The Meaning of Sociology:

Soc&Anthro

Sociology, the scientific study of human social relations or group life. Other disciplines within the social sciences including economics, political science, anthropology, and psychology - are also concerned with topics that fall within the scope of human society. Sociologist examine the ways in which social structures and institutions such as class, family, community, and power and social problems such as crime abuse influence society. Social interaction, or the response of the individual to each other, is perhaps the basic sociological concept, because such interaction is the elementary component of all relationships and groups that make up human society. Sociologists who concentrate on the details of particular interactions as they occur in everyday life are sometimes called microsociologists; those concerned with the larger patterns of relations among major social sectors, such as the state and the economy, and even with international relations, are called macrosociologists. The Meaning of Anthropology Anthropology is the study of all aspects of human life and culture. Anthropology examines such topics as how people live, what they think, what they produce and how they interact with their environments. Anthropologists try to understand the full range of human diversity as well as what all people share in common. Anthropologist ask such basic question as: When, where, and how did humans evolve? How do people adapt to different environments? How have societies developed and changed from the ancient past to the present. Sociology and Anthropology

Like sociology, anthropology involves the study of human society and culture. But anthropology began as they study of smallscale tribal societies, large-scale chiefdoms, and the ancient civilizations, and later moved to include global-scale societies. Sociology, on the other hand, has always emphasized the study of modern and urbanized societies. Anthropology involves the comparison of different societies in order to understand the scope of humancultural diversity. Sociology, on the other hand, Frequently examines universal pattern of human behavior. II. RELATIONSHIP OF SOCIO-ANTHRO TO OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES Socio- Anthropology shares certain interest and subjects of study with other field of social science, especially psychology, economics, political science, and history. These social disciplines deal with special segments of mans behavior with economic man , political man, social man, etc. Socio-anthropology examines such topics studied in economics and political science in relation to culture, such as important rituals. Historical documents in the study of socioanthropology enbales us to learn more about the past of the living peoples. Two interrelated concepts, society and culture, are crucial to understanding what makes human unique. In its general sense, a society consist of any group of interacting creatures. But human societies often include millions or billions of people who share a common culture. Culture refers to the ways of life learned and shared by people in social groups. Culture is fundementally tied to peoples ability to use language and other symbolic forms of reprentation, such as art, to create and communicate complex thoughts. They people in a human society generally share common cultural patterns, so

anthropologists may refer to particular societies as cultures, makinng the two terms somewhat interchangeable. III. FIELDS OF ANTROPOLOGY

Soc&Anthro

Anthropologists commonly write booklenght (and sometimes shorter) accounts of their fieldwork, known as ethnographies. B. Linguistic Anthropology Linguistic anthropology focuses on how people use language in particular cultures. Those who practice this form of anthropology have a substantial amount of training in linguistics. Linguistic anthropologists often work with people who have unwritten (purely spoken, or oral) languages or with languages or with languages that very few people speak. Linguistic anthropological work may involve developing a way to write a formely unwritten language. Cultures often use these written versions to teach their chidren the language and thus keep keep it in use. Some linguistic anthropologists specialize in reconstructing dead languages ( languages no longer in use) and their connections to living languages, a study known as historical linguistics. C. Archeology Archeology focuses on the study of the past, rather than living, human societies and culture. Most archeologist study artifacts ( the remains of items made by past humans, such as tools,pottery and buildings) and human fossils (presserved bones). They also examine past environments to understand how natural forces, such as climate and available food, shaped the development of human culture. Some archeologists study cultures that existed before the development of writing, a time known as prehistory, the archeological study of periods of human evolution up the first development of agriculture, about 10,000 years ago, is called paleoanthropology. Other archeologists study more recent cultures by examining both their material remains and written

