Chapter 07 New Century Maths

Number/Patterns and algebra
Indices
7

The speed of light is about 300 000 km/s. In one year, light travels
approximately 9 460 000 000 000 km. The light from the stars travels
for many years before it is seen on Earth. Powers or indices provide a
way to work easily with very large numbers or with very small numbers.

07_NC_Maths_9_Stages_5.2/5.3 Page 218 Friday, February 6, 2004 2:17 PM
describe and evaluate numbers written in index form, using terms such as
base, power, index and exponent
develop and use the index laws for multiplying and dividing terms with the
same base, and for the power of a base raised to a power
develop and use zero and negative indices
use fractional indices for square roots and cube roots
express and order numbers in scientic notation
convert numbers expressed in scientic notation to decimal form
enter and read scientic notation on a calculator
calculate with numbers expressed in scientic notation.
base A number that is raised to a power, meaning that it is multiplied by
itself repeatedly. For example, in 2
5
, the base is 2.
power The number of times a base is multiplied by itself. For example, 2
5

means 2 2 2 2 2, and is 2 to the power of 5. A power is also called
an index or an exponent.
index notation or index form Repeated multiplication written in the form
a
n
. For example, 2 2 2 2 2 written using index notation is 2
5
.
negative power A power that is a negative number, as in the
expression 3
2
.
scientic notation A shorter way of writing very large or very small
numbers using powers of 10. For example, 9 460 000 000 000 in scientic
notation is 9.46 10
12
.
The story is that Sissa ben Dahir, who invented chess, was offered any reward
he wanted by the Indian King Shirham. Sissa asked for the following:
I will have one grain of wheat for the rst square of my chessboard, two
grains of wheat for the second, four for the third and so on to the sixty-
fourth square.
King Shirham granted his request without thinking!
How many grains of wheat would be needed for the 64th square?
How many grains of wheat would be needed altogether to meet Sissas
request?
If a grain of wheat weighs 100 mg, how many tonnes of wheat would there
be on the chessboard?
In this chapter you will:
Wordbank
Think!
I NDI CES 219

CHAPT ER 7


220

NEW CENT URY MAT HS 9: ST AGES 5. 2/5. 3

Powers

The numbers 2, 4, 8, 16, are powers of 2. (They can also be written as 2

1

, 2

2

, 2

3

, 2

4

, .)
Similarly, the numbers 3, 9, 27, 81, 243, are powers of 3.
1 Evaluate:
a 4 4 b 2 2 2 2 2 c 3 3
d 5 5 5 e 10 10 10 10 10 f 7 7
g 4 4 4 h 8 8 8 8 8 8 i 12 12 12 12
2 Evaluate:
a 4
3
b 10
2
c 2
6
d 3
4
e 4
2
f 10
6
3 Express in index form:
a 5 5 b 4 4 4 4 4 c 6 6 6
d 3 3 3 3 3 3 e y y f m m m m m
g a a a h x x x x x x i d d d d
4 Write in expanded form:
a 10
3
b 8
2
c 1
5
d 2
4
e 3
1
f k
2
g w
4
h d
5
i p
1
j c
3
5 Evaluate:
a b c d e
6 Evaluate:
a b c d e f
400 289 1024 225 625
8
3
27
3
-8
3
-216
3
1000
3
-27
3
Start up
Worksheet
7-01
Brainstarters 7
Working mathematically
Reasoning and reecting: Powers and the power key
Numbers expressed as powers of numbers, such as 2
7
, can be easily evaluated using the
power key ( or or ) on your calculator.
1 a Evaluate 2
4
2 2 2 2 ?
b Evaluate 2
4
using the power key on your calculator as follows:
2 4
(Note: Your answers for parts a and b should be the same.)
2 Use the power key to evaluate each of the following. Compare your answers to those of
other students.
a 4
5
b 7
7
c 3
4
d 11
8
3 a Copy the table below into your book and use your calculator to evaluate the rst six
powers of 4, 5, 6 and 7, and enter them in your table. Compare your results with those
of other students in your class.
^
x
y
y
x
^

I NDI CES 221 CHAPT ER 7
Index notation
Consider 2 2 2 2 2 2
5
.
2 2 2 2 2 is the expanded or factor form.
2
5
is the index notation or exponent form.
In 2
5
, 5 is called the index or the power or the exponent.
The base is 2.
2
5
is read as 2 to the power of 5 or 2 to the 5th.
b Using the results in your table, evaluate:
i 8
1
ii 15
1
iii 2
1
iv 23
1
c What is the value of a
1
(that is, any number to the power of 1)?
4 a Evaluate the powers of 2 (2
1
, 2
2
, 2
3
, ). What is the largest power of 2 that your
calculator can display as a whole number?
b Find the largest power of each of the following numbers that your calculator can
display as a whole number.
i 3 ii 4 iii 5 iv 6 v 7
Compare your results with those of other students in your class.
Powers of 4 Powers of 5 Powers of 6 Powers of 7
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1

4
2
5
2
6
2
7
2

4
6
5
6
6
6
7
6

Skillsheet
7-01
Indices
2
5
index, power or
exponent
base
SkillBuilder
11-01
Introduction to
indices
Example 1
Express in index form:
a 3 3 3 3 b m m m m m c a a a
Solution
a 3 3 3 3 3
4
b m m m m m m
5
c a a a a
n
Express in index form:
a 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 b p p p p t t t t t t
c a a a b b b
Solution
a 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 5
3
6
4
b p p p p t t t t t t p
4
t
6
p
4
t
6
;
n factors
;
4 factors
;
5 factors
;
n factors
Example 2
;
n factors
;
m factors
3 factors
;
4 factors
;
;
4 factors 6 factors
;
222 NEW CENT URY MAT HS 9: ST AGES 5. 2/5. 3
c a a a b b b a
n
b
m
a
n
b
m
Express in expanded form:
a 3
5
b 5x
3
m
4
Solution
a 3
5
3 3 3 3 3 b 5x
3
m
4
5 x x x m m m m
;
n factors
;
m factors
Example 3
1 For each of the following:
i state the base ii state the index iii write the expression in words.
a 3
7
b 7
3
c k
4
d 4
k
e a
n
2 Express in index form:
a 5 5 5 5 b 10 10 c 8 8 8 d 32 32
e 9 9 9 9 9 f 12 12 12 g 1 1 1 1 h 6
3 Write using index notation:
a a a a a b m m c y y y y
d q q q q q q e p p p f w
4 Write these in index notation:
a 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 b 3 3 3 3 7 7 7 c 5 5 5 5 5 5 8 8
d 6 6 6 k k e x y x y x f 5 n 5 n n
5 Write in expanded or factor form:
a 6
4
b 10
3
c 6
4
10
3
d p
4
e 5p
4
f 5
2
p
4
g p
4
q
5
h 5p
4
q
5
i 5
2
p
4
q
5
j ab
3
k ab
3
c
2
l a
4
bc
2
m m
3
n
4
n 2y
3
d
2
o 4
2
a
3
m p w
4
y
2
v
3
6 Evaluate the following.
a 2
4
b 3
3
c 5
2
d 4
3
e 2
7
f 5
3
g 13
2
h 8
3
i 6
4
j 7
3
k 2
10
l 3
5
m 5
2
5
5
n 3
3
10
4
o 4
4
6
2
p 3
5
5
3
7 Evaluate, correct to three decimal places:
a 3.1
7
b (0.145)
2
c d (2.5)
7
e (1.1)
5
f g h (0.18)
2
8 Find the missing powers in:
a 8 2
?
b 81 3
?
c 216 6
?
d 144 12
?
e 4096 2
?
f 2401 7
?
g 64 2
?
h 625 5
?
9 Evaluate, correct to 2 signicant gures:
a 12
6
b (11)
5
c 2
12
d (3.1)
3
e (1.11)
2
f (7.2)
4
2
5
---
,
_
4
1
2
7
---
,
_
4
2
3
---
,
_
5
Exercise 7-01
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
CAS
7-01
Index form
10 If p 4, q 3, r 5, evaluate the following.
a p
4
b pq
3
c (pq)
3
d pq
2
r e (pqr)
2
f
11 a Evaluate the terms of the pattern (1)
1
, (1)
2
, (1)
3
, (1)
4
, (1)
5
, (1)
6
,
Write down what you observe about the odd and even powers and the sign of the answer.
b Without using a calculator, nd the value of:
i (1)
98
ii (1)
99
c Predict the values of the following.
i (1)
n
when n is even ii (1)
n
when n is odd
d Hence evaluate:
i (1)
1
+ (1)
2
+ (1)
3
+ (1)
4
+ + (1)
36
ii (1)
1
+ (1)
2
+ (1)
3
+ (1)
4
+ + (1)
37
12 a Evaluate the following.
i 6
2
ii 66
2
iii 666
2
iv 6666
2
b Predict the values of the following.
i (666 666)
2
ii (666 666 666)
2
q
r
---
,
_
3
Applying strategies and reasoning: Cell growth
Use a spreadsheet to help you with this investigation.
Over the centuries, millions of people have contracted diseases such as smallpox, typhoid
and diphtheria. These diseases start off as a few cells that multiply at an alarming rate until
there are too many in the body, causing the person to become ill. In some cases this can be
fatal.
Suppose one of these diseases grows by the cells splitting into equal parts every 10 seconds;
that is, every 10 seconds, the number of cells doubles.
Disease A
1 Starting with one cell, calculate the cell population after:
a 30 s b 40 s c 1 min d 1 min 30 s
e 2 min f 3 min g 4 min h 4 min 20 s
t 0 s 1 cell
2 cells
4 cells
t 10 s
t 20 s
Spreadsheet
7-01
Cell growth
The index laws
2 Starting with one cell, nd how long it will take until there are:
a 64 cells b 256 cells
c over 500 cells d over 1000 cells
e over 3000 cells f over 10 000 cells
g over 1 000 000 cells h over 40 000 000 cells
Further diseases are discovered that multiply at different rates:
Disease B: A single cell divides into three identical cells every 15 seconds.
Disease C: A single cell divides into four identical cells every 20 seconds.
Disease D: A single cell divides into ve identical cells every 30 seconds.
3 Expand your spreadsheet to show all four disease strains, and answer Questions 1 and 2
for strains B, C and D.
4 If the diseases all begin from one cell at time 0 seconds, when does the growth of each
strain pass that of the others?
5 Graph the growth of each disease on your graphics calculator or by using the Graph
option in the spreadsheet.
6 In your own words, describe in writing the shape of the exponential graph generated for
each disease.
Reasoning and reecting: Multiplying terms with the same base
1 Use a calculator to nd the value of:
a i 2
3
2
4
ii 2
7
b i 3
5
3
3
ii 3
8
c i 4
4
4
2
ii 4
6
d i 5
6
5
3
ii 5
9
2 What do you notice about each pair of answers in Question 1?
3 Is it true that 2
5
2
7
2
12
? Explain.
4 State whether each of the following are true (T) or false (F).
Explain each choice.
a 2
6
2
4
2
10
b 7
4
7
8
7
32
c 4
5
4
8
4
40
d 3
7
3
12
3
19

