Master of Business Administration- MBA Semester 4 MI0040 Technology Management -4 Credits (Book ID: B1326)

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Master of Business Administration- MBA Semester 4 MI0040 Technology Management -4 Credits (Book ID: B1326)

1) Define the term technology. Write a short note on evolution and growth of technology.
Technology is derived from the Greek word technologia in which "techne" means craft and "Logia" means saying. On the whole, technology means having the knowledge of making something. The term technology refers to knowledge, processes or products of technological activities, According to the context in which it is used and the term management refers to the act of getting people together to achieve a specific goal. Management refers to the process of planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling the activities in an organization. Thus, we can say that management of technology/technology management includes the factor of technology in all the activities like planning, organizing, resourcing and leading the organization. Evolution and Growth of Technology In the previous section, we learnt about the concept and meaning of technology. Now, we will discuss about the evolution of technology, before going to the other topics about technology. The history of technology dates back to the time when humans were able to prepare some simple tools with easily available natural resources. History indicates that the advancement in technology had a major leap with the invention of the wheel. From the invention of the wheel, much usage of the technology has started. The technology in all the fields has grown to a larger extent and now we can see the technology involved in almost all the things we use in our daily life. We know that there are some advanced technologies at present which include the printing press, telephone and Internet which have helped us to communicate all over the globe. Till now we have mainly concentrated on technology management in general. Now let us learn about technology management in India. Technology management in India The Government of India is mainly focusing on the development of science and technology in the present world. The Indian industries are operating under the controlled and regulated economy. The technology management is generally lacking at the enterprise level except a few enterprises. There are many Indian companies which are able to develop and produce the internationally competitive products. The companies which use different kinds of technologies, and are excelling today, in India are the Punjab tractors, Tata automobiles, amul food and certain drug and chemical industries. In the same way, there are many Research and Development (R&D) institutions which have developed and commercialized the technologies in the areas of drugs, chemicals, food technology, and computer software. The productivity of the Indian industries largely depends on the technologies that are imported. Most of the technologies that are used in the Indian industries are cost effective. In July 1991, government of India introduced the new industrial policy that mainly focused international competitiveness, quality, efficiency and exports. This helped in the change in operating environment of the Indian industry. Because of this, very well planned technologies were developed at the enterprise level. These days, the companies are paying more attention on technology in order to be more competitive in the business market. It is not only the large scale industries that require the technology

Master of Business Administration- MBA Semester 4 MI0040 Technology Management -4 Credits (Book ID: B1326)
management; even the small scale industries also need a technology management to face the competitive world of today

2) Citing an example, state and explain the reasons that compel a company to go for the new technology.
Reasons Compelling a Company for Obtaining a New Technology The use of new technologies plays an important role in the industry. Whenever a company wants to adapt the new technologies, it has to make decisions related to the acquisition of the technology. The company has to see the experience of its R&D for the actual need of acquiring the knowledge. The acquisition of technology becomes critical when the market lead time and competition is more. The following explains the reasons that compel the company for technology acquisition. Technology acquisition helps to bridge the gap in technology, in the developing countries like India. The fastest way of bridging the technology gap is through collaborations. Acquiring the technology from outside company is more costly than acquiring technology from the R&D of the same company. It will be better, if we develop the new technologies from the in-house R&D. The dependence of the company on the collaboration is bad and we should have the self-reliance in the company every time. Technology acquisition depends on the policy environment. Sometimes the economic policies do not allow the foreign countries to sell their goods and services in the domestic market. In such times, the foreign companies can get the financial returns only through the collaboration and selling the raw materials and components. Technology acquisition is the process by which a company acquires the rights to use and exploit a technology for the purpose of improving or renewing processes, products or services. It does not include retailed or mass market off the shelf software which is generally governed by nonnegotiable "shrink wrapped" licenses. Technology acquisition is mainly designed for business-tobusiness technology acquisition. In few cases, technology comes from a university or research organization. The origin of the technology can take place in any area but it has to be tested, proven and ready to use Technology acquisition helps for enhancing the productivity of an organization. The company planning for technology acquisition has to make the agreement between the two companies and even the details of the costs are also present as part of the application.

