Product Name CDMA&WiMAX RNP Product Version

Confidentiality INTERNAL Total 50 pages

1.0

WiMAX Radio Network Planning Guide

Prepared by Reviewed by Reviewed by Approved by

Date Date Date Date

2008-12-07

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

All Rights Reserved.

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Change History
Date 2009-01-22 Revision Version 1.00 Review Description First version. Reviewed by Wang Hui, Hong Weifeng, Chen Dehai, Yang Fan, Liu Rong Author Jiang Bo, Xie Guozhu

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Contents
1 Overview......................................................................................................................................... 8 2 WiMAX Radio Network Planning Design Process ................................................................ 9 3 Information Collection............................................................................................................... 11
3.1 Contract Requirements ................................................................................................................................... 11 3.2 Planning Information...................................................................................................................................... 11 3.2.1 Spectrum Allocation .............................................................................................................................. 11 3.2.2 Service Requirements and Terminal Types ........................................................................................... 11 3.2.3 Ground Object Division in the Coverage Area ..................................................................................... 12 3.2.4 Coverage Requirements for Target Area ............................................................................................... 13 3.2.5 Subscriber Distribution in Target Area .................................................................................................. 13 3.2.6 KPI Requirements ................................................................................................................................. 14 3.2.7 Map Information ................................................................................................................................... 14 3.2.8 Other Information ................................................................................................................................. 14 3.3 Information About the Existing Network ....................................................................................................... 14 3.3.1 Existing 2G/3G Network Operators ...................................................................................................... 14 3.3.2 Spectrum Information ........................................................................................................................... 14 3.3.3 Existing BWA/16d Network Operators ................................................................................................. 15 3.3.4 New Operators ...................................................................................................................................... 15 3.4 Customer Requirements for Components ...................................................................................................... 15 3.5 Information About Other Operators in the Same Area ................................................................................... 15

4 Preplanning .................................................................................................................................. 16
4.1 Preplanning Process ....................................................................................................................................... 16 4.2 Radio Network Dimensioning ........................................................................................................................ 18 4.3 Initial Site Selection ....................................................................................................................................... 19 4.3.1 Communication with the Operator ........................................................................................................ 19 4.3.2 Site Import ............................................................................................................................................ 19 4.3.3 Selection or Addtion of a Site ............................................................................................................... 20 4.3.4 Coverage Prediction .............................................................................................................................. 20 4.3.5 Site Adjustment ..................................................................................................................................... 21 4.4 Coverage Prediction and System Emulation .................................................................................................. 21 4.4.1 Preparations for Emulation ................................................................................................................... 21 4.4.2 Settings of Emulation Parameters ......................................................................................................... 22

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4.4.3 Coverage Prediction .............................................................................................................................. 22 4.4.4 Analysis of the Emulation Results ........................................................................................................ 23

5 Cell Planning ............................................................................................................................... 27

5.1 Planning Process ............................................................................................................................................ 27 5.2 Test and Analysis of Electromagnetic Background Interferences .................................................................. 28 5.3 Site Survey ..................................................................................................................................................... 28

6 Parameter Planning..................................................................................................................... 29
6.1 BSID Planning ............................................................................................................................................... 29 6.1.1 OperatorID Application......................................................................................................................... 30 6.1.2 SiteID Planning Principles .................................................................................................................... 30 6.2 Preamble Planning ......................................................................................................................................... 31 6.2.1 Preamble Code Resources ..................................................................................................................... 31 6.2.2 Preamble Planning Rules and Methods ................................................................................................. 31 6.2.3 Usage of the PreambleIndex Tool ......................................................................................................... 38 6.3 PermBase Planning ........................................................................................................................................ 43 6.3.1 Analysis of the DL/UL-PermBase Planning ......................................................................................... 43 6.3.2 Rules and Methods for Planning DL/UL-PermBase ............................................................................. 43 6.3.3 Usage of the PermBase Planning Tool .................................................................................................. 44 6.4 Neighbor Cell Planning .................................................................................................................................. 44 6.4.1 Neighbor Cell Planning Principles ........................................................................................................ 45 6.4.2 Usage of the Neighbor Cell Planning Tool ........................................................................................... 45 6.5 Paging Group Planning .................................................................................................................................. 49

7 Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 50

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Figures
Figure 2-1 Radio network planning design process .............................................................................................. 9 Figure 3-1 Terminal types corresponding to service requirements ...................................................................... 12 Figure 4-1 Preplanning flowchart ........................................................................................................................ 16 Figure 4-2 Initial site selection process ............................................................................................................... 19 Figure 4-3 Omni-site and 3-sector site ................................................................................................................ 20 Figure 4-4 Procedure of setting emulation parameters ........................................................................................ 22 Figure 4-5 Target coverage town and polygon .................................................................................................... 23 Figure 4-6 Preliminary site distribution through the GENEX U-Net .................................................................. 24 Figure 4-7 Coverage analysis of target towns one by one ................................................................................... 24 Figure 4-8 Overall coverage analysis in the target area ....................................................................................... 25 Figure 4-9 Analysis of signal levels .................................................................................................................... 25 Figure 4-10 Downlink throughput analysis ......................................................................................................... 26 Figure 4-11 Uplink throughput analysis .............................................................................................................. 26 Figure 5-1 Cell planning process ......................................................................................................................... 27 Figure 6-1 Multiplexing ...................................................................................................................................... 32 Figure 6-2 Three-sector networking .................................................................................................................... 36 Figure 6-3 Omni-site networking ........................................................................................................................ 38 Figure 6-4 WiMAX planning .............................................................................................................................. 39 Figure 6-5 Parameters to be specified ................................................................................................................. 40 Figure 6-6 preamble and PermBase planning 1 ................................................................................................... 41 Figure 6-7 preamble and PermBase planning 2 ................................................................................................... 42 Figure 6-8 Preamble and PermBase planning output .......................................................................................... 43 Figure 6-9 Specific parameters ............................................................................................................................ 46 Figure 6-10 Neighbor cell planning .................................................................................................................... 46 Figure 6-11 Neighbor cell planning result 1 ........................................................................................................ 48 Figure 6-12 Neighbor cell planning result 2 ........................................................................................................ 49