5 Copy and complete the following.
a 4
7
4
3
4
b 5
3
5
4
5
c 6
8
6
5
6
d 8
3
8
2
e k
3
k
8
k
f m
3
m
7

a i 2
3
2
5
ii 4
8
b i 5
4
5
6
ii 25
10
c i 3
7
3
4
ii 9
11
d i 6
2
6
3
ii 36
5
7 Use your results from Question 6 to decide whether these are true (T) or false (F):
a 2
3
2
5
4
8
b 5
4
5
6
25
10
c 3
7
3
4
9
11
d 6
2
6
3
36
5
8 Write true (T) or false (F) for each of the following.
a 5
3
5
8
25
11
b 2
7
2
10
2
17
c 7
3
7
2
7
5
d 4
3
4
10
4
30
e 5
3
5
4
25
7
f 3
3
3
9
3
12
Law 1: Multiplying terms with the same base
Consider 2
4
2
3
(2 2 2 2) (2 2 2)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
7
But 2
4 + 3
2
7
2
4
2
3
2
4 + 3
2
7
Proof:
a
m
a
n

a
m + n
SkillBuilder
11-02
The rst index
law
When multiplying terms with the same base, add the powers:
a
m
a
n
a
m + n
a a a a a a
; ;
n factors m factors
a a a
m n factors +
;
Example 4
Simplify the following, expressing your answers in index form.
a 6
3
6
7
b 5 5
3
c y
4
y
8
Solution
Simplify the following.
a 3p
4
2p
6
b 5e
2
f 3e
4
f
5
Solution
a 6
3
6
7
6
3 + 7
6
10
b 5 5
3
5
1
5
3
5
1 + 3
5
4
c y
4
y
8
y
4 + 8
y
12
a 3p
4
2p
6
(3 2) (p
4
p
6
)
6p
4 + 6
6p
10
b 5e
2
f 3e
4
f
5
(5 3) (e
2
e
4
) (f f
5
)
15e
2 + 4
f
1 + 5
15e
6
f
6
Example 5
1 Simplify (giving answers in index notation):
a 10
3
10
2
b 10 10
4
c 3
2
3
5
d 7
4
7
e 8 8
3
8
4
f 5
4
5 5
4
g 6 6
2
6
3
6
4
h 4
4
4
4
4
4
i 11
7
11
13
j 2 2
3
k 3
4
3 3
7
l 7
2
7
5
7
2 Simplify:
a x x
4
b g
4
g
4
c w
7
w d b
3
b
10
e p
10
p
10
f r r g y y
3
y
2
h m
3
m m
4
Exercise 7-02
CAS
7-02
Index
multiplication
Example 4
Law 2: Dividing terms with the same base
Consider 5
7
5
4

5 5 5
5
3
3 Simplify:
a 3p
2
2p
5
b 4y
10
3y
2
c 6m 3m
8
d h
3
5h
8
e 3q
3
8q
8
f 2a
2
5a
5
g 5n
8
6n
8
h 2b
3
15b
6
i 3e
4
e
6
j 10p
3
5p
2
q k 8a
3
b
2
2b
3
a l 4w
5
y
2
5w
4
y
3
m 5a
3
c
2
2b
4
c n 10p
3
q
8
qp
2
o 4g
3
h
2
5gh
4
4 Write true (T) or false (F) for each of the following.
a 5
3
3
7
15
10
b 7
2
8
2
56
4
c 3 7
2
21
2
d 4
3
4
7
4
10
e 3
2
2
4
3
2
2
5
3
4
2
9
f 5
2
5
3
25
15
g 2
7
2
8
2
15
h 7
3
7
5
49
8
i 4
2
3
3
12
6
j 5
4
3
2
3
7
5 3
9
5
5
5 Simplify and evaluate:
a 2
3
2
5
b 2
3
5
2
c 10
2
2
10
d 5
3
3
5
e 3
3
3
3
f 5
3
2
3
g 10
2
10
3
h 2
10
10
3
6 Simplify:
a x
4
x
3
x
2
b y
6
x
3
y c 5 3n 4n
2
d 5 m 4n
2
e 5qp 4q
2
5p
3
f (a
4
b
3
) (a
4
b
2
) g 4
a
4
b
h 2
x + 1
2
x
i 3
2y
3
y
j (p + q)
2
(p + q)
3
k (x y) (x y)
2
l (a + 3)
n
(a + 3)
Example 5
SkillBuilder
11-06
Multiplying
terms with
indices
Reasoning and reecting: Dividing terms with the same base
a i 2
10
2
7
ii 2
3
b i 5
5
5
3
ii 5
2
c i 3
7
3
2
ii 3
5
d i 6
8
6
4
ii 6
4
2 What do you notice about each pair of answers?
3 Is it true that 3
8
3
6
3
2
? Explain.
4 State whether each of the following are true (T) or false (F).
a 3
10
3
6
3
4
b 4
8
4
2
4
4
c 2
12
2
3
2
4
d 6
10
6
5
6
5
a 2
7
2
3
2
b 5
8
5
6
5
c 6
7
6
2
6
d 3
11
3
6
e y
8
y
5
f m
12
m
10

6 Write true (T) or false (F) for the following.
a 10
6
10
2
10
4
b 10
6
10
2
1
3
c 10
6
10
2
10
3
d 8
12
8
3
8
9
e 4
10
4
5
4
2
f 6
6
6
2
6
4
SkillBuilder
11-03
Division of terms
with indices
5
7
5
4
-----
5 5 5 5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5
----------------------------------------------------------
1
1 1 1
1 1 1 1
But 5
7 4
5
3
5
7
5
4
5
7 4
5
3
Proof:
a
m
a
n

a a a(m n factors)
a
m n
5
7
5
4
-----
When dividing terms with the same base, subtract the powers:
a
m
a
n
a
m n
a
m
a
n
------
a
m
a
n
------
a a a a a a
a a a a a
-------------------------------------------------------------
(m factors)
(n factors)
1 1
1 1
Example 6
a 4
5
4
3
b c y
12
y
3
Solution
a 4
5
5
3
4
5 3
b 10
7 4
c y
12
y
3
y
12 3
4
2
10
3
y
9
a k
7
k b 15m
8
3m
2
c 30a
5
b
7
10a
2
b
5
Solution
a k
7
k k
7
k
1
k
7 1
k
6
b 15m
8
3m
2

5m
8 2
5m
6
c 30a
5
b
7
10a
2
b
5

3a
5 2
b
7 5
3a
3
b
2
10
7
10
4
--------
10
7
10
4
--------
Example 7
15m
8
3m
2
-------------
5
1
30a
5
b
7
10a
2
b
5
-----------------
1
3
Just for the record
Remember that taxi
Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan (18881920) loved working with numbers.
One day he was visited by a friend in a taxi numbered 1729. When Ramanujan heard the
number, he immediately said 1729 is a very interesting number as it is the smallest number
that can be expressed as the sum of two cubes in two different ways.
This means that we can write
1729 x
3
+ y
3
Here is one of the possible ways:
1729 10
3
+ 9
3
Find the other.
1 Simplify, giving your answers in index form:
a b c d 7
4
7
3
e 10
5
10
5
f 8
5
8 g 20
15
20
5
h
i 6
80
6
20
j 8
15
8
11
k 3
12
3
6
l 2
18
2
11
2 Simplify:
a b c d b
16
b
15
e m
16
m
16
f n
7
n g t
18
t
9
h
i e
30
e
10
j k p
15
p
10
l w
24
w
6
3 Simplify the following.
a 10y
15
5y
3
b 20w
9
4w
3
c 24r
8
3r
2
d
e f g 16h
10
8h h 15y
8
15y
4
i 18g
60
6g
4
j k l
m 20m
15
n 2m
14
n 36y
8
x
7
12x
3
y o 44e
4
f
10
4ef
2
p 30k
7
m
4
6k
6
m
2
4 Write true (T) or false (F) for the following.
a 10
3
2
2
5
1
b 8
4
4
4
2
2
c 12
10
12
10
1 d 15
8
15
4
15
2
e 10
9
10
3
10
6
f 7
4
7
2
1
2
g 4
2
h 12
3
3
3
4
1
5 Evaluate:
a 2
10
2
5
b 4
5
2
3
c 3
3
2
3
d e f
g 4
5
2
10
h 20
3
5
3
i 10
6
5
4
j 4
9
8
3
k l 3
10
27
2
6 Simplify:
a b c
d 4
a
4
b
e 2
x + 1
2
x
f 3
2y
3
y
g h i
5
8
5
2
-----
9
12
9
3
-------
2
27
2
3
-------
2
20
2
-------
h
20
h
4
-------
y
8
y
2
-----
a
12
a
4
-------
w
25
w
--------
d
9
d
5
-----
30x
4
x
3
-----------
10m
10
2m
2
---------------
12g
12
6g
6
--------------
a
6
b
3
a
2
b
2
-----------
36p
8
q
3
4p
4
q
------------------
100 f
2
g
4
5 f g
2
---------------------
20
4
5
2
--------
10
3
2
3
--------
5
4
5
4
-----
2
10
5
2
-------
12
5
6
8
--------
x
4
x
3
x
2
----------------
y
10
y
3
y
--------------
a
5
a
3
a a
4
-----------------
4m
3
5m
7
10m
6
--------------------------
6n
16
8n
4
3n
3
4n
5
--------------------------
p
6
6p
2
---------
30p
4
5p
------------
Exercise 7-03
Example 6
Example 7
CAS
7-03
Index division
SkillBuilder
11-04
Using the second
index law
Reasoning and reecting: Powers to powers
a i (2
3
)
2
ii 2
6
b i (3
4
)
3
ii 3
12
c i (5
2
)
3
ii 5
6
d i (2
5
)
4
ii 2
20
2 What do you notice about each pair of answers in Question 1?
Law 3: Raising a power to a power
Consider (4
2
)
5
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
2
(4 4) (4 4) (4 4) (4 4) (4 4)
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4
10
But 4
2 5
4
10
(4
2
)
5
4
2

5
4
10
Proof:
Law 4: Powers of products and quotients
Consider (2 3)
5
(2 3) (2 3) (2 3) (2 3) (2 3)
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
2
5
3
5
3 Is it true that (2
7
)
3
2
21
? Explain.
4 State whether each of the following is true (T) or false (F).
a (3
5
)
3
3
15
b (2
3
)
2
2
5
c (2
10
)
4
2
14
d (4
2
)
5
4
10
e (3
3
)
6
3
18
f (5
2
)
4
5
6
5 Copy and complete:
a (3
7
)
2
3
b (5
2
)
6
5
c (4
5
)
2
4
d (a
3
)
4
a
e (8
3
)
7
f (k
4
)
6

6 State whether the following are true (T) or false (F).
a (2
5
)
7
2
12
b (2
8
)
3
2
24
c (5
3
)
4
5
12
d (7
3
)
7
7
7
e (8
4
)
5
8
9
f (6
6
)
5
6
30
When raising a term with a power to another power, multiply the powers:
(a
m
)
n
a
m n
(a
m
)
n
a
m
a
m
a
m
a a a a a a a a a
a
m n
n factors
m factors m factors m factors
n lots of m factors
Example 8
a (2
3
)
5
b (y
2
)
14
Solution
a (2
3
)
5
2
3 5
2
15
b (y
2
)
14
y
2 14
y
28
SkillBuilder
11-07
Multiplying
expressions with
brackets
Also