3) Briefly describe the concept of technology choice. List and explain the steps involved in technology assessment process.
Choice of technology has significant involvement in growth and productivity of an organization. The use of technology is always related to an objective. Because we can use different types of technologies to realize an organizations goals, but the issue of choice arises. The effective choice depends on previously decided measures for a technology's conference specified requirements. In addition, it depends on the ability to identify and evaluate opportunities in different technologies. The expected result is that the organization will go for the most "appropriate" technology (AT) in this situation. The technology choice in the framework of society and its creation is the idea of imaginary assumptions and are the key sources of meaning in social and cultural life. Imaginary assumptions can be

Master of Business Administration- MBA Semester 4 MI0040 Technology Management -4 Credits (Book ID: B1326)
considered as conscious or unconscious symbolic representation of human actions in the creation of meaningful and sense making ideas. Symbolic representation proposes implications which require perceptions of not only the real or rational, but also an additional imaginary component. This eventually comes from the original ability of positing or presenting oneself with things and associations that do not exist and have never been given in any depiction. The social world is, in every situation, constituted and expressed as a function of such a system of implications. These implications exist after they have been formed, in the method of what we call the actual imaginary or the imagined. These imaginary designs play an important role in modeling the choice of symbolic representation constituted by the world, and especially the choice of its organizational symbolism as well as the ends to which it supports functionality. In the perspective of technology choice, we can say that imaginary implications are the result of both rational technology based economic behavior and complex imaginary struggles that emerge at various points and in many shapes by providing archives of meaning about the content of technology and its application. These implications and dominant interests are reflected in the shape and functioning of technology in imaginary practice. This is an imaginary field which individuals and institutions create in order to maintain and show representations and projections of possible alternative realities and ideas of possible fate related to the content and application of a technology. Because of this balance between the assumed, the real and the imaginary components of these implications, the technology and its choice encloses not only the preferred technology based economic implications of the technology itself, but also the engraved imaginaries of technology in society, work, and institutions. For example, the acquirement of certain technologies can simultaneously provide verification of membership of certain social groups, indicate cherished relationships and include imaginaries about knowledge practices, expertise and relations to other actors by encouraging new aspects of subjectivity. Technology Assessment Process: We can say that the process of technology assessment comprises of recurring cycles of planning, data gathering, and reporting results. We can classify these three cycles into nine steps, as given in the figure Technology assessment has been defined as a form of policy research that assesses short-term and long-term results of the application of technology. Instructional technology assessment involves recurring cycles of planning, gathering data, and reporting. It is good to plan the technology assessment at the same time we coordinate the technology introduction, so that we can take necessary steps such as collection of baseline data. Figure explains the technology assessment process.

Master of Business Administration- MBA Semester 4 MI0040 Technology Management -4 Credits (Book ID: B1326)

Technology Assessment Process

1. Description of technology and context: In the first step of technology assessment, we must describe the technology we are going to use, in terms of the function or intention or purpose of the technology, its possible affects, and the resources that are required. 2. Identification of stakeholders and their requirements: In the second step of technology assessment process, we identify the stakeholders, and their requirements, that is, their needs. Identification of their needs will help us to aim attention at the technology assessment process, so that we can get good results. 3. Identification of the purpose of assessment: This is the third step of technology assessment process. In this step, we identify the purpose of the assessment of technology. This will help us in determining the procedure of conducting the assessment. 4. Identification of the intended uses of the assessment: In this fourth step of technology assessment process, we identify the intended uses of the assessment. We can define intended uses as the particular ways in which the results of the assessment will be applied. 5. Creation of an assessment plan: This is the fifth step in the process of technology assessment, in which, we create a plan for the technology assessment. This plan is an elaborated description of the procedure of implementation of the assessment, which comprises of the identification of resources existing for the implementation of the plan, information to be gathered, method(s) to be used for research, description of the roles and responsibilities of the stakeholders those were identified in step 2, and time duration for the accomplishment of the tasks.