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Tables
Table 3-1 Classification of target coverage area .................................................................................................. 12 Table 4-1 Calculation formulas for the inter-site distance (D) and typical antenna horizontal half-power angles in the case of different site models ....................................................................................................................... 20 Table 6-1 SiteID planning .................................................................................................................................... 30 Table 6-2 Allocation of 3-sector preamble codes................................................................................................. 32 Table 6-3 Comparison of 3-sector planning solution ........................................................................................... 33 Table 6-4 Recommended three-sector preamble planning ................................................................................... 34 Table 6-5 Comparison of omni-site planning solution......................................................................................... 37 Table 6-6 DL/UL-PermBase planning in two networking modes........................................................................ 43 Table 6-7 Neighbor cell planning parameters ...................................................................................................... 47

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WiMAX Radio Network Planning Guide

Keywords Radio network planning, preplanning, cell planning, BSID planning, preamble planning, PermBase planning, paging group planning, emulation, information collection Abstract This document describes the network planning design process. And it also introduces the methods for planning step by step. After reading this document, RF engineers can perform planning quickly and correctly. Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronym WiMAX 2G 3G CINR RSSI BWA MIMO CDMA Full Spelling Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access 2-Generaion 3-Generation Carrier-to-Interference-and-Noise Ratio Receive Signal Strength Indicator Broadband Wireless Access Multiple Input Multiple Output Code Division Multiple Access

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1
This document is organized as follows: Chapter 4 describes the radio network preplanning. Chapter 5 describes the cell planning. Chapter 6 describes the parameter planning. Chapter 7 lists the outstanding issues.

Overview

The WiMAX radio network planning design is mandatory in the WiMAX construction. Network planning influences the network performance, construction costs, and maintenance costs. This document describes each step of the radio network planning design and serves as the guidance for the network planning design to improve the planning efficiency.

Chapter 2 describes the design process of the WiMAX radio network planning. Chapter 3 describes the information to be collected for network planning.

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WiMAX Radio Network Planning Design Process

Figure 2-1 Radio network planning design process
Information collection

Preplanning

Cell planning

BSID planning

Preamblelndex planning

Permbase planning

Neighbor cell planning

Paging group planning

Network planning information is collected in the initial phase of the network planning for the link budget, network dimensioning estimation, and network emulation. The information to be collected includes the coverage requirements for the target area, coverage probability, system performance requirement, coverage area, subscriber density, subscriber behavior, operating band, and digital map. For an operator who has deployed the 2G network, the information to be collected also includes the traffic information, site distribution, and engineering parameters. This information is the input or reference for the network planning. The preplanning is the preliminary planning of the future network in the early stage of a project and is performed before site survey. The preplanning includes the network dimensioning estimation, selection of initial sites, and system emulation. In the cell planning phase, each selected site must be surveyed and verified based on the radio network preplanning. If a site cannot meet the requirements or cannot be accessed, we must select another site according to the Search Ring output in the preplanning phase. Cell engineering parameters related to the network planning must be determined for the project construction, and the cell parameter setting and planning effects must be verified through the emulation.

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After the cell planning, we can perform the BSID planning, PreambleIndex planning, neighbor cell planning, and paging group planning.

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3
3.1 Contract Requirements 3.2 Planning Information
3.2.1 Spectrum Allocation

Information Collection

Generally, one contract requires the provision of the conditions of link budgets and network dimensioning. The contract also describes the values of some parameters. In addition, the contract defines the network capacity and certain KPIs, which are the basis for the network acceptance.

The WiMAX frequency bands are distributed globally in the disorder manner. The main WiMAX frequency bands include 2.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz, and 3.5 GHz. The spectrum resources obtained by operators are random, ranging from 10 MHz to 100 MHz. In one country, a variety of operators may operate WiMAX networks. We must obtain the information about the spectrum resources arrangement among the operators. Such information is helpful for the frequency planning, allocation of the guard gap, interference analysis, and troubleshooting.

3.2.2 Service Requirements and Terminal Types

A variety of WiMAX terminal types, such as PDAs, USB/PCMCIA, indoor CPE, and outdoor CPE, are available. The coverage capabilities vary greatly with terminals. The number of base stations in the preplanning depends on terminal coverage capabilities. Hence, we must learn about the service requirements of the operator, for example, full mobility services, simple mobility services, nomadic access services, or fixed-line phone services.

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Figure 3-1 Terminal types corresponding to service requirements

3.2.3 Ground Object Division in the Coverage Area

The radio propagation environment and population density are different. The target coverage area must be classified before the planning. The target coverage area are divided into dense urban, urban area, suburban, rural, and highways. The coverage can be sub-classified in certain places. For example, coverage can be divided into Class 1 area and Class 2 area according to the city size (metropolis, medium city, or small city) and economic development level. Each class of area can be divided into dense urban, urban, suburban, rural, and highways. In the link budget, the penetration loss and single subscriber traffic are different for these classes of area. The target coverage are classified according to the radio propagation environments and local environments. Table 3-1 lists the classification principles. Table 3-1 Classification of target coverage Scenario Dense urban Description In dense urban, buildings with more than 10 floors are densely distributed. Generally, the area with dense commercial centers and office buildings in provincial capitals in China fall into this class. Figure

urban

In urban, buildings are clearly separated by streets or greenbelts, and only a few buildings with more than 10 floors are scattered. Generally, most area in provincial capitals, centers of ordinary cities, and developed towns in the southern area in China fall into this class.

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Scenario Suburban

Description In suburban, low-rise buildings are sparsely scattered. Generally, suburban area of cities, most towns, and common industrial area in China fall into this class.

Figure

Rural

In rural area, sparse buildings are scattered and most buildings are the houses of farmers. Generally, most rural area and undeveloped towns in China fall into this class.

In the early stage, an operator aims to solve the coverage problem for hot spot. For rural area, we must focus on the town coverage. Hence, we must obtain the list of hot spot to be covered.

