h Its momentum is p = e
and its energy is
6.63 10 34 p= 0.21 10 9 p = 3.16 10 24 kg m s 1 p 1 2 K = me v and v = me 2 2 p = 2me 24 2 3.16 10 = 2 9.11 10 31 5.48 10 18 = 1.60 10 19 K = 34.3 eV 15
PHYSICS
Solution : b. Given e
CHAPTER 10
= p = 0.21 10 9 m
For a photon,
(6.63 10 )(3.00 10 ) =
8
16
PHYSICS
Example 5 :
CHAPTER 10
Compare the de Broglie wavelength of an electron and a proton if they have the same kinetic energy. (Given c =3.00 108 m s1, h =6.63 1034 J s, me=9.11 1031 kg, mp=1.67 1027 kg and e=1.60 1019 C) Solution : K e = K p = K By using the de Broglie wavelength formulae, thus
=
=
2meV h 2mK
and
eV = K
17
PHYSICS
h e 2me K = p h 2m K p mp = me
CHAPTER 10
18
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 10
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 10
In operation, a beam of electrons falls on a thin slice of sample. The sample (specimen) to be examined must be very thin (a few micrometres) to minimize the effects such as absorption or scattering of the electrons. The electron beam is controlled by electrostatic or magnetic lenses to focus the beam to an image. The image is formed on a fluorescent screen. There are two types of electron microscopes: Transmission produces a two-dimensional image. image Scanning produces images with a three-dimensional quality. quality Figures 10.2 and 10.3 are diagram of the transmission electron microscope and the scanning electron microscope.
20
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 10
Figure 10.2
Figure 10.3
21
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 10
Exercise 10.1 : Given c =3.00 108 m s1, h =6.63 1034 J s, me=9.11 1031 kg and e=1.60 1019 C
1. a. An electron and a photon have the same wavelengths and the total energy of the electron is 1.0 MeV. Calculate the energy of the photon. b. A particle moves with a speed that is three times that of an electron. If the ratio of the de Broglie wavelength of this particle and the electron is 1.813 104, calculate the mass of the particle. ANS. : 1.62 1013 J; 1.67 1027 kg 2. a. An electron that is accelerated from rest through a potential difference V0 has a de Broglie wavelength 0. If the electrons wavelength is doubled, determine the potential difference requires in terms of V0. b. Why can an electron microscope resolve smaller objects than a light microscope?
(Physics, 3rd edition, James S. Walker, Q12 & Q11, p.1029)
22
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 10
Next Chapter
CHAPTER 11 : Bohrs model of hydrogen atom
23