Proof:
(ab)
n

a b a b a b

a
n
b
n
Also

5
3
---
,
_
4
5
3
---
5
3
---
5
3
---
5
3
---
5 5 5 5
3 3 3 3
------------------------------
5
4
3
4
-----
Powers of products and quotients:
(ab)
n
a
n
b
n
and
a
b
---
,
_
n
a
n
b
n
------
ab ab ab
n factors
;
a a a
n factors

b b

b

n factors
; ;

a
b
---
,
_
n
a
b
---
a
b
---
a
b
---
n factors
;
a a a
b b b b
-------------------------------------------
n factors ( )
n factors ( )
a
n
b
n
-----
Example 9
Simplify each of the following.
a (2k)
5
b (5m
4
)
3
c d
Solution
a (2k)
5
2
5
k
5
32k
5
b (5m
4
)
3
5
3
(m
4
)
3
125 m
4 3
125m
12
c

d

m
4
----
,
_
3
2w
3
3
---------
,
_
4
m
4
----
,
_
3
m
3
4
3
------
m
64
------
3
2w
3
3
---------
,
_
4
2w
3
( )
3
4
--------------
4
2
4
w
3
( )
4
3
4
-------------------------
16w
12
81
---------------
Just for the record
The house y
The female common house y, Musca domestica, can lay up to
1000 eggs at a time. In three weeks these reach maturity and are
ready to breed. Huge populations would result if all the
descendants of a single pair of house ies survived and
reproduced. Fortunately, this is not the case as the mortality rate
is very high. The few house ies we see are the true survivors.
Over the 13 weeks of summer, how many descendants could
a single pair of house ies produce, assuming that each pair
(original and descendants) mates only once?
(Give your answer in index form.)
1 Simplify, giving your answers in index form:
a (4
3
)
2
b (5
2
)
8
c (3
3
)
4
d (2
7
)
4
e (2
1
)
2
f (9
4
)
3
g (10
0
)
2
h (6
4
)
5
i (5
3
)
5
j (2
5
)
10
k (3
1
)
5
l (7
3
)
0
m (2
2
)
10
n (13
2
)
2
o (4
4
)
4
2 Simplify each of the following. Give your answers in index form.
a (e
2
)
4
b (t
5
)
5
c (y
3
)
7
d (c)
5
e (m
7
)
5
f (y
4
)
4
g (h
0
)
6
h (p
6
)
3
i (w
4
)
1
j (x
1
)
10
k (n
3
)
8
l (d
3
)
3
m (k
5
)
10
n (d
3
)
4
o (a
8
)
8
a (2d)
4
b (5m)
2
c (4y
5
)
2
d (3x
2
)
4
e (5m
6
)
5
f (2w
5
)
3
g (10d
5
)
4
h (3e
7
)
3
i (2b
4
)
1
j (6d
6
)
2
k (3f
4
)
5
l (2c
3
)
10
m (3h
5
)
4
n (6k)
2
o (8w
3
)
2
4 Simplify each of the following.
a b c d
e f g h
i j k l
5 Simplify the following, giving your answers in index form.
a (m
3
)
10
b (5t)
3
c (2)
8
d (x)
3
e (y
3
)
12
f (4w
5
)
4
g (2d)
5
h (2
10
)
10
i (3p
2
)
3
j (5m
3
)
2
k (3f
5
)
5
l (m
2
)
4
6 Evaluate:
a (2
3
)
2
b (3
2
)
2
c (10
2
)
3
d (5)
2
e (2)
3
f (4
2
)
3
g (3
4
)
2
h (5
2
)
3
i j k l
e
2
---
,
_
5
x
7
---
,
_
2
3m
2
-------
,
_
3
5h
6
------
,
_
2
f
2
3
-----
,
_
4
n
5
p
2
-----
,

_
8
w
2
t
3
------
,

_
5
am
c
-------
,
_
4
2k
3
5
--------
,
_
2
3r
4
c
2
--------
,

_
2
a
2
b
d
5
--------
,

_
4
5c
2
3x
3
--------
,

_
3
3
2
---
,
_
2
2
5
---
,
_
2
5
2
---
,
_
3
3
4
---
,
_
2
Exercise 7-04
Example 8
Example 9
Worksheet
7-02
Indices puzzle
SkillBuilder
11-08
The fourth index
law
a (l
3
m
5
)
6
b (x
2
y
4
)
5
c d
e (we
2
k
3
)
3
f g h (w
2
ak
4
)
8
i (3m
2
n)
5
j (2p
2
w
3
)
4
k (a
2
d
3
y
5
)
0
l
m n o (4k
3
m)
3
p (8k
4
y
5
)
2
q (3a
3
df
4
)
5
r (6d
5
p
2
)
4
s t
8 Simplify:
a (5
2
)
x
b (5
x
)
2
c ((x + 1)
2
)
3
d (b
3
)
4
(b
4
)
2
e (b
3
)
4
(b
4
)
2
f (6n
4
)
2
(3n
2
)
2
g (6n
4
)
2
(3n
2
)
2
h i
a
4
d
3
-----
,

_
7
m
2
n
------
,
_
4
2y
3
x
2
--------
,

_
3
p
2
q
3
t
4
-----------
,

_
5
a
2
c
4
d
7
-----------
,

_
0
d
2
e
5
f
4
---------------
,
_
3
m
2
n
3
2y
5
------------
,

_
5
3ay
4
b
2
------------
,

_
5
k p
3
3q
4
---------
,

_
2
3x
5
( )
3
x
2
( )
4
----------------
5y
5
2y ( )
5
8y
2
y
3
( )
2
----------------------------
Questioning and reasoning: The power of zero
1 Copy and complete the following sentence.
A number remains unchanged when multiplied or divided by
a 3
4
3
0
3
?
b 5
2
5
0
5
?
c 2
0
2
7
2
?
d 7
0
7
3
7
?
e 4
5
4
0
4
?
f 5
0
5
7
5
?
g 3
0
3
5
? h 8
0
8
6
?
a 2
5
2
0
2
?
b 3
5
3
0
3
?
c 4
2
4
0
4
?
d 9
3
9
0
9
?
e 5
6
5
0
5
?
f 8
4
8
0
8
?
g 15
7
15
0
? h 6
8
6
0
?
4 Copy and complete the following tables. Compare your answers with those of other
students.
5 Look at your results from Questions 1 to 4. Can you suggest a value for any number (or
base) raised to the power of zero (for example, 3
0
?, 5
0
?)? Explain.
a Index
form
Number
b Index
form
Number
c Index
form
Number
2
5
32 3
5
243 8
5
2
4
16 3
4
8
4
2
3
3
3
8
3
2
2
3
2
8
2
2
1
3
1
8
1
2
0
3
0
8
0
The zero index
Consider 5
3
5
3

1
But 5
3
5
3
5
3 3
5
0
5
0
1
Proof:
a
m
a
m

1
but a
m
a
m
a
m m
a
0
a
0
1
SkillBuilder
11-05
Raising to the
power of 0
5
3
5
3
-----
5 5 5
5 5 5
---------------------
1
1 1
1 1 1
Any number raised to the power of zero is equal to 1:
a
0
1
a a a a
a a a a
-------------------------------------------
1
1 1 1
1
1 1
1
(m factors)
(m factors)
Example 10
a 7
0
b (3)
0
c m
0
Solution
a 7
0
1 b (3)
0
1 c m
0
1
Simplify:
a (ab)
0
b (5k)
0
Solution
a (ab)
0
1 b (5k)
0
1
Simplify:
a 5d
0
b (3y)
0
+ 3y
0
Solution
a 5d
0
5 d
0
5 1
5
b (3y)
0
+ 3y
0
1 + 3 y
0
1 + 3 1
4
Example 11
Example 12
a 8
0
b (2)
0
c d
0
d m
0
e f (6)
0
g (700)
0
h (1 000 000)
0
i (14)
0
j k a
0
l
2 Simplify:
a (km)
0
b (x
2
y)
0
c (xyw)
0
d (ab)
0
e f g (7y)
0
h (9cd)
0
a 7
0
+ 2
0
b 3y
0
c (4m)
0
d 3 (5d)
0
e (5t
2
)
0
f (6x)
0
+ 2
0
g 2m
0
+ (2m)
0
h 2w
0
3p
0
i 12u
0
3 j 3
2
5
0
k (5a)
0
+ 4 l 8b
0
(3b)
0
m 6h
0
(6h)
0
n 7c + 4c
0
o (3e
2
)
0
(10e)
0
p
q 100
0
1000
0
r 3f
0
+ 4 (5f )
0
s 36q
5
12q
5
t (3x
3
)
3
x
9
u 60m
5
n
3
12mn
3
v 12p
0
(2p)
0
w (a
2
b
3
)
0
x 7 4k
0
2
3
---
,
_
0
5
4
---
,
_
0
1
2
---
,
_
0
p
q
---
,
_
0
3
4
---
,
_
0
1
2
---
,
_
0
1
2
--- y
0
+
Exercise 7-05
Example 10
Example 11
Example 12
Applying strategies and reasoning: Negative powers
1 a Copy and complete the following table of descending powers of 10. Use your
calculator if necessary. (Dont be alarmed if the calculator gives decimal answers.)
What rule did you use to complete the pattern?
b To see the hidden pattern clearly, you will need to change the decimals into fractions.
Copy and complete the following table. Express each decimal as a fraction, then write
it as a power of 10. (The rst two have been done for you.)
c Look carefully at the fractions written as powers of 10. What do you notice when you
compare them with the corresponding negative powers of 10? Write down your
ndings. Write 10
7
and 10
8
as fractions using the power of 10.
d What does this tell you about negative powers?
e Write down what you have learnt about raising a number to a negative power.
Powers to ten
10
6
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
6
Decimal form 1 000 000 0.1 0.01
Powers of ten 10
1
10
2
10
6
Decimal form 0.1 0.01
Fraction form
Fraction form
with powers of ten
1
10
------
1
100
---------
1
10
1
--------
1
10
2
--------
SkillBuilder
11-09
Exercising the
four index laws
The negative index
Consider 2
4
2
7

2 a Copy and complete the table below. Use your calculator to express each power of 5 as
whole numbers or a fraction.
b 5
2
can be written as , or as . Use the table to write each of the following in two
ways.
i 5
3
ii 5
4
iii 5
5
c Write each of the following in two ways.
i 4
2
ii 7
3
iii 2
6
3 Consider:

But 10
4
10
7

10
3
(Using Law 2)
So 10
3

Using this method, simplify (in the two ways):
a to show that 2
5
b to show that 3
1

c to show that 5
6
d to show t hat a
2

4 The reciprocal of 3
5
is 3
5
.
Use negative indices to write the reciprocals of the following.
a 2
4
b 5
2
c 4 d k
5
e m
3
Compare your answers with those of other students.
5
3
5
2
5
1
5
0
5
1
5
2
5
3
5
4
5
5
125
1
25
------
1
5
2
----- =
1
25
------
1
5
2
-----
10
4
10
7
--------
10 10 10 10
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1
10 10 10
------------------------------
1
10
3
--------
10
4
10
7
--------
1
10
3
--------
2
3
2
8
-----
1
2
5
-----
3
4
3
5
-----
1
3
---
5
2
5
8
-----
1
5
6
-----
a
4
a
6
-----
1
a
2
-----
1
3
5
-----
SkillBuilder
11-13
Division with a
larger index in
the denominator
2
4
2
7
-----
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
----------------------------------------------------------
1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1
1
2 2 2
---------------------
1
2
3
-----
But 2
4
2
7
2
4

7
2
3
2
3

Proof:
a
0
a
n

(since a
0
1)
But a
0
a
n
a
0 n
a
n
a
n

1
2
3
-----
A negative power or index gives a fraction (with numerator 1):
a
m

1
a
m
------
a
0
a
n
-----
1
a
n
-----
1
a
n
-----
Example 13
Express using positive indices:
a 3
1
b 4
3
c k
5
Solution
a 3
1
b 4
3
c k
5

a 3k
5
b a
2
b
3
c (5m)
2
Solution
Evaluate 2
3
, leaving your answer as a fraction.
Solution
2
3

a 3k
5
3 k
5
(3 )

b a
2
b
3
a
2
b
3

c (5m)
2

1
3
1
-----
1
4
3
-----
1
k
5
-----
1
3
---
Example 14
3
1
---
1
k
5
-----
3
1
---
3
k
5
-----
a
2
1
-----
1
b
3
-----
a
2
b
3
-----
1
5m ( )
2
---------------
1
25m
2
-------------
Example 15
1
2
3
-----
1
2 2 2
---------------------
1
8
---
Negative powers of quotients
Proof:
Consider
1
1

and

1
1

1
1

and
1
1

2
3
---
,
_
-1
1
2
3
---
----------
2
3
---
3
2
---
3
2
---
4
5
---
,
_
-2
1
4
5
---
,
_
2
-----------
1
16
25
------
----------
16
25
------
25
16
------
5
2
4
2
-----
5
4
---
,
_
2
and
a
b
---
,
_
-1
b
a
---
a
b
---
,
_
-n
b
a
---
,
_
n
a
b
---
,
_
-1
1
a
b

---
-----------
a
b
---
b
a
---
b
a
---
a
b
---
,
_
-n
1
a
b
---
,
_
n
-----------
a
n
b
n
-----
b
n
a
n
-----
b
n
a
n
-----
b
a
---
,
_
n
Example 16
Simplify the following and evaluate if possible.
a b c
Solution
a
1
b

2
c

4
5
---
,
_
-1
3
5
---
,
_
-2
2a
b
2
------
,
_
-3
4
5
---
,
_
-1
5
4
---
1
4
---
3
5
---
,
_
-2
5
3
---
,
_
2
25
9
------
7
9
---
2a
b
2
------
,
_
-3
b
2
2a
------
,
_
3
b
2
( )
3
2a ( )
3
-------------
b
6
8a
3
--------


238


1


a

5

2

b

3

7

c

4

1

d

8

2

e

10

4

f

m

1

g

h

3

h

w

2

i

20

4

j

(

11)

1

k

k

8

l

c

6

2


a 4d
1
b 3x
5
c 2d
3
d 4m
2
e ab
2
f m
2
n
4
g wy
2
h 4ac
1
i 3p
2
j 15kw
4
k 12y
2
m
3
l a
4
m
2
m d
3
y
3
n 4xy
3
o v
1
m
2
3 Write each of the following using positive indices.
a (2m)
1
b (xy)
1
c (4h)
2
d (5k)
3
e (3h)
2
f (4k)
3
g (2c)
4
h (8y)
1
4 Evaluate the following, leaving your answers as fractions.
a 3
2
b 4
3
c 6
1
d 7
2
e 11
1
f 2
5
g 4
2
h 10
2
5 Express using negative indices:
a b c d e
f g h i j
k l m n o
p q r s t
6 Evaluate:
a b c d
e f g h
7 Simplify the following and evaluate if possible.
a b c d
e f g h
i j k l
8 Simplify each of the following, using positive indices.
a y
5
y
2
b e
3
e
7
c m m
1
d n
6
n
5
e 4g
3
3g
1
f 5a
2
6a
3
g 5x
2
2x h 30e
3
2e
1
i 8p
1
2p
2
j 8q 2q
2
k 2r
2
8r
1
l 2t
2
8t
1
m (h
1
)
4
n (b)
3
o (5x
1
)
2
1
m
----
1
w
----
1
8
---
1
9
---
1
2
2
-----
1
n
4
-----
1
3
4
-----
1
10
-3
---------
1
e
3
-----
1
t
2
----
2
a
---
4
t
2
----
2
w
5
------
5
d
---
1
2y
------
1
7e
------
1
3a
2
--------
5
3m
4
----------
1
8p
3
---------
2
3k
6
--------
1
3
---
,
_
-1
1
4
---
,
_
-2
2
3
---
,
_
-2
2
5
---
,
_
-3
2
3
---
,
_
-1
3
4
---
,
_
-1
1
10
------
,
_
-5
5
4
---
,
_
-1
4
w
----
,
_
-1
m
n
----
,
_
-1
1
4
---
,
_
-1
4
5
---
,
_
-1
k
3
---
,
_
-1
x
3
---
,
_
-2
a
2
4
-----
,
_
-3

4
3
---
,
_

-2

2d
5
------
,
_
-2

h

2

m

3
------
,

_

5

a
2
c
3
4
----------
,
_
-3
5d
2
p
3
---------
,

_
-3

Exercise 7-06
Example 13
Example 14
Example 15
Example 16
CAS
7-04
Negative indices
SkillBuilder
11-14
The fth index
law


I NDI CES

239

CHAPT ER 7
9 Simplify the following and express your answers in positive index form.
a x
3
y
4
x
3
y
5
b p
4
q
1
5p
2
q
3
c (m
2
n
3
)
2
d w
3
p
5
w
5
p
3
e m
2
n
3
m
5
n
1
f 4a
3
bc
2
2a
5
b
3
c
2
g 8xy
3
4x
2
y
7
h (6m
4
)
2
9m
3
i p
2
q p
3
q
1
p
4
q
3
j 8a
3
h
1
4ah a
2
h
3
k (a
2
k
2
)
3
(a
1
k
2
)
2
l 4x
3
y
1
8xy
3
5x
1
m 4r
4
t
3
5r
5
t
4
n -15ab
2
5a
1
b
3
6ab
7
o (d
3
h
1
)
1
4d
3
h
2
p (2v
3
w
2
)
5
8v
2
w
7
q 81a
3
e
4
(3a
2
e
1
)
4
r (c
1
d
3
)
3
(c
1
d
2
)
4
a 2
3
2
4
b (3
2
)
3
(3
3
)
3
c 5
1
2
1
d 3
2
2
1
6 e (4
2
)
2
(2
2
)
3
f 3
2
(3
2
)
2
Squaring a number ending in 5, 1 or 9
Squaring a number ending in 5
The square of a number ending in 5 always ends in 25. For example, 35
2
325, and
105
2
11 025.
A simple calculation trick requires three steps:
Step 1: Delete the 5 from the number.
Step 2: Multiply the remaining number by the next consecutive number.
Step 3: Write 25 at the end of the product.
1 Examine these examples:
a 35
2
Deleting the 5 from 35 leaves just 3.
Multiplying 3 by the next consecutive number: 3 4 12
Writing 25 at the end: 1225
35
2
1225
b 105
2
Deleting the 5 from 105 leaves 10.
10 11 110
11 025
105
2
11 025
2 Now calculate these:
a 25
2
b 55
2
c 45
2
d 85
2
e 115
2
f 7.5
2
g 95
2
h 195
2
i 1.5
2
j 65
2
k 155
2
l 245
2
The square of a number ending in 1 always ends in 1. For example, 41
2
1681, and
71
2
5041.
Step 1: Subtract 1 to round down to the nearest 10 and make a new number.
Step 2: Square the new number.
Step 3: Add the new number and the next consecutive number to the square.
Skillbank 7
SkillTest
7-01
Squaring a
number ending
in 5, 1 or 9
a 41
2
Round down to 40.
Squaring 40: 40
2
1600
Adding 40 and 41 to 1600: 1600 + 40 + 41 1681
41
2
1681
b 71
2
70
2
4900
4900 + 70 + 71 5041
71
2
5041
a 21
2
b 101
2
c 31
2
d 91
2
e 5.1
2
f 61
2
g 201
2
h 1.1
2
The square of a number ending in 9 also ends in 1. For example, 29
2
841, and 99
2
9801.
Step 1: Add 1 to round up to the nearest 10 and make a new number.
Step 2: Square the new number.
Step 3: Subtract the new number and the previous consecutive number from the square.
a 29
2
Rounding up gives 30.
Squaring 30: 30
2
900
Subtracting 30 and 29 from 900: 900 30 29 841
29
2
841
b 99
2
100
2
10 000
10 000 100 99 9801
99
2
9801
a 59
2
b 69
2
c 89
2
d 19
2
e 109
2
f 4.9
2
g 79
2
h 11.9
2
Note: By combining and adapting the methods for squaring numbers ending in 5, 1 and 9, it
is also possible to square a number ending in 4 or 6.
Bonus trick: Squaring a two-digit number beginning with 1
This calculation trick requires three steps:
Step 1: Double the units digit and add 10.
Step 2: Multiply by 10.
Step 3: Add the square of the units digit.
a 17
2
Doubling the units digit and adding 10: 2 7 + 10 24
Multiplying by 10: 24 10 240
Adding the square of the units digit: 240 + 7
2
240 + 49 289
17
2
289
b 14
2
2 4 + 10 18
18 10 180
180 + 4
2
180 + 16 196
14
2
196
a 12
2
b 13
2
c 18
2
d 19
2
e 11
2
f 1.6
2
Reasoning and reecting: Fractions as powers
(Spreadsheet optional)
1 Copy and complete this table of square numbers and their square roots.
2 Use your calculator to evaluate . (25 1 2 )
Now evaluate:
a b c d
3 Look at your calculator answers. Compare them with your answers to Question 1.
Write down what you notice. Predict the values of and .
4 What have you learnt about the fractional power ?
5 Repeat this investigation for fractional cube numbers and their cube roots. Copy and
complete this table.
6 Use your calculator to evaluate . (8 1 3 )
Square number Square root
1 1
4 2
9 3