Master of Business Administration- MBA Semester 4 MI0040 Technology Management -4 Credits (Book ID: B1326)
6. Data gathering: This is the sixth step in the process of technology assessment. In this step, we gather data as per the assessment plan. Data gathering comprises of the indicators, sources of the data to be gathered, and methods to use, information quality and quantity, and the relevance in which the data gathering occurs. 7. Analysis of data: After gathering the data as per the assessment plan, analysis of that data takes place. This analysis of data covers the identification of patterns in the data, either by isolating the significant findings (analysis) or by combining information sources to reach a larger understanding (synthesis), and making decisions about the procedure to organize, divide, interrelate, compare, and display information. We guide these decisions by the questions being asked, the types of data existing, and input from the stakeholders. 8. Making conclusions and recommendations: After analysis of gathered data, we made conclusions and recommendations wherever needed. Whatever conclusions we made, connected to the proof gathered and verified against agreed-upon standards set by stakeholders. And, the recommendations we made are the actions for consideration that are based on the conclusions we made, but go beyond simple verifications about efficacy or interpretation of the proof gathered. 9. Reporting results: This is the final step in the process of technology assessment. In this step, we report the results of the assessment. We must consider some factor while reporting the results. These factors are: - Creating a report content for the audience. - Describing the aim of the study and its limitations. - Listing both the strengths and weaknesses of the technology.

4) Write a short note on technology strategy. Explain in brief about the innovation management.
Let us first understand the concept technology strategy. We know that a strategy is a long term view that describes a high level framework. This high level framework describes where the organization needs to be in the future years. We can define technology strategy as a planning document that explains how technology should be utilized as part of an organizations overall business strategy. The document is usually created by an organizations technology manager and should be designed to support the organizations overall business plan. Most of the organizations use technologies in product and services generation, but all the organizations will not gain the positive competitive advantage from the technologies. There are many factors in competition; and technology is only one factor among them. Yet, some firms effectively use technology as competitive advantage, and others do not. One important factor in the successful use of technology is the role of general management in technology strategy. In particular, it has been managements ability to foster corporate core technical competencies. The central idea here is that a business can be developed around a long-term, consistent focus on a core technological competency. What it means, is to have a core corporate technical competency, to lead in both innovating new-technology products and improving

Master of Business Administration- MBA Semester 4 MI0040 Technology Management -4 Credits (Book ID: B1326)
manufacturing quality and lowering cost of these products. With this, not only products can be improved, but also manufacturing process can be improved in future generations of technology. Technology strategy and management After studying the meaning of technology strategy, let us learn about the relationship between the technology strategy and management. The role of management in building competitive advantage for an organization depends on the technology strategy. It is better to understand the intended strategy of general management. We can see that there are three aspects of relationship between the management and technology strategy. These are: The view of management of the impact of general management on the business and business strategy. The management checks whether there is any chance of discerning the technology strategy. The management checks whether there is any chance of discerning particular orientation towards new markets, developing superior products and pursuing learning curve and cost leadership. The managers play an important role in the decision making process of the technology. The decision making process involves many problems in sustaining and building competitive advantage. In the case of competitive markets, technology intensity introduces the layer of complexity. Elements of an accessible technology strategy Till now we have seen how the technology strategy and the management are related. Now, we will study about the elements of an accessible strategy. The accessible technology strategy defines how the technology fits within the organization. This is mainly helpful in integrating the technology into the business plan and business. It also makes sure that the accessible technology strategy is aligned with the business needs. An accessible technology strategy includes some elements. We will now have a brief discussion on the elements Vision statement: This involves the creation of a unique statement that defines the role of accessible technology in the organization and how it supports the organizations overall vision of accessible technology objectives. We have to restate the accessible technology vision, if the organizational vision already provides the foundation for creating accessible objectives. Objectives: The objectives define the success metrics and clarify the details of vision statement. The objectives use the vision of the accessible technology. Expenses and budget: This involves the clarification that is done in regard to the expenses, and describes the funding resources. This explains which expenses should become a part of overall technology purchase, and which should come under a separate budget. Some organizations include the assistive technology product costs in the main centralized accommodation budget, and some companies deduct these

