Atoms, Molecules and Ions

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Daltons Atomic Theory (1808)

1. ! All atoms of a "i#en element are identical, ha#in" the same si$e, mass and chemical properties The atoms of one element are different from the atoms of all other elements 3. Compounds are composed of atoms of more than one element In any compound, the ratio of the num%ers of atoms of any t&o of the elements present is either an inte"er or a simple fraction ' A chemical reaction in#ol#es only the separation, com%ination, or rearran"ement of atoms( it does not result in their creation or destruction
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Elements are composed of extremely small particles called atoms

Daltons Atomic Theory

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+ 8Y 8 X2Y
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16 X

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) ) Thomson, measured mass*char"e of e+ (1,0- .o%el /ri$e in /hysics)
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0athode 1ay Tu%e

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Thomsons char"e*mass of e+ 2 +1 3- x 108 0*" e- mass 2 , 10 x 10+!8 "

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Measured mass of e+

(1,!4 .o%el /ri$e in /hysics)

e- char"e 2 +1 -0 x 10+1, 0

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(Uranium compound)
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(1,08 .o%el /ri$e in 0hemistry)

1 atoms positi#e char"e is concentrated in the nucleus ! proton (p) has opposite (5) char"e of electron (+) 4 mass of p is 18'0 x mass of e+ (1 -3 x 10+!' ")
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particle #elocity 6 1 ' x 103 m*s (678 speed of li"ht)

Rutherfords Model of the Atom

nuclear radius 6 7 x 10+4 pm 2 7 x 10+17 m

9If the atom is the :ouston Astrodome, then the nucleus is a mar%le on the 70+yard line ;

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atomic radius 6 100 pm 2 1 x 10+10 m

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0had&ic<s =xperiment (1,4!)

(1,47 .o%le /ri$e in /hysics)

neutron (n) is neutral (char"e 2 0) n mass 6 p mass 2 1 -3 x 10+!' "

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5 ,>e
1

: atoms + 1 p( :e atoms + ! p mass :e*mass : should 2 ! measured mass :e*mass : 2 '

n 5 1!0 5 ener"y

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mass p 2 mass n 2 18'0 x mass e+

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Atomic number, Mass number and Isotopes

Atomic number (?) 2 num%er of protons in nucleus

Isotopes are atoms of the same element (@) &ith different num%ers of neutrons in their nuclei
Mass .um%er

Atomic .um%er

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A ?@ 1 1: ! 1:

Mass number (A) 2 num%er of protons 5 num%er of neutrons 2 atomic num%er (?) 5 num%er of neutrons

=lement Bym%ol

(D)

4 1:

(T)
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!47 ,!

!48 ,!

The Isotopes of ydro!en

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Do Cou Anderstand IsotopesD

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:o& many protons, neutrons, and electrons are

1' in - 0 D

- protons, 8 (1' + -) neutrons, - electrons :o& many protons, neutrons, and electrons are
11 in - 0 D

- protons, 7 (11 + -) neutrons, - electrons

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:alo"en

Eroup

Al<ali =arth Metal Al<ali Metal

/eriod

!'

.o%le Eas

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0hemistry In Action
.atural a%undance of elements in =arths crust

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.atural a%undance of elements in human %ody

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A molecule is an a""re"ate of t&o or more atoms in a definite arran"ement held to"ether %y chemical forces

:!