100 10
Cube number Cube root
1 1
8 2
27 3

1000 10
25
1
2
---
^
( a
b
c
--- )
36
1
2
---
64
1
2
---
81
1
2
---
100
1
2
---
12
1
2
---
144
1
2
---
1
2
---
8
1
3
---
^
( a
b
c
--- )
The fractional index
The square root of a number is the value that, when squared, gives the number. For example,
8 because 8
2
8 8 64.
The cube root of a number is the value that, when cubed, gives the number. For example,
5 because 5
3
5 5 5 125.
Now evaluate:
a b c d
7 What do you notice about your answers to Questions 5 and 6?
8 Explain what the fractional power means.
27
1
3
---
64
1
3
---
512
1
3
---
1000
1
3
---
1
3
---
Calculating square roots
For computer spreadsheets
Step 1: Set up your spreadsheet as shown.
Step 2: Copy the formulas in cells C7, D6 and E6 to row 34.
Step 3: Print your spreadsheet and paste it in your workbook.
1 Use your spreadsheet to nd:
a b c d
2 Use your spreadsheet to nd:
a b c d
3 a Compare your answers to Questions 1 and 2. Write what you notice.
b Predict the values of and .
4 In cell F5, insert the heading Number to the power 1/3.
In cell F6, enter the formula C6^(1/3).
Copy cell F6 down to row 34.
5 Suggest a meaning for:
a b
C D E
5 Number Square root of a number Number to power of 1/2
6 1 SQRT(C6) C6^(1/2)
7
C6+1
8
34
9 13 25 29
9
1
2
---
13
1
2
---
25
1
2
---
29
1
2
---
36
1
2
---
64
1
2
---
n
1
2
---
n
1
3
---
Using technology
Spreadsheet
7-02
Calculating
square roots
SkillBuilder
11-15
Simplifying
fractions
( )
64
3
( )
125
3
Consider
4
1
4
But 2 2
4

Proof:

a
1
a
But a

We also have that
8
1
8
But 2 2 2 ( 2 because 2 2 2 8)
8

Proof:

a
1
a
But a

4
1
2
---
4
1
2
---
4
1
2
---
1
2
---
+
4 4
4
1
2
---
4
Any number raised to the power of is the square root of that number:

1
2
---
a
1
2
---
a
a
1
2
---
a
1
2
---
a
1
2
---
1
2
---
+
a a
a
1
2
---
a
8
1
3
---
8
1
3
---
8
1
3
---
8
1
3
---
1
3
---
1
3
--- + +
8
3
8
3
8
3
8
3
8
1
3
---
8
3
Any number raised to the power of is the cube root of that number:

1
3
---
a
1
3
---
a
3
a
1
3
---
a
1
3
---
a
1
3
---
a
1
3
---
1
3
---
1
3
--- + +
a
3
a
3
a
3
a
1
3
---
a
3
Example 17
Write each of the following with a fractional index.
a b 5 11
3
Solution
a b
Write with a fractional index:
a b
Solution
a b
Evaluate:
a b
Solution
a
20 (because 20
2
400)
(Calculator steps: 400 )
b
5 (because 5
3
125)
(Calculator steps: 125 )
5 5
1
2
---
11
3
11
1
3
---
Example 18
g k
3
g g
1
2
---
k
3
k
1
3
---
Example 19
400
1
2
---
125
1
3
---
400
1
2
---
400
125
1
3
---
125
3
3

1 Write the following, using fractional indices.
a b c d
e f g h
2 Write the following, using fractional indices.
a b c d
e f g h
a b c d
e f g (64) h
i (8) j (729) k l
4 Write the following, using either or .
a b c d
e f g h
5 Evaluate, correct to 2 decimal places:
a b c d
8 35 10
3
15
3
20 512
3
100
3
72
m w
3
8k
3
ab
9y
3
xy 18 f 10mn
3
64
1
2
---
343
1
3
---
1000
1
3
---
625
1
2
---
0.04
1
2
---
0.125
1
3
---
1
3
---
1024
1
2
---
1
3
---
1
3
---
196
1
2
---
900
1
2
---
3
37
1
2
---
8
1
3
---
d
1
2
---
20
1
2
---
4p ( )
1
3
---
100h ( )
1
3
---
3c
7
( )
1
2
---
w
1
3
---
4
1
3
---
8
1
2
---
100
3
1000
Exercise 7-07
Example 17
Example 18
Example 19
CAS
7-05
Fractional indices
e f g h
a b c x d
e f g h
i j k 25a l 3a
7 Simplify:
a b c d
e f g h
-50
3
1111
1
2
---
3.6 -0.008 ( )
1
3
---
n
1
2
---
n
1
2
---
f
1
4
---
f
1
4
---
x
1
3
---
2m
3
5
---
3m
2
5
---
5g
2
3
---
2g
1
3
---
2h
3
5
---
7g
3
5
---
p
2
q
4
( )
1
2
---
9a
6
b
6
( )
1
2
---
8m
3
n
6
( )
1
3
---
40k
1
3
---
8k
1
3
---
5a
1
2
---
27a
2
3
---
m
20
( )
3
10
------
b
12
( )
2
3
---
e
8
( )
3
4
---
p
5
q
15
( )
4
5
---
25q
10
( )
3
2
---
32h
10
( )
2
5
---
8m
3
n
12
( )
2
3
---
16x
8
y
4
( )
5
4
---
Calculating square roots
Before the advent of calculators and computers, square roots were often calculated manually
in the classroom. Follow the working given below for .
239
Use this method to nd and . Check your answers using a calculator.
57 121
ROOT (Answer line)
Step 1: Group the digits of 57 121 in pairs from the right.
Step 2: Find the largest square (4) that is less than 5. Subtract it from
5 and write its square root (2) on the answer line above the 5.
Step 3: Bring down the next pair of digits, the 71.
Step 4: Double the number (2) you have in the answer line, to give 4.
Write the 4 on the left of the 171. Now, trying 41 1, 42 2,
43 3, 44 4, , nd the largest product that is equal to or
less than 171. This turns out to be 43 3 129. Write in 129
and subtract it from 171, leaving 42.
Step 5: Write the 3 in the answer line, above the 71.
Step 6: Bring down the next pair of digits, the 21.
Step 7: Double the number (23) you now have in the answer line, to
give 46. Write the 46 on the left of the 4221. Now, by trying
461 1, 462 2, 463 3, , nd the largest product that is
equal to or less than 4221. This turns out to be 469 9 4221.
Write in the 4221 and subtract it from 4221, leaving a zero
remainder.
Step 8: Write the 9 in the answer line, above the 21.
2 3 9
5 71 21
4
43 1 71
1 29
469 42 21
42 21
0
57 121
68 121 173 056
Just for the record
The fractional indices and
Consider

and
2
1
2
An iterative process to nd the square root
In the past, before calculators were developed, mathematicians used a process called iteration
to give an approximate answer for the square root. One formula for nding an approximation
for is
x
n + 1
, where x
0
is a rst guess.
Example
Find a good approximation to , correct to two decimal places.
Solution
Guess: x
0
20
Iteration 1: x
1
22.5
Iteration 2: x
2
22.361 111 11
Iteration 3: x
3
22.360 679 78
This process can continue forever, increasing your accuracy each time.
Hence 22.36, correct to two decimal places.
The second decimal place does not change for any further iterations.
1 Plan and trial an efcient keystroke sequence to enable you to do this iteration on your
calculator. Write down your preferred sequence.
2 a Guess .
b Evaluate to three decimal places, using the iterative formula.
c Evaluate on your calculator to check your answer.
3 a Guess .
b Evaluate to four decimal places, using the iterative formula.
c Evaluate on your calculator to check your answer.
4 Design and trial a spreadsheet to perform this iterative process.
M
1
2
--- x
n
M
x
n
----- +
,
_
500
1
2
--- 20
500
20
--------- +
,
_
1
2
--- 22.5
500
22.5
---------- +
,
_
1
2
--- 22.36
500
22.36
------------- +
,
_
500
300
300
300
71
71
71
Using technology
Spreadsheet
7-03
Square roots
(iteration)
1
n
---
m
n
----
2
5
( )
1
5
---
2 2 2 2 2 ( )
1
5
---
32
1
5
---
2
5
( )
1
5
---
2
5
1
5
---
2 (since 2 2 2 2 2 32)
( is read as the fth root of 32)
Also
and

or

32
1
5
---
32
5
32
1
5
---
32
5
32
5
2
5
( )
3
5
---
32
3
5
---
2
5
( )
3
5
---
2
5
( )
1
5
--- 3
2
5
( )
1
5
---

,

_
3
32
1
5
---
3

,
_
32
5
32
5
32
5
32
5
( )
3
32
3
5
---
32
5
( )
3
32
3
5
2
5
( )
3
1
5
---
2
5
( )
3
( )
1
5
---
32
3
( )
1
5
---
32
3 5
and

or

a
1
n
---
a
n
a
m
n
----
a
1
n
---
m

,
_
a
n
( )
m
a
m
n
----
a
m
( )
1
n
---
a
m n
Example 20
Write each of the following with a fractional index.
a b c
Solution
Evaluate each of the following.
a b c d
Solution
a
b

c
d
2
a
4
b
2
2
4
or

4
m
7
a
3 4
d
12 6
m
7
m
1
7
---
a
3 4
a
3
( )
1
4
---
a
3
4
---
d
12 6
d
12
( )
1
6
---
Example 21
64
1
3
---
8
2
3
---
27
5
3
---
8
-
2
3
---
64
1
3
---
64
3
8
2
3
---
8
3
( )
2
8
2
3
---
8
2
3
64
3


248


Evaluate the following using a calculator (correct to two decimal places).

a b

Solution

a

2.11 (4

20 or 20 1 4 )

b

3.34 (5 3 4 )
Simplify:

a b

Solution

c

3

5

243

d

b
9k
4
27
5
3
---
27
3
( )
5
8
-
2
3
---
1
8
2
3
---
-----
1
8
3
( )
2
--------------
1
2
2
-----
1
4
---
Example 22
20
1
4
---
5
3
4
---
20
1
4
---
SHIFT

x

^
( a
b
c
---
5
3
4
---
^
( a
b
c
--- )