Because anthropology is a very broad field of study, anthropologists focus on particular areas of interest. In the United States, anthropologists generally specialize in one of four subfields: cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology, archeology, and physical anthropology. Each of the subfields requires special training and involves different research techniques. Anthropology departments in colleges and universities in the United States usually teach courses covering all of these subfields. In many other countries it is common for the subfields to be found in their own academic departments and to be known by differnt names. For example, in Britain and other parts of Europe, what Americans call cultural anthropology is commonly called social anthropology or ethnology. Also in Europe, archeology and the field of linguistics (including the American anthropologist study as linguistic anthropology) are often considred as fields distinct from anthropology. A. Cultural Anthropology Cultural Anthropology involves the study of people living in present-day societies and their cultures. Cultural anthropologists study such as topics as how people make their living, how people interact with the each other, what beliefs people hold, and what institutions organize people in a society. Cultural Anthropologist often live fof months or years with the people they study. This is called fieldwork. Some must learn new, and sometimes unwritten languages, and this may require extra training in linguistics (the study sounds And grammar of languages). Cultural

documents, a practice known as historical archelogy. D. Physical Anthropology

Soc&Anthro

sociology of the family, economy, work, agriculture, industry, religion, law, politics, and education. B. Social Psychology This area studies human nature and personality as the product of group life. It also touches on the study of social attitudes and collective behavior C. Social change disorganization and social

Physical anthropology, also known as biological anthropology, concentrates on the connection between human biology and culture. Some phsical anthropologist, like some archeologists, study human evolution. But physical anthropologists focus on the evolution of human anatomy and physiology, rather than culture. Areas of particular interest include the evolution of the brain, especially the areas of the brain associated with speech and complex thought; of the vocal apparatus necessary for speech; of upright posture; and of hands capable of making and using tools. Physical anthropologists work from thhe belief that humans are primates. Primatology, the study of the behavior and physiology of nonhuman primates, is a specialized area of interest within phyical anthropology. Some physical anthropologists specialize in forensic science, the study of scientific evidence for legal cases. Forensic anthropologists, with their knowledge of human anatomy, sometimes get called upon by law enforcement officials to identify the sex, age, or ancsestry of human remains found at crime scenes or uncovered by excavations. Forensic anthropologists also have exhumed mass graves in cases of genocide, the crime of mass murder usually associated with wars. In some cases, anthropologist have provided evidence used in war crimes trials to convict guilty parties. IV. VARIOUS SOCIOLOGY AREAS OF CONCERN OF

This area is concerned with change in culture and social relations and the attendant disruption that may occur. Social reorganization is also considered. D. Population This analyzes population number, composition, change and quality as they influence and are influenced by the social, economic, and political orders. E. Human Ecology Studies in this area deal with the human behavior of a given population in relation to its environment and the emergence of the spatial relations between the people and the environment.

F. Sociological theory and method This includes theory building and testing the applicability of the principles of group life as the bases for the prediction and control of the individuals social environment. G. Applied Sociology This makes use of the findings of pure sociological research on the various aspects and problems of daily life, as in criminology, community development, family counseling, squatters relocation,

A. Social Organization This involves the study of social groups, social institutions, ethnic relations, social stratification, social mobility, and bureaucracy. It includes the

education, agrarian reform, nongovernmental organizations, labor relations, nutrition, and health. V. THE BEGINNINGS OF ANTHROPOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY

Soc&Anthro

Anthropology. The history of anthropology goes back to the period of discoveries and explorations,from the 15th to the 18th centuries. Sources of facts are accounts of early Western explorers, missionaries, soldiers, and colonial officials regarding the strange behavior and beliefs as well as exotic appearance of people they had come in contact with. Discoveries of flint tools and other artifacts in France and other parts of Europe in the early 19th century gave evidence of the existence of human beings a million years ago. These discoveries happened at a time when advances in physics and chemistry were made,arousing an interest in scientific inquiry. In the 19th century, anthropology began to take shape as a seperate field of study which had its roots in natural sciences, social sciences, and the humanities. Edward Tylor was the 1st professor of anthropology in Oxford, England. In the United States, it was Franz Boas of Clark University, Massachusetts. Modern anthropology in both its physical and cultural aspects started only around the 20th century. Among its pioneers aside from Edward Tylor were Lewis Morgan and Herbert Spencer. An evolutionary view of humanity and human behavior was the dominant theme of the early anthropologists who were mostly armchair theorists. Structional functionalism was eventually used. The turn for higher level of research through the use of careful and through gathering of data about individual cultures was made by Franz Boas, and Alfred Kroeber, who were followed by Bronislaw Malinowski, A.R. Radcliffe Brown, Ralph Linton,Ruth Benedict, Margaret Mead, and others.