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:!F .:4 :!, .!, F!, >r!, :0l, 0F F4, :!F, .:4, 0:'

0:'

A diatomic molecule contains only t&o atoms

A polyatomic molecule contains more than t&o atoms

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An ion is an atom, or "roup of atoms, that has a net positi#e or ne"ati#e char"e

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11 protons 11 electrons 13 protons 13 electrons

cation G ion &ith a positi#e char"e If a neutral atom loses one or more electrons it %ecomes a cation .a .a
5

11 protons 10 electrons

anion G ion &ith a ne"ati#e char"e If a neutral atom !ains one or more electrons it %ecomes an anion 0l 0l
+

13 protons 18 electrons !7

A monatomic ion contains only one atom

A polyatomic ion contains more than one atom F:+, 0.+, .:'5, .F4+

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.a5, 0l+, 0a!5, F!+, Al45, .4+

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Do Cou Anderstand IonsD

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:o& many protons and electrons are in

!3 45 14 Al

14 protons, 10 (14 G 4) electrons :o& many protons and electrons are in

38 !+ 4' Be D

4' protons, 4- (4' 5 !) electrons

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!-

An empirical formula sho&s the simplest &hole+num%er ratio of the atoms in a su%stance molecular :!F 0-:1!FF4 .!:' empirical :!F 0:!F F .:!
!-

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A molecular formula sho&s the exact num%er of atoms of each element in the smallest unit of a su%stance

ionic compounds consist of a com%ination of cations and an anions

H the sum of the char"es on the cation(s) and anion(s) in each formula unit must eIual $ero

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H the formula is al&ays the same as the empirical formula

The ionic compound .a0l

!-

Jormula of Ionic 0ompounds

! x 54 2 54 x +! 2 +-

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Al45 Al!F4 F!+
1 x 5! 2 5! ! x +1 2 +!

0a!5

0a>r!

>r-

1 x 5! 2 5!

1 x +! 2 +!

.a5

.a!0F4

0F4!!-

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0hemical .omenclature
G often a metal 5 nonmetal G anion (nonmetal), add 9ide; to element name

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>a0l! K!F M"(F:)! K.F4

H Ionic "ompounds

%arium chloride ma"nesium hydroxide

potassium oxide

potassium nitrate

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H Transition metal ionic compounds

Je0l! Je0l4 0r!B4

! 0l+ +! so Je is 5! 4 0l+ +4 so Je is 54

4 B+! +- so 0r is 54 (-*!) chromium(III) sulfide

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G indicate char"e on metal &ith 1oman numerals

iron(II) chloride

iron(III) chloride

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H Molecular compounds

H :!F, .:4, 0:', 0-0

H element further left in periodic ta%le is 1st H element closest to %ottom of "roup is 1st H if more than one compound can %e formed from the same elements, use prefixes to indicate num%er of each <ind of atom H last element ends in ide

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H nonmetals or nonmetals 5 metalloids H common names

Molecular "ompounds

.J4 BF! .!0l' .F! .!F

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nitro"en trifluoride sulfur dioxide nitro"en dioxide dinitro"en monoxide

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hydro"en iodide

dinitro"en tetrachloride TF@I0! Lau"hin" Gas

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An acid can %e defined as a su%stance that yields hydro"en ions (:5) &hen dissol#ed in &ater

An oxoacid is an acid that contains hydro"en, oxy"en, and another element :.F4 :!0F4 :!BF' nitric acid

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car%onic acid sulfuric acid

:0l H/ure su%stance, hydro"en chloride HDissol#ed in &ater (:5 0l-), hydrochloric acid

:.F4

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.aF: KF: >a(F:)!

A base can %e defined as a su%stance that yields hydroxide ions (F:-) &hen dissol#ed in &ater sodium hydroxide potassium hydroxide %arium hydroxide

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Hydrates are compounds that ha#e a specific num%er of &ater molecules attached to them

Li0lH:!F

M"BF'H3:!F

Br(.F4)! H':!F

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>a0l!H!:!F

%arium chloride dihydrate lithium chloride monohydrate

ma"nesium sulfate heptahydrate

strontium nitrate tetrahydrate

0uBF'H7:!F

0uBF'
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Organic chemistry is the %ranch of chemistry that deals &ith car%on compounds

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: 0 : .:!

#unctional $roups
: 0 : acetic acid F 0 F: : :

: : 0 : methanol

F:

methylamine

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