Example 23
16r
7
( )
1
4
---
27k
6
( )
2
3
---
16r
7
( )
1
4
---
16
1
4
---
r
7
1
4
---
2r
7
4
---
27k
6
( )
2
3
---
27
2
3
---
k
6
2
3
---
1 Write each of the following with a fractional index.
a b c d
e f g h
2 Evaluate each of the following.
a b c d e
f g h i j
k
5
d
5
4
y
18
6
x
16
4
n
5
3
e
3 1
n
4
-------
1
a
7
3
----------
4
3
2
---
64
1
6
---
8
5
3
---
27
2
3
---
100
5
x
---
64
4
3
---
36
3
2
---
81
3
4
---
1000
2
3
---
8
-
1
3
---
Exercise 7-08
Example 20
Example 21
CAS
7-05
Fractional indices
Summary of index laws and properties
k l m n o
3 Evaluate each of the following, correct to two decimal places.
a b c d
e f g h
4 Simplify:
a b c d
e f g h
81
-
1
4
---
64
-
4
3
---
400
-
3
2
---
256
-
3
4
---
3125
-
4
5
---
15
1
4
---
8
1
5
---
50
5
4
---
6
-
2
3
---
100
-
3
4
---
16
3
5
---
12
-
3
2
---
9
2
5
---
16p
4
( )
1
4
---
8m
11
( )
1
3
---
32d ( )
2
5
---
27m
10
( )
2
3
---
8d
6
( )
5
3
---
64n
12
( )
4
3
---
25q
10
( )
3
2
---
1000e
3
d
6
( )
2
3
---
Example 22
Example 23
a
m
a
n
a
m + n
a
m
a
n
a
m n
(a
m
)
n
a
m n
, a
n
b
n
,
a
0
1
a
n
, ,
, ,

ab ( )
n
a
b
---
,
_
n
a
n
b
n
-----
1
a
n
-----
a
b
---
,
_
-1
b
a
---
a
b
---
,
_
-n
b
a
---
,
_
n
a
1
2
---
a a
1
3
---
a
3
a
1
n
---
a
n
a
m
n
----
a
n
( )
m
a
m
n
1 Simplify the following, leaving your answers in index form.
a 2
4
2
7
b 15
9
15
2
c 4
10
4
7
d 7
5
7
4
7
3
e 9
8
9
7
f 3
8
3
5
3 g (4
3
)
2
h (8
2
)
4
i (7
3
)
5
7
4
j 2
20
(2
3
)
4
k 7
10
(7
3
)
3
l (14
5
)
3
(14
2
)
3
2 Simplify:
a x
3
x
4
b w
8
w
9
c m
7
m
2
d k
3
k
e (m
2
)
4
f (y
4
)
6
g a
3
a
7
a
8
h (p
2
)
3
p
5
i t
7
(t
2
)
3
j (d
4
)
4
d
12
k q
6
q
4
q
5
l 2b
2
3b
5
m 4d
7
5d
6
n 30c
12
5c
8
o 24e
8
6e
5
2e
3
p 15m
8
5m
3
3m
4
a 3
0
b c 5
0
d 7 2
0
16
1
2
---
Exercise 7-09
Worksheet
7-03
Indices
squaresaw
SkillBuilder
11-2011-24
Review of index
laws
e + 4
0
f 5
0
+ 10
0
g (7
2
)
0
h +
a (3m
5
)
2
b a
2
w
2
a
3
w
7
c x
3
y x
2
y
4
d p
3
q
5
pq
6
e m
5
n
2
m
2
n
3
f 2c
2
d
5
3c
3
d
3
g 4w
5
m 5w
3
m
4
h 2 3ab
3
4a
2
b
3
i (2y
3
)
4
3y
5
j 4v
2
2v k m
7
n
3
m
5
n
2
l a
13
c
6
a
5
c
2
m 24l
5
d
3
6l
2
d n o 36g
3
h
4
9g
2
h
2
2gh
4
5 Evaluate:
a 7
4
7
3
b 8
5
8
2
8 c 4
3
4
7
4
8
d 24
3
24
3
e 5
2
5
0
f 3
3
+ 2
2
g (3
3
)
2
3
5
h 8
7
8
4
8
11
i (2)
3
j (2)
2
k (5)
0
+ (2)
0
l 3 + 3
0
6 Express with a fractional index:
a b c d
e f g h
7 Express each of these using positive indices:
a 7
8
b 2
10
c 15
1
d y
3
e (5x)
1
f 9
2
g 10
3
h (ab)
1
i 4y
8
j (3a
2
)
1
k 10d
1
l p
3
q
5
m mw
3
n c
2
e
3
o 8t
3
m
4
a 2
2
b 3
1
c 20
1
d 5
3
e 8
3
f 10
4
g 6
4
h 3
5
9 Rewrite these fractions, using negative indices:
a b c d
e f g h
10 Evaluate:
a 2
3
b (8
0
)
2
c d 4
3
4
3
e 12
4
12
4
f (4
3
)
4
g h 5
8
5
3
i m
0
+ k
0
j (5
3
)
0
k 3
5
3
7
l 6
3
6
4
a (4a
3
)
2
b (m
2
n
3
)
5
c d
e f g h
i j k l
m (4k
3
n
2
)
4
n o p
27
1
3
---
8
1
3
---
4
1
2
---
15x
5
y
7
5x
2
y
4
-----------------
5 d 3y 10
3
4p
3
xy 1000
3
3m
2
n
3
1
4
3
-----
1
2
---
1
10
3
--------
1
7
4
-----
1
w
----
1
k
4
-----
1
d
7
-----
1
3
3
-----
8
2
( )
1
3
---
9
3
( )
1
2
---
2k
5
m
--------
,
_
4
4y
5
3m
2
----------
,

_
3
4
5a
------
,
_
-1
8c
3
( )
2
3
---
10
7m
-------
,
_
-2
25w
5
( )
5
2
---
25
d
2
------
,
_
3
2
---
a
3
b
9
c
6
-----------
,

_
2
3
---
32m
10 5 64
y
3
------
,
_
-
2
3
---
1
3g
2
--------
,
_
-2
16x
8
( )
5
4
---
2a
3
c
2
--------
,

_
4
Scientic notation
What is scientic notation?
Scientic (or standard) notation is a way of expressing very large or very small numbers using
powers of 10. Its use originated in the early twentieth century, when scientists needed to describe
very large values, such as astronomical distances, and very small values, such as the masses of
atoms. It has the form m 10
n
, where m is a number between 1 and 10, and n is an integer.
Reasoning and reecting: Repeated roots
This is the square root of the square root of 16.

(the fourth root of 16)
2
This is the cube root of the square root of 8.
(the sixth root of 64)
(the sixth root of 64)
2
a b c d
e f g h
i j
2 Rewrite each of the parts in Question 1 using a single fractional power.
16
16 16 ( )
1
2
---
1
2
---
,
_
16 ( )
1
4
---
64
3
64
3
64 ( )
1
2
---
1
3
---
,
_
64 ( )
1
6
---
81 625 1024
5
1024
5
256
4
256
4
1 000 000
3
1 000 000
3
256 6561
Worksheet
7-04
Power
calculations
Worksheet
7-05
Binary number
system
SkillBuilder
11-16
Scientic
notation
SkillBuilder
11-17
Scientic
notation for
small numbers
Numbers written in scientic (or standard) notation are expressed in the form
m 10
n
where m is a number between 1 and 10
and n is an integer.
Example 24
Express in scientic notation:
a 2 700 000 000 b 0.004 67 c 5.78
Solution
a 2 700 000 000 2 700 000 000
2.7 10
9
The power is 9 because the decimal point must move 9 places to the left to put the number in
scientic notation.
b 0.004 67 0.004 67
4.67 10
3
The power is 3 because the decimal point must move 3 places to the right to put the number
in scientic notation.
c 5.78 5.78 10
0
The power is 0 because the decimal point does not need to move.
Note: Large numbers are written with positive powers of 10, while small numbers are written
with negative powers of 10.
Express in decimal form:
a 2.7 10
4
b 3.56 10
2
Solution
a 2.7 10
4
2.7000
27 000
Since the power is 4, the decimal point moves 4 places to the right to convert to decimal form.
b 3.56 10
2
0.0356
0.0356
Since the power is 2, the decimal point moves 2 places to the left to convert to decimal form.
Example 25
1 Express each of the following numbers in scientic notation.
a The distance from Earth to the sun is 152 000 000 km.
b The worlds largest mammal is the blue whale, which can weigh up to 130 000 kg.
c The diameter of an oxygen molecule is 0.000 000 29 cm.
d The thickness of a human hair is 0.000 08 m.
e Light travels at a speed of 300 000 000 m/s.
f The nearest star to Earth, excluding the Sun, is Alpha Centauri, which is
40 000 000 000 000 km away.
g The mass of a proton is 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 002 g.
h The thickness of a typical piece of paper is 0.000 12 m.
i The small intestine of an adult is approximately 610 cm long.
j The diameter of a hydrogen atom is 0.000 000 0001 m.
k The diameter of our galaxy, the Milky Way, is 770 000 000 000 000 000 000 m.
l A microsecond means 0.000 001 s.
m The Andromeda Galaxy is the most remote body visible to the naked eye, at a distance of
2 200 000 light years.
Exercise 7-10
Example 24
Worksheet
7-06
Scientic
notation
2 Express in scientic notation:
a 2400 b 786 000 c 55 000 000 d 95
e 7.8 f 348 000 000 g 59 670 h 15
i 300 000 000 j 80 k 763 l 24.7
m 456.3 n 8.007 o 9057.6 p 130.2
a 0.035 b 0.000 076 c 0.8 d 0.0713
e 0.000 003 f 0.913 g 0.000 007 146 h 0.009
i 0.000 001 j 0.89 k 0.000 000 078 l 0.1
a 25 000 b 4 400 000 c 185 000 000
d 7 e 0.4 f 0.027
g 0.000 875 h 6.7 i 20 345 000 000
j 0.000 000 000 9 k 73 l 0.06
m 0.552 n 2299 o 3 500 000
p 563.7 q 0.0001 r 7.03
s 270 000 000 t 400.4 u 50
5 Express each of the following in decimal form.
a 5.7 10
3
b 5.7 10
2
c 5.7 10
1
d 5.7 10
0
e 5.7 10
1
f 5.7 10
2
g 5.7 10
3
h 8 10
2
i 8 10
1
j 8 10
0
k 8 10
1
l 8 10
2
6 Express each of the following in decimal form.
a 6 10
5
b 7.1 10
3
c 3.02 10
8
d 3.14 10
0
e 6 10
5
f 7.1 10
3
g 3.02 10
8
h 5.9 10
10
i 1.1 10
12
j 4 10
4
k 5 10
3
l 4.76 10
4
m 8.03 10
1
n 6.32 10
4
o 1.6 10
2
p 2.2 10
7
q 9.0 10
6
r 1.11 10
1
a two b ninety c seven hundred
d four thousand e ve million f three tenths
g seven hundredths h ve millionths i fteen hundredths
j fteen hundred k three hundred thousand l six thousandths
8 Find the missing power:
a 57.3 5.73 10
?
b 8 8 10
?
c 0.000 004 4 10
?
d 17 000 000 000 1.7 10
?
e 4.3 10
?
430 f 7.5 10
?
0.75
g 3.152 10
?
3.152 h 1.128 10
?
0.000 1128 i 9.05 10
?
905 000
Example 25
SkillBuilder
11-18
Scientic
notation for
other numbers
Worksheet
7-07
Scientic
notation puzzle
Big numbers
The numbers 1000 and 1 000 000 have the names thousand and million, but what about the
names of numbers such as 1 000 000 000 and 1 000 000 000 000? The table below lists the
names of some big numbers and their meanings.
Just for the record
According to the Guinness Book of Records, the largest number for which there is an accepted
name is the centillion, rst recorded in 1852. It is equal to 10
303
.
Find the name of the number that is equal to 10
100
.
Name Numeral
million
10
6
1 000 000
billion
10
9
1 000 000 000
trillion
10
12
quadrillion
10
15
quintillion
10
18
sextillion
10
21
septillion
10
24
octillion
10
27
nonillion
10
30
decillion
10
33
Apply strategies and reasoning: On the blink
(Work in pairs.)
1 Copy the following table.
2 Get comfortable and relax. Have a partner watch your eyes and count how often you blink
in a minute. Do this twice. Record your results in the table and nd the average.
3 Repeat the experiment with you observing your partner. Record your results.
Trial 1 Trial 2 Average blinks per minute
name
name
In common with all crabs, the
blue swimmer crab (pictured)
cannot blink.
Comparing numbers in scientic notation
4 Calculate how often you each blink in the following period. (Write your answers in
scientic notation, correct to two signicant gures.)
a an hour b a waking day of 16 hours
c a year d an average lifetime of 75 years
5 If a blink takes approximately 0.5 seconds, calculate how long you will each have your
eyes closed in the following periods.
a a minute b an hour c a waking day
d a waking year e an average waking lifetime
Example 26
Two soft-drink manufacturers each claim that their brand is the most popular in the world, based
on last years sales. MAXI KOKE sold 5.2 10
10
cans and KOLA FREE sold 7.9 10
9
cans.
Who do you think sold the most?
Solution
We can check our choice by writing each as an ordinary numeral.
MAXI KOKE: 5.2 10
10
52 000 000 000
KOLA FREE: 7.9 10
9
7 900 000 000
Since 52 000 000 000 > 7 900 000 000, we can say that MAXI KOKE had the most sales.
Note that because the powers of ten are different, they are more important than the 7.9 or the 5.2
in making comparisons.
To compare numbers in scientic notation, rst compare the powers of ten.
If the powers of ten are the same, then compare the numbers between 1 and 10 that are
multiplying the powers of ten.
1 Choose the largest number from each of the following pairs.
a 6 10
8
or 8 10
8
b 4.8 10
3
or 2.7 10
5
c 8.4 10
0
or 1.3 10
7
d 3.6 10
7
or 6.3 10
7
e 9.3 10
9
or 7.6 10
9
f 3.5 10
6
or 9.3 10
2
g 3.04 10
0
or 3.04 10
4
h 4.5 10
5
or 3.7 10
7
i 2 10
15
or 2 10
17
j 6.23 10
2
or 9.7 10
2
2 Write in order:
a 6 10
5
, 6 10
2
, 6 10
3
(smallest to largest)
b 3.8 10
9
, 7.3 10
9
, 5.5 10
9
(largest to smallest)
c 3 10
4
, 3 10
6
, 3 10
5
(lowest to highest)
d 4.1 10
3
, 9.5 10
3
, 6.4 10
3
(highest to lowest)
Exercise 7-11
Example 26
Spreadsheet
7-04
Comparing
scientic
notation
Spreadsheet
7-05
Ordering
scientic
notation
e 3.5 10
0
, 5.3 10
4
, 4.9 10
4
(ascending order)
f 2.1 10
8
, 6.9 10
1
, 4.3 10
4
(descending order)
g 5 10
9
, 6.3 10
2
, 8 10
4
, 9.76 10 (descending order)
3 The following table contains the approximate populations and areas of 10 countries.
a List the countries in descending order of population size.
b List the countries in ascending order of area.
Country Population Area (km
2
)
Australia 2.0 10
7
7.69 10
6
Cambodia 1.3 10
7
1.81 10
5
China 1.3 10
9
9.57 10
6
Indonesia 2.2 10
8
1.90 10
6
Japan 1.3 10
8
3.78 10
5
Lebanon 4.0 10
6
1.02 10
4
New Zealand 3.8 10
6
2.72 10
5
South Africa 4.5 10
7
1.22 10
6
Tonga 9.9 10
4
6.49 10
2
Vietnam 8.0 10
7
3.32 10
5
Hair facts
There are about 1.1 10
5
hairs on your head. Each hair grows at the rate of about
1.3 10
3
cm per hour. A single hair lasts about six years. Every day you lose between 30 and
60 hairs. Each hair grows from a small depression in the skin called a follicle (a gland). After
the hair falls out, the follicle rests for about three to four months before the next hair starts
growing. Hair follicles are either oval, at or round in shape. How straight, wavy or curly your
hair is depends on the shape of your hair follicles.
How many hairs are on all the heads in China?