Master of Business Administration- MBA Semester 4 MI0040 Technology Management -4 Credits (Book ID: B1326)
expenses from the individual technology budgets of each department. It is important for us to clarify the budget decisions and see that the funds are allocated appropriately. Ownership: The ownership defines the responsibilities of the team members in the project. The ownership also plans the execution of the project. There should be one committee to see whether the execution of the plan is moving correctly or not. Innovation Management We can define innovation management as the systematic processes that help the organizations in developing new and improved products, services and business processes. This involves the use of creative ideas of an organizations employees that brings new innovations to the market place, quickly and efficiently. In business, innovation should not be only limited to the big ground breaking ideas, creative workshops and product based companies. Innovation is often small, incremental changes to products, services and processes. The innovation involves all the managers from different departments. This needs to be planned and managed as a core business covering all parts of a business. This needs to be integrated at the strategic and operational levels. The activities of the innovation need to be driven by the strategy and current business imperatives. The successful innovation culture consists of all the aspects of a business, and these aspects have to be managed effectively and efficiently like any other core business. Innovation can be built into business, at three levels. The three levels are the annual business planning process, quarterly innovation and day-to-day activities. Innovation is managed through some sort of platform or application. There are two types of innovation tools that are, an electronic suggestion scheme, and a management system controlling the innovation process. The management of the innovation system needs to be given to the senior management to control the overall system of innovation. The best practices and tools are applied consistently and appropriately across the organization. Any platform should encourage for the learning activity as a core feature. Installing the innovation culture in any of the company has leaders and teams with ability and commitment. In order to create culture of continuous innovation, the organization requires leadership and commitment from the senior management team. The management team also sees that some staff members in the organization are rewarded for the innovative ideas they put in. The senior management needs to encourage the innovative ideas from the staff.

5) What is Research and Development (R&D), and how is it managed? Explain the different categories of Intellectual Property Management.
Research and Development also known as R&D, is typically the creation and execution of new product ideas. The research part of R&D refers to the planning and examining stage of creating a new product or upgrading an existing product. The development part involves the process of designing and testing the effectiveness of the new product or product improvement. Research and development management has transformed from the back office work to center stage, to a leading force, becoming a key part of business success. Those days have passed, when a good R&D manager required only technical knowledge. The need for growth, the search for new ideas and new ways of doing things, and growing competitive pressures has changed the R&D operation into one of

Master of Business Administration- MBA Semester 4 MI0040 Technology Management -4 Credits (Book ID: B1326)
the major strategic requirement. This new responsibility has drastically changed relationships with other business operations, such as production, marketing, and finance. R&D management involves the process and methods used to control the amount of funds and effort invested in research and development (R&D) projects. The key concepts used in R&D management include supervising committees, cost management, project management and product life cycle management. R&D management is generally viewed in the manufacturing, scientific and product development sectors. Companies in these industries must dedicate resources to research and development as part of a long-term management strategy. The first process of R&D management is to determine which projects to carry forward. For example, a pharmaceutical company can evaluate the market for hair shampoo that fights dandruffs and decide that there is adequate consumer interest in the product to make it profitable. The R&D management team will then review the possibilities and inform the scientists to explore the possible solutions. The product development team presents the product manager with a project layout, complete with the estimated cost and time required to develop the product. The product manager will discuss the plan with the supervisor or R&D management committee. After review and approval, the product development work can begin. Even though there are multiple stages of this process, it ensures senior management assistance for all initiatives as well as a proper understanding of the costs and the time line for each project. Cost accounting is a key feature of any R&D management system. Under a cost accounting system, every new project or activity is assigned to a cost center. All equipment, provisions and material costs related to the project are charged to this account. In addition, employees monitor the time spent on the project so that the remuneration and benefit costs also are charged to the cost account. The reason for this type of accounting is to have a proper record of the amount of money spent on a specific project at any point in time. As a function of an R&D management system, project management processes are used to create a time line, schedule resources and set goals. A clearly defined project has more chances to be successfully completed than one with unclear requirements and no deadlines. A project management plan gives a higher quality output in a shorter time frame Intellectual Property Management: Intellectual property is related to the ideas created in the mind, such as, innovations, content and artistic creations, and symbols, names, pictures, and designs used in business. We can classify intellectual property as industrial property, which comprises of patents, trademarks, industrial designs, and geographic implications of source; and Copyright, which includes content and artistic works such as novels, poems and plays, films, musical works, artistic works such as drawings, paintings, images and sculptures, and constructive designs. A copyright includes the rights of artists performances, producers of syllable in their recordings, radio broadcasting and television programs. Different categories of intellectual property management: Patents: This category is related to the management of patents. We can define a patent as a special license granted by the government of a country, to the owner of an invention, to create, use, produce and market the invention, provided the invention satisfies certain conditions prescribed in the law.