3.2.4 Coverage Requirements for Target Area

The type of continuous coverage service is determined according to specific target coverage area. The rate selected for the uplink/downlink services of the continuous coverage directly influences the coverage radius and site scale. According to the experiences, the uplink 128kbps and downlink 512kbps or uplink 256kbps and downlink 1024kbps continuous coverage services must be available in dense urban area and urban area. Uplink 64kbps and downlink 512kbps or uplink 128kbps and downlink 1024kbps continuous coverage services must be available in suburban and rural area. We need to determine the type of continuous coverage service in each target coverage area through negotiation with the operator. After determining the target service type, we must specify the coverage probability of the target continuous coverage service. We must define the coverage probability, such as the regional coverage probability and edge coverage probability, for a target service type in a certain scenario, for example, indoors, outdoors, or inside a vehicle. Generally, the vehicle coverage is included in the outdoor coverage. The coverage probability requirements influence the selection of the slow fading margin. Under the same conditions, the higher the coverage probability is, the larger the required slow fading margin is. In this case, more base stations are required. We need to determine the coverage probability through negotiation with the customer.

3.2.5 Subscriber Distribution in Target Area

For the subscriber distribution in the target coverage area, we must pay close attention to the subscriber behaviors, total number of subscribers, and subscriber classification in different types of coverage area. The penetration rates vary with services in the target coverage area. The subscriber distribution density in the target coverage area can be obtained according to the subscriber density in the local area. The subscriber distribution in the target area influences the result of the network dimensioning. During the handling of the balance between the coverage and capacity, the capacity is not influenced if the coverage is limited; expansion is required, for example, adding carriers and/or sites, if the capacity is limited. Subscriber behaviors in the target coverage area

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indicate the data related to the traffic model, for example, average throughput per data service subscriber, average traffic per VoIP service subscriber, and subscriber overbooking.

3.2.6 KPI Requirements

In the network planning phase, we must pay close attention to the KPIs, including the coverage rate, maximum throughput of each sector, and VoIP E2E delay. For the details about the KPIs, pls refer to the specific contract.

3.2.7 Map Information

Engineers must have the digital map (for emulation), MapInfo electronic map, and detailed paper map in the corresponding area. Digital map: It is used in the case of the network emulation. A digital map contains the altitude data, ground object data, and vector data. At present, the network emulation tool GENEX U-Net (Atoll) is widely used. The GENEX U-Net supports all existing digital maps in Huawei. It is recommended that we try to import the map before the planning. If a new digital map is required, we must notify the emulation tool to the map supplier. MapInfo: It is mainly used in the drive test. The MapInfo is also used in other scenarios, for example, the check of surrounding information of one site, and the check of site distribution. Detailed paper map: Detailed paper maps help we get familiar with the planned area. In addition, we can also learn about the ground objects and altitude through the three-dimension function of the Google Earth.

3.2.8 Other Information

Other information must be specified, for example, the local administrative division, organizational structure of the customer, and relevant contact person. In addition, the project team must designate more than one local network planning engineer who knows more about the local geographic information.

3.3 Information About the Existing Network

3.3.1 Existing 2G/3G Network Operators
An operator who has deployed a 2G/3G network often hopes that the WiMAX base stations share the sites with 2G/3G base stations to reduce the network construction costs. Hence, the information about the existing 2G/3G sites must be obtained, including 2G/3G site engineering parameters, 2G/3G cell parameters, 2G/3G traffic statistic, and information about 2G/3G indoor distribution systems.

3.3.2 Spectrum Information

We must collect the spectrum distribution and allocation information and analyze whether the sufficient guard band exists between this operator and other operators. If the interference between two systems may occur, the proper filter should be used or the isolation of antennas meets the specification to ensure the coexistence of two systems.

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3.3.3 Existing BWA/16d Network Operators

If an operator has deployed a BWA/16d operator, the operator expects the migration of the BWA/16d site in the case of the construction of the WiMAX 16e network. Hence, the information related to the existing sites must be obtained, including engineering parameters of the BWA/16d site, traffic statistic, and frequency information.

3.3.4 New Operators

For a new operator, we must check the area where new sites may be constructed, including business centers, office buildings, and residence area. Information to be obtained includes the site latitude and longitude, building height, environment information, and antenna possible places and directions. In addition, we must check the corresponding transmission, power supply, equipment room space, and other facilities.

3.4 Customer Requirements for Components

The components include antennas, couplers, and feeders. For antennas, we must obtain the antenna model, manufacturer, electrical specifications (operating frequency band, gain, horizontal/vertical beam width, embedded electric downtilt , side lobe suppression, front-to-rear ratio, isolation, impedance, intermodulation, and maximum input probability), mechanical specifications (antenna size, weight, wind resistance, and connector type), and antenna pattern (required in the system emulation). For couplers, the models and losses must be specified. For feeders, the models and losses must be specified.

3.5 Information About Other Operators in the Same Area

We can obtain the information about other operators in the same area through internal sharing mechanisms in Huawei.

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4
4.1 Preplanning Process
Figure 4-1 Preplanning flowchart

Preplanning

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Information collection

Radio network dimensioning

Radio network dimensioning report

Construction target Network scale Phase planning

Available site information

Propagation model

Initial site selection

Site import

System emulation

Site adjustment?

Preplanning report

The information about the network dimensioning and initial site selection must be collected. The information is from bidding documents, project contracts, and customer requirements. For details, see Chapter 3 "Information Collection." The radio network dimensioning includes the link budget and capacity dimensioning. According to the input requirements, we must obtain the coverage radius and initial site scale and configuration under capacity balance.

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During the initial site selection, use the existing site information, three-dimension map, or Google Earth to distribute sites on the GENEX U-Net, select the proper propagation model, and preliminarily determine the site location and scale based on the coverage radius estimated in the network estimation phase. In the system emulation, emulate the RSSI, CINR, and uplink/downlink throughput based on the initial site selection, locate the problem area, and ensure that emulation results meet requirements through corresponding site adjustment or other measures.

4.2 Radio Network Dimensioning

We can use the WiMAX Dimensioning Tool-16e V2.0 to estimate the network dimension to obtain the coverage radius of a single base station. For how to use the dimensioning tool, see the WiMAX Dimensioning Tool-16e V2.0 Parameter Setting Guide V1.1.To obtain the dimensioning tool and guide from the department server, go to \\szxfs03-pub\WiMAX\WX_WiMAX_KB_F\05 tool\01 RNP\01 dimensioning tool.