Curly hair at follicle Wavy hair oval follicle Straight hair round follicle
Just for the record
Calculations in scientic notation
Calculations using the index laws
Scientic notation uses powers of ten, so the index laws can be used to evaluate questions that
involve numbers in scientic (or standard) notation.
Communicating and reasoning: Calculator displays
Scientic notation can be entered and displayed on the calculator.
A calculator display of 3.5
07
means 3.5 10
7
.
1 Enter the following numbers on your calculator (using the key) and then write
down the calculator displays.
a 4.7 10
9
b 3.56 10
15
c 6.7 10
6
d 4.2 10
10
e 2.047 10
4
f 9.8 10
23
Compare your results with those of other students.
2 Write down these calculator displays in scientic notation:
a b c d
3 Dale and Amy were asked to evaluate 7
16
to two signicant gures.
Dale wrote down the answer as 3.3
13
, while Amy wrote the answer as 3.3 10
13
. Which
answer is correct? Explain.
4 Explain the difference between the numerical expressions 5 10
7
and 5
7
. Compare your
work with that of other students in your class.
5 When entering large or small numbers in a spreadsheet on a computer, E-notation is used.
The computer display 6.2E+11 means 6.2 10
11
. Write down these computer displays in
scientic notation:
a 3.5E+18 b 6.2E7 c 4.29E13
EXP
2.7
11
4.02
-05
8.75
09
1.19
-12
Example 27
Use index laws to simplify the following. Give your answers in scientic notation.
a (3 10
4
) (8 10
7
) b (1.2 10
7
) (3 10
3
)
c (5 10
4
)
2
d
Solution
a (3 10
4
) (8 10
7
) (3 8) (10
4
10
7
)
24 10
11
2.4 10
12
b (1.2 10
7
) (3 10
3
)
0.4 10
4
4 10
3
4 10
10
1.2 10
7
3 10
3
----------------------
1
0.4
Using the calculator with scientic notation
The calculator may also be used to evaluate expressions involving scientic notation. To enter
scientic notation into the calculator, you need to use the key.
c (5 10
4
)
2
5
2
(10
4
)
2
25 10
8
2.5 10
9
d
2 10
5
4 10
10
4
1
2
---
10
10
( )
1
2
---
EXP
Example 28
1 Enter each of the following into your calculator.
a 6.2 10
12
b 1.35 10
3
Solution
a 6.2 10
12
Enter: 6.2 12
The calculator display will be , which means 6.2 10
12
(or ).
b 1.35 10
3
Enter: 1.35 3
The calculator display will be (or ).
2 Calculate:
a (4.25 10
7
) (8.2 10
6
) b (1.08 10
15
) (3 10
11
) c (4.9 10
7
)
2
Solution
a Enter: 4.25 7 8.2 6
Calculator display is (or ) .
(4.25 10
7
) (8.2 10
6
) 3.485 10
14
b Enter: 1.08 3 11
Calculator display is (or ) .
(1.08 10
15
) (3 10
11
) 3.6 10
27
c Enter: 4.9 7
Calculator display is (or ).
(4.9 10
7
)
2
2.401 10
15
Evaluate each of these, giving your answers in scientic notation, correct to three signicant
gures.
a (5.7 10
5
) (3.42 10
7
) b (8.2 10
7
)
3
Solution
a (5.7 10
5
) (3.42 10
7
) 19.494 10
12
1.95 10
13
b (8.2 10
7
)
3
5.513 68 10
23
5.51 10
23
EXP
6.2
12
6.2 10
12
EXP ()
1.35
-03
1.35 10
-03
EXP EXP
3.485
14
3.485 10
14
EXP () 15 EXP
3.6
-27
3.6 10
-27
EXP
x
2