Master of Business Administration- MBA Semester 4 MI0040 Technology Management -4 Credits (Book ID: B1326)
Special license means that no one else can produce or market the invention without the permission of the patent holder. This license is available for a limited period of time. In spite of the possession of the license, the use or exploitation of the license by the owner of the patent may not be possible due to other stringent laws of the country which has granted the patent. These laws may relate to physical condition, safety, food, security, and so on. Also, existing patents in the same field may also come in the way. A patent according to law is a property right, and therefore, can be gifted, inherited, allocated, sold or licensed by others. As the right is granted by the government, it can also be withdrawn by the government under some very special conditions, even if the patent has been inherited or licensed or produced or marketed by someone else. The patent right is regional in nature, and companies will have to apply for separate patent petitions in countries of their interest, along with required amount, for obtaining patents in those countries. Trademark: A trademark is a unique symbol or logo, which identifies certain commodities or services as the ones manufactured or used by some other person or organization. Trademarks may be single or collection of words, letters, and numerals. They may also consist of pictures, symbols, letters, threedimensional designs, such as, shape and wrapping of goods, or colors used as distinctive feature. Collective symbols are reserved by an alliance, whose members use them to recognize themselves with a level of class. International Certification grades are provided to companies for compliance with the defined standards (example ISO 9000.) formulated by international institutes and governments. A trademark is given to the owner of the mark by providing the exclusive right to use it for identification of goods or services, or to allow others to use it in return for some considerable amount. Copyrights: Copyright is a right, which is given for creating an original content or theatrical or musical or artistic work. Motion films, containing sound track and videos and recordings on discs, tapes, perforated roll or other equipments come under copyrights act. Computer programs and software are covered under intellectual works, and are protected in India under copyrights. Copyright provides protection for the expression of an idea and not for the idea itself. For example, many authors write textbooks on chemistry covering various topics like molecules, heat, compounds and so on. Although these topics are covered in several other books by different authors, each author will have a copyright on the book written by him / her, unless the book is not a copy of some other book published previously. India is a member of the Berne Convention, an international agreement on copyright. According to this standard, registration of copyright is not an important requirement for protecting the right. Hence, it means that the copyright on a work created in India, would be automatically and concurrently protected under copyright, in all the member countries of the Berne Convention. But still, it is a good idea to include a copyright notice.

Industrial design: An industrial design is the decorative or artistic aspect of an article. The design can have three-dimensional characteristics, such as, the shape and composition of an article, or twodimensional characteristics, such as pattern and decoration. The design characteristics should be incorporated to an object by any industrial process or any means through which the features in the finished object are attractive.

Master of Business Administration- MBA Semester 4 MI0040 Technology Management -4 Credits (Book ID: B1326)

6) Explain the implementation of new technology. Briefly describe the automation decisions.
Technology should become self-evident that each technology assessment should answer the question does this technology intrude in any way upon the problem areas of technology? If so, is the impact beneficial or, if it not, can the technology be altered so as to make a more positive contribution to the solution of a problem? And if that is not possible, can the negative impact be used in a better way? Or should the technology be dropped? The effects of activities that are not addressed for in the common area of transactions need to be considered in the decision making processes. All these effects should be identified, assessed, and evaluated against the economic advantages rising from a given activity. Here, the environmental impact assessment is considered to be the vital process as they provide a way to humankind to consider the effects of their activities on the environment. There is economic development because of the association of natural resources and technology maintained by us and designed for us. It is us who are in the centre for development. Hence it is said that all human activity whether it is economic, social, or anything else is basically to fulfil the requirements of us through modifying and using environmental resources. Environmental impact analysis: We can define environment impact analysis or assessment as an activity to identify, predict, interpret, and pass information about the impact of an activity on humans health and well-being. The following are the EIA process steps: 1. The first step is to make a fast examination of the basic environmental resources land, air, and water. This is done at a macro level where the project is to be located. The scanning is performed to evaluate the amount of fragility and exploitation of the resource base. The project and regional environment is then related. 2. 3. 4. The second step is to separate the project zone. The third step is to identify, assess, and define all the environmental attributes. The fourth step is to rank environmental resources by their fragility, significance and quality.

5. The fifth step to carry out review on every aspect of effects of the proposed project on the identified individual environmental resources available in the project zone. 6. 7. The sixth step is to categories the effects in a systematic order. The seventh step is to prepare remedial plans for diminishing negative effects.

Master of Business Administration- MBA Semester 4 MI0040 Technology Management -4 Credits (Book ID: B1326)