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4.3 Initial Site Selection

Figure 4-2 Initial site selection process
Communications with the operator

Available site information

Site import

Site selection

Coverage prediction

Site adjustment

4.3.1 Communication with the Operator

We can obtain the available site information through communication with the customer.

4.3.2 Site Import

Import available sites provided by the customer to the GENEX U-Net. The sites can be edited in Excel documents and directly copied to the GENEX U-Net. According the digital map information, Google Earth, and environment survey report, we can draw different propagation types by using the polygon in the target area. Site information is grouped to facilitate selection of existing sites for reuse.

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Determine inter-site distance according to the network dimensioning results. The common sites include the omni-sites and three-sector directional sites (clover-shaped). Figure 4-3 Omni-site and 3-sector site

D
R

Table 4-1 lists the calculation formulas of the inter-site distance (D) and typical antenna horizontal half-power angles when different site models are used. Table 4-1 Calculation formulas for the inter-site distance (D) and typical antenna horizontal half-power angles in the case of different site models Base Station Type Omni-site Three-sector site Theoretical Formula D = sqrt(3) x R D = 1.5 x R Engineering Formula D = 1.73R D = 1.50R Typical Antenna Horizontal HPBW Omni antenna 65o

Proper inter-site distance = Calculated inter-site distance x (1 20%)

4.3.3 Selection or Addtion of a Site

Select a proper site in the U-NET three-dimension map based on the calculated inter-site distance, coverage requirements, and capacity requirements. Select a site preferentially. If this site information is not available, use a new site.

4.3.4 Coverage Prediction

In the coverage prediction, we must plan the network azimuth and downtilt . Relevant principles are as follows:

Antenna azimuth If an operator has deployed a 2G/3G network, the co-site probability is often high in the preplanning. For the setting of the initial azimuth, refer to the antenna direction on the current 2G/3G network of the customer.

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For an operator who has deployed a 2G/3G network and requires a low co-site percentage in the preplanning or a new operator, refer to the standard direction (clover-shaped) for the initial antenna direction. The initial azimuth may adopt the 60o/180o/300o antenna direction.

Antenna downtilt If an operator has deployed a 2G/3G network, the co-site probability is often high in the preplanning. For the setting of the initial azimuth, refer to the downtilt on the existing network of the customer. For an operator who has deployed a 2G/3G network and requires low co-site percentage in the preplanning or a new operator, we can set the initial downtilt to 4o to 6o in dense urban area, 2o to 4o in common urban area, and 0o to 2o in suburban area and rural area.

4.3.5 Site configuration Adjustment

After obtaining the coverage prediction results, analyze the customer requirements. If the network topology fails to meet the customer requirements, we must adjust the sites.

4.4 Coverage Prediction and System Emulation

4.4.1 Preparations for Emulation
Ensure that the global emulation server is accessible from the intranet and that the emulation software dongle and software in the local system work properly. The digital map of the emulation area is available and correct. The digital map can be imported to the GENEX U-Net and can be displayed correctly. The antenna files can be normally imported to the GENEX U-Net. A proper propagation model is available. Generally, the Cost231-Hata model is used for the WiMAX emulation. The emulation model may be revised as required. For the revision of an emulation model, see the WiMAX 16e U-Net Emulation Tool Operation Guide. The initial engineering parameters and cell parameters required for the emulation are ready. Prepare the means and methods for evaluating the emulation results. For example, analyze of the coverage prediction, interference prediction, and throughput prediction results to locate the problem area and solve the problems.

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4.4.2 Settings of Emulation Parameters

Figure 4-4 Procedure of setting emulation parameters

Create a new project

Set Frequencies

Configure the coordinate system

Set WiMAX Bearers

Import the digital map

Frame configuration parameter

Set Sites parameters

MIMO configuration parameter

Import base station antenna

Set cell parameters

Import terminal antenna

Configure the networking mode Set the propagation model parameter

Configure equipment parameters

Set Transmitters

Set prediction parameters

For the detailed operation procedure and parameter setting, see the WiMAX 16e U-Net Emulation Tool Operation Guide and WiMAX-U-Net Emulation Parameter Setting Guide.

4.4.3 Coverage Prediction

After the site initial site selection and setting of emulation parameters, we can verify the network coverage quality through the coverage prediction. The key point of the coverage prediction is the correct setting of the propagation model. The precautions are as follows:

If the customer does not specify the propagation model, the Cost231-Hata model is recommended. The Cost231-Hata propagation model should be modified. The propagation models vary with cell area types. The propagation feature parameters of different Clutters must be set, for example, standard variance and penetration loss.

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At present, the U-NET supports the predictions of the following items:

Signal quality analysis (DL), signal quality analysis (UL) Coverage by throughput (DL)/coverage by throughput (UL) Coverage by C/(I+N) level (DL)/coverage by C/(I+N) level (UL) Coverage by transmitter Overlapping zones Coverage by best bearer (DL)/coverage by best bearer (UL)

If the coverage prediction fails to meet the expected results, we can tune the coverage by adjusting the azimuth, downtilt , and position of a new site. If the coverage does not meet the expectations, we need to increase a proper number of new base stations in correct places.

4.4.4 Analysis of the Emulation Results

The analysis of the emulation results refers to the analysis of the coverage prediction results. We must check whether the signal level, CINR, and uplink/downlink throughput meet the customer requirements. Analyze the area that fail to meet the requirements, locate the causes, and provide the solutions. Example: The customer requires that the regional coverage probability be over 90% in each town with clear borders (polygon) and that the edge rate in each town be 1024kbps in downlink and 512kbps in uplink. After communication with the customer, the terminal type, outdoor CPE, is used. Figure 4-5 Target coverage town and polygon

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Figure 4-6 Preliminary site distribution through the GENEX U-Net

Analyze each town. Ensure that the regional coverage probability of each town exceeds 90%. Figure 4-7 Coverage analysis of target towns one by one

Analyze the overall coverage in the area. According to customer requirements, provide the downlink signal level coverage, and coverage by DL/UL throughput.