2.401
15
2.401 10
15
Example 29
Example 30
Estimate each of the following.
a (4.7 10
5
) (3.2 10
8
) b (8.4 10
12
) (1.93 10
7
)
Solution
a (4.7 10
5
) (3.2 10
8
)
(5 10
5
) (3 10
8
)
15 10
13
1.5 10
14
b (8.4 10
12
) (1.93 10
7
)
4 10
5
8 10
12
2 10
7
--------------------
1 Use the index laws to simplify the following. Give your answers in scientic notation.
a (2 10
3
) (3 10
5
) b (8 10
7
) (4 10
2
)
c (2 10
5
)
3
d
e (4 10
7
) (6 10
8
) f (1 10
8
) (2 10
3
)
g (4 10
3
)
5
h (9 10
5
) (8 10
3
) (4 10
2
)
i (2 10
3
)
2
j (9 10
4
) (3 10
8
)
k (5 10
8
) (2 10
2
)
3
l (4.2 10
5
) (6 10
5
)
2 Find the answers to the following in scientic notation.
a (8.4 10
7
) (3.4 10
8
) b (9.4 10
12
) + (8.3 10
15
)
c (4.9 10
9
) (3.7 10
10
) d (15.75 10
3
) (5 10
7
)
e 24.08 (8 10
8
) f
g (3.2 10
9
)
2
h
i j (7.6 10
3
) (4.5 10
5
) (3 10
8
)
3 Evaluate, giving answers in scientic notation, correct to three signicant gures:
a (5.12 10
5
) (8.3 10
7
) b (2.03 10
35
) + (1.23 10
34
)
c (7.4 10
30
) (3.59 10
29
) d (1.076 10
17
) (2.3 10
11
)
e f (7.5 10
23
) (3.3 10
13
)
g (8.17 10
16
)
3
h
i (7.05 10
3
) (3.9 10
7
) j
4 Estimate each of the following, leaving your answers in scientic notation.
a (5.7 10
3
) (2.3 10
5
) b (8.4 10
5
) (3.7 10
7
)
c (9.1 10
20
) (3.2 10
5
) d (1.6 10
8
)
2
e (7.13 10
10
) (9.8 10
8
) f (1.99 10
11
) (2.01 10
7
)
g (5.85 10
4
) (2.05 10
8
) h (6.3 10
12
) (2.9 10
3
)
9 10
12
3.969 10
19
8 10
-9
3
7.62 10
9
2 10
-4
-------------------------
6.6 10
27
2.69 10
26
3
5.6 10
4
( ) 3.9 10
5
( )
2.3 10
7
( )
------------------------------------------------------------
Exercise 7-12
Example 27
Example 28
Example 29
Worksheet
7-08
Scientic
notation
problems
5 Manals answer to (8.3 10
15
) (5.125 10
17
) was 4.25 10
34
, correct to three signicant
gures.
a Estimate an answer to the calculation.
b Is Manals answer correct? Give reasons.
6 Simplify, giving your answers in scientic notation correct to two signicant gures:
a 595 959 b 1000 3 c 2
20
d 6 11
e 81
1
f 3
10
g 9
9
h (0.75)
5
7 a The human body consists of approximately 6 10
9
cells, and each cell consists of
6.3 10
9
atoms. Roughly how many atoms are there in a human body? (Express your
answer in scientic notation.)
b The Earth is 1.52 10
8
km from the Sun and the speed of light is 3 10
5
km/s. How long
does it take for light to travel from the Sun to Earth? Express your answer in:
i seconds ii minutes.
8 Answer the following in scientic notation, correct to two signicant gures where necessary.
a A telephone directory is 4.5 cm thick. There are 2000 pages in it. Find the thickness, in
millimetres, of one page.
b The Sun burns 6 million tonnes of hydrogen a second. Calculate how many tonnes of
hydrogen it burns in a year (that is, 365 days).
c Sound travels at approximately 330 metres per second. If Mach 1 is the speed of sound,
how fast is Mach 5? Convert your answer to kilometres per second.
d The distance light travels in one year is called a light year. If the speed of light is
approximately 3 10
5
km per second, how far does light travel in one year?
e The nearest star (Alpha Centauri) is 4.3 light years away from Earth. How long would it
take a spaceship travelling from Earth at the speed of light to reach the star?
f In a science ction space movie, Warp 1 is the speed of light. If a starship travels at
Warp 9, which is 9 times the speed of light, how fast is this in metres per second?
g A thunderstorm is occurring 33 km from where you are standing. Use the speed of light
(3 10
5
km per second) and the speed of sound (330 metres per second) to calculate:
i how long the light from the lightning takes to reach you
ii how long the sound from the thunder takes to reach you.
9 a What is the largest number that can be displayed on your calculator?
b What is the smallest?
1
4
---
Applying strategies and reasoning: The reward for inventing chess
(Or How many grains of wheat on the chessboard?)
1 On the rst square of a chessboard there is 1 grain of wheat. On the second square there
are 2 grains of wheat. On the third square there are 4 grains, on the fourth there are
8 grains, and so on.
2 Copy and complete this table.
Number of square on the board 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 10th
Number of grains of wheat 1 2 4 8
3 Look at the number of each square and the number of grains of wheat on it. What is the
connection? Explain it in your own words.
4 How many grains of wheat would be on the:
a 16th square? b 32nd square? c 64th square?
5 If a single grain of wheat weighs 100 mg, how many tonnes of wheat would there be on
the chessboard?
6 If the inventor had asked for 10c coins instead of grains of wheat, how much money
would the king have had to pay?
1 If p 8, q 4 and r 25, evaluate each of the following.
a p
3
b q
4
c r
2
d p
1
e q
2
f g h rq
3
i (rq)
3
j k l pq
2
r
2 Simplify:
a 4
y
4
y
b 3
e
3
e
c 10
x 1
10
x + 1
d 6
x + 2
6
x
e (3
a
)
2
f (3
2
)
a
g 5
n
(5
n
)
2
h (8
x
)
2
8
x
i m m + m m j p p + p p + p p k
3 Write the meaning of each of these:
a b c d e
f g h i j
4 Simplify:
a b c d
e f g h
5 Write each of the following in scientic notation.
a 94.2 10
9
b 0.52 10
3
c 0.004 10
7
d 105 10
4
a 6.7 million b 15.7 million c 57.8 thousand
d 4 billion e 3.2 billion f 127 million
7 Find one set of values for each of a, m and n that would make each of the following equations
true.
a 2 b 3 c 64 d 125
Present the results of the following activities in a written report of 1 to 2 pages.
r
1
2
---
p
1
3
---
q
p
---
,
_
-1
q
p
---
,
_
-2
n
1
2
---
n
1
2
---
n
1
2
---
n
1
2
---
+
16
1
4
---
81
1
4
---
32
1
5
---
128
1
7
---
x
3
4
---
m
2
5
---
k
2
3
---
d
7
10
------
32
1
5
---
y
1
n
---
a
8
( )
1
2
---
16p
8
8y
9 3
27y
15
( )
1
3
---
100g
20
( )
1
2
---
64h
24
( )
1
3
---
n
12 3
64h
15 3
a
m
n
----
a
m
n
----
a
m
n
----
a
m
n
----
Power plus
8 For how many values of a and b does a
b
b
a
?
9 Investigate the solutions of the equation x
n
+ y
n
a
n
for various values of n.
10 The numbers 3, 5, 17, 257 and 65 537 can all be generated by a simple method, using the
numbers 1 and 2 only.
a What is this method? b What is the next number in the sequence?
11 On average:
the heart beats 70 times a minute
the skin sweats 0.3 L of liquid a day
the mouth eats 400 grams of food per meal
the lungs breathe 0.6 m
3
of air an hour
Calculate the total of each of these activities over a lifetime of 70 years (assuming three meals
a day and 365 days in a year). Express your answwers in scientic notation.
12 Investigate the sonic boom that occurs when an aircraft breaks the sound barrier. (Look up the
key terms mach 1 and speed of sound.)
1
4
---
Language of maths
base cube root EXP expanded form
exponent fractional index index indices
integer negative index power radical sign
reciprocal root scientic notation standard notation
square root zero index
1 Choose ve words from the list. Use each word in a sentence to show that you
understand its meaning.
2 Match each term in Column A with the correct term in Column B.
3 The following mathematical words have different meanings when used in subjects
other than mathematics. For each word, write two sentences, one using the word in its
mathematical and one in its its non-mathematical sense.
a base b index c power
4 Explain the difference between a base and a power.
5 What is scientic notation used for?
6 Fill in the missing letters:
a _ o _ e _ b _ x _ _ n _ n _ c _ c _ e _ t _ f _ _
d _ n _ e _ e _ e c _ p _ _ _ a _ f b _ s _
A B
negative power EXP key
standard notation reciprocal
exponent square root, cube root
fractional index index
Worksheet
7-09
Indices
crossword
Topic overview
Write 10 questions (with solutions) that could be used in a test for this chapter. Include some
questions that you have found difcult to answer.
Swap your questions with another student and check their solutions against yours.
List the sections of work in this chapter that you did not understand. Follow up this work with
a friend or your teacher.
Copy and complete the summary of this topic shown below. Have your overview checked by
your teacher to make sure nothing is missing or incorrect.
7 How many times can you nd the word exponent hidden in the puzzle below?
E
X X
P P P
O O O O
N N N N N
E E E E E E
N N N N N N N
T T T T T T T T
INDICES
base
index
or
exponent
or
power
Scientic notation
4 10
2
400
3 10
4
0.0003
9372 9.372 10
3
Zero index
8
0
1
234
0
1
(1.1)
0
1
Negative powers
7
1

2

2

1
7
--
3
4
--
,
_
4
3
--
,
_
16
9
-----

1
10
---------- 10
-
1
2
---
Index laws
1 a
m
a
n
a
m + n
2 a
m
a
n
a
m n
3 (a
m
)
n
a
mn
4 (ab)
n
a
n
b
n
5
6 a
0
1
a
b
--
,
_
n
a
n
b
n
----
,
a
b
--
,
_
-1
b
a
--
a
b
--
,
_
-n
b
a
--
,
_
n
Fractional powers

square root power of cube root power of
8
1
2
---
2 5
1
3
---
5
3
1
2
---
1
3
---

a
1
n
---
a
n
a
m
n
----
a
n
( )
m
a
m
n
1 Write each of the following in index notation.
a 4 4 4 b 6 6 c 10
d x x x x e y y f m n n n
g 7 4 7 7 4 h a b b a i 3 a 3 a a
2 Simplify:
a y
3
y
10
b a a
4
c h
8
h
2
d 3p
2
2p
5
e 3q
3
3q
8
f 5m
7
2m
g 5x
5
3x
3
y h 10x
2
y 3xy
2
i 4ab
4
5a
3
b
3 Simplify:
a 4
20
4
4
b x
8
x
2
c b
12
b
d 10e
15
5e
3
e 20n
9
4n
3
f 24g
8
3g
2
g h i
4 Simplify:
a (a
2
)
4
b (y
5
)
5
c (b)
3
d (2x
3
)
5
e (5r
2
)
3
f (4w
4
)
4
g (a
2
b)
2
h (5a
2
b)
2
i (10g)
3
j k l (3m
3
np
2
)
5
5 Simplify:
a 99
0
b (99)
0
c d
0
d (d)
0
e (pq)
0
f p
0
q
g 5
0
+ (5m)
0
h 15x
0
+ (15x)
0
i 4 (9p)
0
6 Write each of the following with a positive index.
a 8
1
b 8
2
c (9m)
1
d m
5
e y
1
f y
2
g y
3
h (3x)
1
i 3x
1
7 Write each of the following using either or .
a b c d e
f g h i
a b c d
9 Evaluate , correct to two decimal places.
Chapter 7 Review
Ex 7-01
Ex 7-02
Ex 7-03
p
6
q
3
p
2
q
2
-----------
36a
8
b
3
4a
4
b
-----------------
100x
2
y
4
5xy
2
--------------------
Ex 7-04
m
4
w
5
------
,

_
5
2a
7
e
--------
,
_
4
Ex 7-05
Ex 7-06
Ex 7-07
3
64
1
2
---
64
1
3
---
-
1
8
---
,
_
1
3
---
q
15
( )
1
3
---
p
10
( )
1
2
---
2q ( )
1
3
---
4a
4
( )
1
2
---
xy ( )
1
3
---
8k ( )
1
2
---
Ex 7-08
125d
15
( )
4
3
---
16y
20
( )
1
4
---
32x
8
( )
2
5
---
p
3
v
6
-----
,

_
2
3
---
Ex 7-08 40
3
5
---
Topic test
Chapter 7
10 The value of is:
A 243 B 81 C 9 D 3
11 The value of is:
A 19.2 B 8 C D
12 Simplify:
a b c
d e f
g h i
j k l
13 Evaluate each of the following.
a + b c
a 55 000 b 0.55 c 250 000
d 0.000 25 e 8 f 0.000 000 000 08
15 Write each of the following in decimal form.
a 8.1 10
3
b 6 10
7
c 3.075 10
0
d 8.1 10
3
e 6 10
7
f 3.075 10
2
16 Arrange the numbers in each of these sets in ascending order:
a 6.8 10
7
, 3.5 10
7
, 7.5 10
7
b 3 10
3
, 9 10
8
, 4 10
0
c 4.4 10
3
, 5.7 10
7
, 3.1 10
1
17 Evaluate each of the following, giving your answers in scientic notation correct to two
signicant gures.
a (3.65 10
22
) (7.4 10
8
) b (1.44 10
10
) (3.6 10
4
)
c (5 10
5
)
3
d (6.25 10
8
)
18 Evaluate, giving your answers in scientic notation correct to two signicant gures.
a (3 10
8
)
3
(2.8 10
5
) b
c (8.4 10
3
)
2
(4.8 10
7
) d (5.64 10
20
)
e 9068 (0.000 35)
2
f (8.1 10
3
)
2
g h
Ex 7-08 27
4
3
---
Ex 7-09 32
-
3
5
---
1
8
---
1
8
---
Ex 7-09
16p
4
( )
3
4
---
-64n
12 3
625w
16
( )
3
4
---
32h
10
( )
-
2
5
---
-8x
9
( )
5
3
---
-27m
9
n
3
( )
-
2
3
---
1000c
6
d
9
( )
4
3
---
32a
4
b
6
( )
2
5
---
256k
8
m
4 4
625a
8
( )
-3
4
-27d
12
h
3
( )
5
3
---
32b
15 5
Ex 7-09
64
-
2
3
---
4
-
1
2
---
-32 ( )
3
5
---
-8 ( )
4
3
---
9
3
2
---
36
-
3
2
---
Ex 7-10
Ex 7-10
Ex 7-11
Ex 7-12
1
2
---
Ex 7-12
7 10
8
( ) 3.4 10
5
( )
5
3
---
3.6 10
-9
3
9.7 10
5
( ) 1.3 10
8
( )
5.75 10
-3
( )
2
------------------------------------------------------------
1
1.57 10
8
-----------------------------

Chapter 07 New Century Maths

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