Sociology. On the other hand, sociology considered one of the youngest of the social sciences, has its roots in Europe, particularly France at the time of the French Revolution around the middle of the 19th century. Social problems attended this social upheaval, and Auguste Comte, a French philosopher, believed that the methods and techniques of the natural sciences could be fruitfully applied to the study of society. He coined the term sociology to designate the new science, a term derived from the Latin word socius (society in interaction) and the Greek word logos (to study). Other sociologists were Herbert Spencer , Karl Marx, and Ferdinand Toennies. Not until the time of Emile Durkheim, Georg Simmel and Max Weber in Europe, and eventually Charles Cooley, Robert E. Park, and W.I. Thomas in the United States was empircal research used in the study of social phenomena. Durkheim laid the foundation for modern sociology by using empirical investigation in the study of suicide in France, the division of labor in society, and the elementary forms of religious life. As such, Durkheim is acclaimed as the father of modern sociology. VI. THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY IN THE PHILPPINES The ideas of sociology and anthropology were diffused in Europe, in the Americas, and Asia, and one of the receiving countries is the Philippines. In the Philippines there is a tradition of close cooperation between sociology and social anthropology. In the 19th century, archeological explorations were made by a Frenchman, Alfred Marche , who did some diggings in Marinduque. Jose Rizal, and Trinidad Pardo de Tavera later contributed to ethnolinguistics and the study of folklore.

During the American period, the American government got interested in the various ethnic groups of the country out of curiosity and religious, humanistic and political reasons. The Bureau of NonChristian tribes was established: it was later replaced by the Ethnological Survey of the Philippines Office. Field studies were made on a number of hill peoples by such

Soc&Anthro

development of Philppine sociology. It published a journal, the Philippine Sociological Review, which had as contributors, sociologists and anthropologists. In 1957 the Community Development Center was created to give support to various social science researches, both pure and applied. 1960s In 1960 the Research Foundation of Philippines Anthropology and Archeology was put up, giving greater impetus to research In 1968 the Philippine Social Science Council (PSSC) was formed to consolidate the Philippine Social Science Researches. It aimed to promote the quality and relevance of social science studies, improve teaching skills, train social science research; and encourage social science publications. 1970s The Institute of Philippine Culture at the Ateneo, headed by Dr. Frank Lynch, S.J. a social anthropologists, came out witha number of publications on Philippine society and culture. The 1970s brought in ideas of phenomological sociology and Marxism from Europe. 1980s the theoritical and methodological trends continued as reflected in the theory courses in the University of the Philippines and other schools. The period also saw the use of more applied research. However, such problems as poverty and disparate distribution of wealth remained in the country despite the numerous researches made policy makers. 1990s the Philppine Socilogical Society continued to address the current social issues facing the country through the holding of conventions and seminars and conducting empirical research on issues like the family and related problems, trans-

American anthropologists as H. Otley Beyer, Albert Jenks, and Roy Franklin Barton. Anthropology was elevated to an academic discipline in the University of the Philippines in 1914 by Otley Beyer. It was offered as one of the courses in the department of history; it was merged wth sociology in 1921. Patterned after the American model, the studies included areas in physical and cultural anthropology. From its inception sociology was made part of the academe. It was introduced by Fr. Valentin Marin as a subject in the curriculum in 1896 at the University of Sto. Tomas, and it was initiated in the University of the Philippines in 1911 by Pres. Murray Bartlett and A.E. W. Salt. Silliman University was also one of the first to include it in its cirriculum. In 1920 Serafin Macaraig, the first Filipino to obtain Ph.D. in sociology from the University of Wisconsin, introduced the social problem orientation. At its start, sociology had a social philosophy perspective, which continued up to the 1950s. 1950s a number of Filipinos enjoyed foreign scholarship and training was mostly in the University of Chicago and Cornell University. With the arrival of several Fulbright professors, further interest in social research was started. In 1952, the Philippine Sociological Society was organized, which marked an important milestone in the

national migration, social deviance,NGOs and the like.

Soc&Anthro