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Figure 4-8 Overall coverage analysis in the target area

The statistics and analysis of the target area indicate that the coverage meets the customer requirements. Figure 4-9 Analysis of signal levels
%

98 90 82 73 65 57 49 41 33 24 16 8 0

-95 -93

-91 -89 -87 -85

-83 -81 -79 -77 -75

-73 -71 -69 -67

-65 -63 -61 -59

-57 -55 -53 -51 -49

Best Traffic Signal Level (DL) (dBm)

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Figure 4-10 Downlink throughput analysis

%

98 90 82 73 65 57 49 41 33 24 16 8 0

1,000 1,400

1,800 2,200 2,600 3,000

3,400 3,800 4,200 4,600

5,000 5,400 5,800 6,200

6,600 7,000 7,400 7,800

8,200 8,600 9,000

9,400 9,800 10,200 10,600

Peak MAC Channel Throughput (DL) (kbps)

Figure 4-11 Uplink throughput analysis

%

96 90 83 77 70 64 58 51 45 38 32 26 19 13 6 0

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512 576 640 704 768 832 896 960 1,024 1,088 1,152 1,216 1,280 1,344 1,408 1,472 1,536 1,600 1,664 1,728 1,792 1,856 1,920 1,984 2,048 2,112 2,176 2,240 2,304 2,368 2,432 2,496

Peak MAC Channel Throughput (UL) (kbps)

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5
5.1 Planning Process
Figure 5-1 shows the cell planning process. Figure 5-1 Cell planning process
Preplanning report

Cell Planning

Noise test

Site survey

Site survey report

Noise test report

Site selection

System emulation

Does it meet the design target?

Radio network planning report

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5.2 Test and Analysis of Electromagnetic Background Interferences

The noise test in Figure 5-1 is optional. A simplified electromagnetic background interference test is conducted in the site survey to ensure the network quality after network construction. If the customer does not purchase the noise test service, a noise test report is not required. In addition to the routine noise test, analysis of the interferences from different systems is required for the WiMAX. For the contents of the noise test, see the RNP Electromagnetic Background Interference Test Guide. We can download this document from http://support.huawei.com. For the methods of analyzing interferences, see the WiMAX System Guard Band Analysis Report. We can obtain this document from the server. The path is as follows: \\szxfs03-pub\WiMAX\WX_WiMAX_KB_F\02 Technical Support\01 Performance Research and Technology Thesis\Classification by subject\13 Interference Analysis

5.3 Site Survey

See the RNP RF Base Station Survey Guide.

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Parameter Planning

The planning of cell parameters is required for the WiMAX system (similar to the PN and neighbor cell planning in the CDMA system). The parameters include BSID, PreambleIndex, DL/UL PermBase, neighbor cell, and paging group. By planning these parameters of the entire network, we can standardize the BSIDs, reduce interferences from the preamble and service burst, increase the handover success rate, and improve the paging success rate. The parameter planning is analyzed based on the topology of the entire network and designed under certain rules. After initially determining the project sites and designing the antenna azimuth and downtilt , the network planning engineers can start to plan cell parameters. The cell parameters must be planned before installation of the first base station and the software debugging. The parameters must be submitted to the BSS engineers. The BSS engineers or software debugging partners set these parameters. If the base station position changes after the cell parameter planning, the network planning engineers must check whether the cell parameter planning are proper and change parameter settings as required. The network planning engineers must share the information about the change of the cell parameter planning with the BSS engineers or software debugging partners in time. The cell parameters such as PreambleIndex, DL/UL PermBase, and neighbor cell parameters can be planned with dedicated planning tools. The use of tools helps improve the efficiency of the cell parameter planning. We must check the accuracy of the planning results completed by the tools. At present, the Apus planning tool of the version simplified for Excel is used. A formal Apus tool will be released in the first quarter in 2009.

6.1 BSID Planning

In the WASN system, each carrier of a base station is identified through the BSID in each NE in the WASN. For example, the same BSID must be configured at the BS and GW sides so that the BS can communicate with the GW. According to the IEEE 802.16 protocol, the BSID consists of 48 bits and is divided into two parts: OperatorID and SectorID. BSID (48 bits) = OperatorID (high 24 bits) + SectorID (low 24 bits) The core network engineers are responsible for completing the OperatorID. According to the 16e protocol, the operator must apply for the OperatorID from the IEEE. The protocol does not define the specific design principles for the 24-bit SectorID. The SectorID does not carry specific physical meaning. Hence, the SectorID varies with operators. Huawei defines the 24bit SectorID specifically, that is, the high 16 bits of 24 bits are used as the SiteID. Each base station in the entire network is uniquely identified through the SiteID. This design keeps the consistency with that in the earlier GSM/CDMA products. Each base

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station in the network has a unique ID. The network planning engineers must communicate with the customer to plan the SiteID.

6.1.1 OperatorID Application

The OperatorID must be applied from the IEEE. The application of the OperatorID is also described in the latest WiMAX air interface protocol. Core network engineers can communicate with the customer to apply for the OperatorID cooperatively. The protocol describes the application of the OperatorID as follows: The 24-bit Operator ID shall be assigned as an IEEE 802.16 Operator ID by the IEEE Registration Authority. The IEEE Registration Authority shall be the sole authorized number space administrator for this function. The IEEE Registration Authority is a committee of the IEEE Standards Association Board of Governers. General information as well as details on the allocation of IEEE 802.16 Operator ID can be obtained at http://standards.ieee.org/regauth.

6.1.2 SiteID Planning Principles

The SiteID uniquely identifies a base station on networks with the same OperatorID. We must fully communicate with the customer during the planning of the SiteID, because the planning of the SiteID varies with operators. The value of the 16-bit SiteID ranges from 0 to 65535; therefore, the SiteID can meet the requirements in a long period. Some operators may have deployed the GCW networks. The co-site with the GCW may be used during the construction of a new WiMAX network. In this case, the SiteID of the WiMAX must be consistent with that of the existing GCW system. If a new operator has not operated a mobile network before, we must negotiate with the customer to determine the SiteID. For example, if a nationwide network is constructed to cover 10 cities, the SiteID can be divided into 10 segments (for example, 1000 is a segment). Table 6-1 lists the SiteID range of a specific city. If the network scale in a city is larger than those in other cities, more numbers can be configured. The remained numbers can be used for the subsequent network expansion. Table 6-1 SiteID planning City A B C D E SiteID Range 1-999 1000-1999 2000-2999 3000-4999 5000-5999

The SiteIDs of base stations on the entire network can be allocated sequentially. In this case, however, the location area cannot be easily distinguished.

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The SiteID can be planned in different manners. We must consider the subscriber habits, location area, and subsequent expansion.

6.2 Preamble Planning

6.2.1 Preamble Code Resources
In WiMAX system, the first symbol of each frame is preamble and is used to distinguish each sector. When the MS performs the downlink synchronization, the MS must demodulate the preamble, and then demodulate other contents in the frame. Physically, the preamble channel consists of a group of extracted discontinuous sub-carriers with an internal of 2 Hz in the frequency domain. The subcarrier sends the pseudorandom binary sequence demodulated through the BPSK. Any two sequences are orthogonal. Take the 10 MHz 1024FFT as an example, each preamble sequence occupies 284 subcarriers. Each subcarrier sends 1bit in the BPSK modulation mode. Each preamble sequence is related only to Index, IDCell, and Segment. After the MS demodulates the preamble pseudorandom sequence, the MS can determine the values of the three parameters. The preamble pseudorandom sequence has 114 sequences. Each sequence is identified by one index, that is, the preamble has 114 indexes. Actually, PreambleIndex resources are limited. At present, only 96 values (0-95) are used in product implementation. In large-scale networking, the preamble must be multiplexed because the resources are limited. Hence, the PreambleIndex must be planned to reduce the interferences on the preamble. The preambles are divided into multiple multiplexing groups. According to the network scale, select certain multiplexing groups for the planning. Meanwhile, reserve certain multiplexing groups for future expansion.

6.2.2 Preamble Planning Rules and Methods

In the preamble planning, the PreambleIndex is divided into several multiplexing groups. The proper multiplexing groups are selected according to the network scale. Generally, only certain multiplexing groups are used in the early stage of the network construction. Certain multiplexing groups are reserved for future expansion. The interference between the same preamble codes is primary. The interferences between the same preamble codes are closely related to the frequency of the multiplexing of the same preamble code. The more frequently the same preamble codes are multiplexed, the more interference the same preamble codes suffer. All cells using different preambles are named as one multiplexing cluster. The distance between two multiplexing clusters using the same preamble code is named as the multiplexing distance. Assume that the number of cells in the multiplexing cluster is N, the formula is as follows:

N i 2 ij j 2
Where, i and j are positive integers. To locate the closest co-channel neighbor cell in a specific cell, do as follows: 1. 2. Move i cells along one side of the regular hexagon. Rotate 60o anti-clockwise, and then move j cells.

Figure 6-1 shows the multiplexing (i=3, j=2, and N=19).

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Figure 6-1 Multiplexing

Three-Sector Planning
In the 3-sector networking mode, PreambleIndex ranging from 0 to 95 can be planned as one multiplexing cluster with 32 sites. The selection of the preamble sequence depends on the index of segment and IDcell. Table 6-2 describes the allocation of the preamble codes. That is, preambles 0 to 31 are for sector 1, preambles 32 to 63 are for sector 2, and preambles 64 to 95 are for sector 3. Table 6-2 Allocation of 3-sector preamble codes preamble index BS0 BS1 BS2 BS3 BS4 BS5 BS6 BS7 BS8 BS9 BS10 BS11 BS12 Sector1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Sector2 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 Sector3 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76

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preamble index BS13 BS14 BS15 BS16 BS17 BS18 BS19 BS20 BS21 BS22 BS23 BS24 BS25 BS26 BS27 BS28 BS29 BS30 BS31

Sector1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Sector2 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63

Sector3 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95

According to the protocol, 32 sites can be used as one multiplexing cluster in the 3-sector networking solution. In this multiplexing cluster, the distance between the same preamble
2 2 codes may be different. Table 6-3 shows the planning according to the N i ij j formula.

Table 6-3 Comparison of 3-sector planning solution Planning Solution 1 Multiple xing Cluster N 19 Number of Reserved preambles 57 Benefits Limitations

Reserved preambles are sufficient. The expansion is convenient

The distance between the multiplexing clusters is small.

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Planning Solution 2

Multiple xing Cluster N 27

Number of Reserved preambles 33

Benefits

Limitations

Reserved preambles are sufficient. The expansion is convenient Reserved preambles are sufficient. The expansion is convenient. The distance between the multiplexing clusters is appropriate.

The distance between the multiplexing clusters is small. The preamble is deficient in the subsequent expansion.

37

At present, the number of available preambles is actually 96. In the solution, the total number of preambles is 114. How to use preambles ranging from 96 to 113 is still being studied.

It is recommended that the multiplexing mode where N set to 27 (i is set to 3 and j is set to 3) is used. Hence, 81 (27 x 3 = 81) preambles are used and 33 preambles are reserved. Table 6-4 lists the distribution of preamble codes. Table 6-4 Recommended three-sector preamble planning preamble index BS0 BS1 BS2 BS3 BS4 BS5 BS6 BS7 BS8 BS9 BS10 BS11 BS12 BS13 BS14 Sector1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Sector2 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 Sector3 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78

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preamble index BS15 BS16 BS17 BS18 BS19 BS20 BS21 BS22 BS23 BS24 BS25 BS26

Sector1 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Sector2 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58

Sector3 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90

It is recommended that we use 27 sites as the multiplexing cluster in the three-sector networking solution. To ensure seamless coverage, Use the networking mode as shown in Figure 4-3.

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Figure 6-2 Three-sector networking

Planning of Omni-Sites
An omni-site features poor coverage and a small capacity. Such networking mode is used to build a rough network in the early stage of network construction. Usually, an omni-site is expanded in the future. The 114 preambles defined in the protocol are correlated with each other. Table 6-5 lists the multiplexing cluster planning solutions for an omni-site.

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Table 6-5 Comparison of omni-site planning solution Planning Solution Multiple xing Cluster N 19 Number of Reserved preambles 95 Benefits Limitations

Reserved preambles are sufficient. The expansion is convenient Reserved preambles are sufficient. The expansion is convenient Reserved preambles are sufficient. The expansion is convenient. The distance between the multiplexing clusters is appropriate.

The distance between the multiplexing clusters is small. The distance between the multiplexing clusters is small. The preambles are deficient in the subsequent expansion.

27

87

37

77

49

65

The distance between the multiplexing clusters is large. The distance between the multiplexing clusters is large.

The expanded preambles in future are deficient. The expanded preambles in future are deficient.

61

53

The network consisting of all omni-sites features poor coverage and a small capacity. Hence, the expansion is necessary. In the protocol, the number of base stations in a multiplexing cluster is smaller than or equal to 32 (IDCells ranges from 0 to 31). If i is set to 3 and j is set to 3, set N to 27. In this way, the preambles are reserved for the expansion, and the preambles are reserved for all 27 omni-sites in three-sectors. Figure 6-3 shows the networking of the omni-sites.

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Figure 6-3 Omni-site networking

Hence, 27 preambles are allocated. A total of 114 preambles are used, and 86 preambles are reserved for the coverage of the hotspot area for the service requirements. The sufficient preambles are reserved for the expansion. For example, an omni-site is changed to the three-sector or other-sector site.

6.2.3 Usage of the PreambleIndex Tool

The operation procedures and methods for using the Apus of simplified version to plan the preamble are the same as those to plan the PermBase. The application scenarios are as follows:

preamble/PermBase planning for a new network

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preamble/PermBase planning for the expansion based on the existing network and a new site

Path: \\szxfs03-pub\WiMAX\WX_WiMAX_KB_F\05 Tool\02 RNO To use the PreambleIndex tool, do as follows: Step 1 Select the planning type. Start the WiMAX planning tool. Click Start Planning, as shown in Figure 6-4. Figure 6-4 WiMAX planning

In the dialog box that is displayed, click New network or New site. For the global planning of a new network, click New network. To plan the parameters of only the new base stations (without influences on the existing base stations) in the case of capacity expansion on the existing network or a new site, click New site. Step 2 Enter the engineering parameters of the planning network. On the Sectors tab page, enter the engineer parameters of the networks to be planned. The parameters such as Cluster_ID, IDCell, PreambleIndex, UL_PermBase, and DL_PermBase must be specified, which are in blue in Figure 6-5.

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Figure 6-5 Parameters to be specified

Main engineering information includes OperatorID, SiteID, SectorID, Sector, Longitude, and Latitude. Note that NeedToPlan is invalid in the New network scenario. By default, the parameters of the entire network are planned. If Sector is planned in the New site scenario, NeedToPlan corresponding to Sector must be set to True. Step 3 Plan the parameter settings in the algorithm. The setting parameters in the New network scenario differ from those in the New site scenario. 1. New network After entering the engineering parameter information in the New network scenario, set parameter planning information on the New network parameter setting tab page. After the setting, click Finish. The tool starts to automatically plan the preamble and PermBase, as shown in Figure 6-6.

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Figure 6-6 preamble and PermBase planning 1

On this tab page, select the uplink and downlink Permutation Zone mode in the networking planning, and select the multiplexing tiers of the preamble. After the setting, click Finish. 2. New site After entering the engineering parameter information in the New network scenario, set parameter information of the planning on the New site parameter setting tab page. After the setting, click Finish. The tool starts to automatically plan the preamble and PermBase, as shown in Figure 6-7.

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Figure 6-7 preamble and PermBase planning 2

Step 4 Query the planning results. Click the Sectors tab page. The planning output results are displayed with the green background.

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Figure 6-8 Preamble and PermBase planning output

6.3 PermBase Planning

6.3.1 Analysis of the DL/UL-PermBase Planning
The WiMAX is a multi-carrier modulation system. For example, 1024 sub carriers are available in the 10-MHz channel bandwidth. In the resource allocation, the slot with the timing frequency 2-dimension structure consisting of the sub channel and symbol is the minimum allocation unit. Multiple sub carriers that are physically discrete constitute a sub channel under certain rules. In the Permutation Zone, such as PUSC, FUSC, and Band AMC, the mapping rules of a sub carrier differ from those of a sub channel. The PermBase influences the discrete mapping relation between sub carriers and sub channels. To maximize physically different sub carriers and minimize the interferences on data sub carriers between neighbor base stations under certain load, we must plan the PermBase by setting a PermBase value for each Permuation in the uplink/downlink sub frames.

6.3.2 Rules and Methods for Planning DL/UL-PermBase

This section describes the DL/UL-PermBase planning in the PUSC (1, 3, 3) and PUSC (1, 3, 1) networking modes. Table 6-6 lists the principles for planning the DL/UL-PermBase in the two networking modes. Table 6-6 DL/UL-PermBase planning in two networking modes DL/UL PermBase Configuration Principle Configuration of the DL_PermBase between different sectors in the same base station. PUSC (1, 3, 3) Networking Configure the same DL_PermBase. PUSC (1, 3, 1) Networking Configure the same DL_PermBase.

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DL/UL PermBase Configuration Principle Configuration of the DL_PermBase between different base stations. Configuration of the UL_PermBase between different sectors in the same base station. Configuration of the UL_PermBase between different base stations.

PUSC (1, 3, 3) Networking Configure different DL_PermBases. Configure the same UL_PermBase. Configure different UL_PermBases.

PUSC (1, 3, 1) Networking Configure different DL_PermBases. Configure the same UL_PermBase. Configure the same UL_PermBase.

DL/UL-PermBase Between Different Base Stations Set to Different PermBases

Each PreambleIndex corresponds to Index, IDCell, and Segment. In this scenario, the DL/UL-PermBase can be set to the IDCell corresponding to the PreambleIndex. The planning results and effects of the PreambleIndex are combined with the DL/UL-PermBase planning. Hence, the complexity of the DL/UL-PermBase planning decreases.

UL-PermBase Between Different Base Stations Set to the same PermBase

In this scenario, the UL-PermBase in the entire network is set to the same value, for example, 1.

DL-PermBase Between Different Sectors in the Same Base Station Set to the Same PermBase
The PermBase of three sectors can be set to the same IDCell corresponding to the PreambleIndex of the local base station.

6.3.3 Usage of the PermBase Planning Tool

The methods of operating the Apus of simplified version to plan the PermBase are similar to those to plan the PreambleIndex. For details, see section 6.2.3 .

6.4 Neighbor Cell Planning

As a mobile communication system, the WiMAX 16e supports the hard handover, macro diversity handover, and quick base station handover. At present, the product supports the hard handover. Neighbor cells in the WiMAX must be planned to ensure the handover success rate (similar to the GSM, CDMA, and WCDMA systems). At present, the WiMAX is mainly applicable to the fixed applications. Terminals do not move; therefore, the handover is not involved and the neighbor cell relation is not configured. For the handover test required for certain network applications or mobile networks, the neighboring relation must be planned and configured.

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6.4.1 Neighbor Cell Planning Principles

The principles for the WiMAX neighbor cell planning are as follows:

The geographically adjacent cells should be configured to neighbor cells. In addition, the cells that are not geographically adjacent and logically adjacent in the radio networks are also configured to neighbor cells. For a three-sector base station, two neighbor sectors are configured to the neighbor cell of this sector. Generally, neighbor cells are mutual, that is, the carrier of sector A considers sector B as the neighbor cell, and the carrier of sector B considers sector A as the neighbor cell. In special scenarios, the unidirectional neighbor cell may be configured. In dense urban area and common urban area, more neighbor cells must be planned because the distance between sites is short (0.5 km to 1.5 km). At present, up to 30 neighbor cells can be configured. Only those cells with the neighboring relation are configured. If a cell without the neighboring relation is configured to the neighbor cell, the real neighbor cell is outside the neighbor cell and generates the interference. The handover performance is affected. +In the practical network, only necessary neighbor cells are configured. For base stations in suburban area and rural area, the cells that are geographically adjacent are configured as the neighbor cells to ensure the handover performance because the inter-site distance is long. Neighbor cells are planned sequentially. The cell with the best signals must be placed at the top of the neighbor cell list. The time of a MS scanning the neighbor cell must be short to improve the handover success rate. In the WiMAX, the three absolute radio frequency channel number (ARFCN) or single ARFCN uses PUSC networking. The co-channel neighbor cell and adjacent-channel neighbor cell are processed in the same way, without special requirements on the co-channel and adjacent-channel neighbor cells.

6.4.2 Usage of the Neighbor Cell Planning Tool

At present, the simplified .xml planning tool is used for the neighbor cell planning. At present, the neighbor cell planning and script output of the tool (V2.1) are supported. The neighbor cell planning function is added to the formal Apus tool. The formal Apus tool supports all versions in future. To use the neighbor cell planning tool, do as follows: Step 1 Enter the engineering parameters in the Sector table. Start the WiMAX neighbor cell planning tool. In the Sectors sheet, enter the engineer parameters of the networks to be planned. Enter the parameter values through the paste special mode to prevent the change of the current cell format. All parameters in the sheet must be specified. Figure 6-9 shows the specific parameters.

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Figure 6-9 Specific parameters

Step 2 On the Parameter tab page, enter the algorithm setting parameters. After entering the network information to be planned, set the parameters in planning. After the setting of the parameters, click Start Planning, as shown in Figure 6-10. Figure 6-10 Neighbor cell planning

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Table 6-7 describes the parameters. Table 6-7 Neighbor cell planning parameters Parameter Name MAX_NBR Description It is the maximum number of neighbor cells before the neighbor cell bi-directional match. It is the maximum number of neighbor cells supported by the product. Only the number of the nearest sectors is considered in the case of the neighbor cell planning. If more sectors are selected, more factors should be considered. The planning time is longer. If the base stations are distributed evenly, the value can be less (for example, 90-150). Otherwise, the value can be larger. It indicates whether to automatically supplement bidirectional neighbor cells after the planning. The algorithm executes slowly. It is the factor for calculating the tiers of the quasi neighbor cell fraction. The unit of the tier is sector. It is standard for judging the front angle between sector 1 and sector 2. It is the standard for judging the rear angle between sector 1 and sector 2. It is the angle allocation coefficient when sector 1 directly faces sector 2. It is the angle allocation coefficient when sector 1 does not directly face sector 2. When sector 2 is in 45o range of sector 1, the value in the tier (sector-level tier) range can be used for the candidate neighbor cell. When sector 2 is in 90o range of sector 1, the value in the tier (sector-level tier) range can be used for the candidate neighbor cell. When sector 2 is in 135o range of sector 1, the value in the tier (sector-level tier) range can be used for the candidate neighbor cell. When sector 2 is in 180o range of sector 1, the value in the tier (sector-level tier) range can be used for the candidate neighbor cell. Value Range The value is set according to the MAX_NBR_FINAL. The values vary with products. 90-240

MAX_NBR_FINA L MAX_DIS_SEC

AUTO_BIDIRECT ION

FALSE/TRUE

TIERS_FACTOR

25

MAX_RANGE MIN_RANGE MAX_FACTOR MIN_FACTOR TIERS_THES_1

300 60 0.5 0.4 15

TIERS_THES_2

12

TIERS_THES_3

TIERS_THES_4

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Parameter Name MAX_DISTANCE

Description When the distance (km) between two sectors is greater than this value, the neighbor cell relation should not be configured.

Value Range 40

Step 3 Output the neighbor cell scripts. The neighbor cell planning results are displayed in the Nbr sheet, as shown in Figure 6-11. Figure 6-11 Neighbor cell planning result 1

To present the neighbor cell scripts, click Output neighbor cell scripts, as shown in Figure 6-12. Select the directory for saving output scripts. The NbrScript.txt file is in the selected directory.

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Figure 6-12 Neighbor cell planning result 2

6.5 Paging Group Planning

The WiMAX supports the Idle and Sleep mode. In the two modes, a terminal can work in the electricity saving method. The communication between the terminal and the system is reduced. As a result, the overhead decreases. One base station in the WiMAX can belong to multiple paging groups. Only WiMAX V3.2 C01 supports the Idle and Sleep modes. It is unknown whether the paging group planning influences on the GW and BS products. Hence, this document does not describe the methods for planning paging groups. The description is supplemented after the product applications and solutions are mature.

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7
1. 2.

Summary

This document does not describe the methods of planning paging groups. The description is supplemented after the product application and solutions are mature. At present, the Apus tool is used to planning cell parameters, such as the preamble, PermBase, and neighbor cell parameters; therefore, the description is based on this tool. The formal version of the Apus tool will be developed later and the corresponding description will be updated.

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