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Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions

Mic&o 'o&ld atoms ( molecules

Mac&o 'o&ld g&ams

Atomic mass is the mass of an atom in atomic mass units $amu%

By definition: 1 atom 12C weighs 12 amu On this scale

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1 1#

H = 1 !!" amu O = 1# !! amu

)1

*atu&al lithium is: + ,2- #.i $# !1/ amu% 02 /"- +.i $+ !1# amu%

Average atomic mass of lithium:

+ ,2 1 # !1/ 2 02 /" 1 + !1# = # 0,1 amu 1!!
)1

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Pe U rs se o n W al IS u EL se Y on !!! ly .

34e&age atomic mass $# 0,1%

5he mole (mol) is the amount of a su6stance that contains as many elementa&y entities as the&e a&e atoms in e1actly 12 !! g&ams of 12C 1 mol = NA = # !221)#+ 1 1!2) 34ogad&o7s num6e& $NA)
)2

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eggs Molar mass is the mass of 1 mole of shoes in g&ams ma&6les atoms 1 mole 12C atoms = # !22 1 1!2) atoms = 12 !! g 1 12C atom = 12 !! amu

1 mole lithium atoms = # 0,1 g of .i 8o& any element

atomic mass $amu% = mola& mass $g&ams%

)2

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1 mole 12C atoms = 12 !! g 12C

Cu Hg 8e
)2

One Mole of:

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1 amu = 1 ## 1 1!:2, g o& 1 g = # !22 1 1!2) amu

M = mola& mass in g;mol NA = 34ogad&o7s num6e&

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1 12C atom 12 !! g 1 ## 1 1!:2, g 1 = 2) 12 12 !! amu # !22 1 1! C atoms 1 amu

)2

=o >ou ?nde&stand Mola& Mass@

1 mol < # !22 1 1!2) atoms < ! //1 g < 1 1 = 1 mol < )0 1! g < " ,0 1 1!21 atoms <

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1 mol < = )0 1! g <

How many atoms a&e in ! //1 g of potassium $<% @

1 mol < = # !22 1 1!2) atoms <

)2

Molecular mass $o& molecula& weight% is the sum of the atomic masses $in amu% in a molecule

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19 2O 9O2 8o& any molecule

)2 !+ amu

9O2

2 2 1 1# !! amu #, !+ amu

molecula& mass $amu% = mola& mass $g&ams% 1 molecule 9O2 = #, !+ amu 1 mole 9O2 = #, !+ g 9O2
))

=o >ou ?nde&stand Molecula& Mass@

1 mol C)H"O = $) 1 12% 2 $" 1 1% 2 1# = #! g C)H"O 1 mol C)H"O molecules = " mol H atoms 1 mol H = # !22 1 1!2) atoms H
1 mol C)H"O " mol H atoms # !22 1 1!2) H atoms +2 / g C)H"O 1 1 1 = 1 mol C)H"O 1 mol H atoms #! g C)H"O

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/ "2 1 1!2, atoms H

How many H atoms a&e in +2 / g of C)H"O @

))

Formula mass is the sum of the atomic masses $in amu% in a fo&mula unit of an ionic compound

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1*a *aCl

22 00 amu

1Cl 2 )/ ,/ amu *aCl /" ,, amu

8o& any ionic compound

fo&mula mass $amu% = mola& mass $g&ams% 1 fo&mula unit *aCl = /" ,, amu 1 mole *aCl = /" ,, g *aCl
))

=o >ou ?nde&stand 8o&mula Mass@

1 fo&mula unit of Ca)$AO,%2 ) Ca 2A "O ) 1 ,! !" 2 1 )! 0+

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2 " 1 1# !! )1! 1" amu

'hat is the fo&mula mass of Ca)$AO,%2 @

))

<B = 1;2 1 m 1 42 4 = $2 1 <B;m%1;2 8=C141B

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.ight Hea4y .ight Hea4y

),

Percent composition of an element in a compound =

n is the num6e& of moles of the element in 1 mole of the compound

2 1 $12 !1 g% 1 1!!- = /2 1,,# !+ g # 1 $1 !!" g% -H = 1 1!!- = 1) 1),# !+ g 1 1 $1# !! g% -O = 1 1!!- = ), +),# !+ g -C =

C2H#O

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n 1 mola& mass of element 1 1!!mola& mass of compound

/2 1,- 2 1) 1)- 2 ), +)- = 1!! !)/

Ae&cent Composition and Bmpi&ical 8o&mulas

=ete&mine the empi&ical fo&mula of a compound that has the following pe&cent composition 6y mass: < 2, +/D Mn ), ++D O ,! /1 pe&cent

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nMn = ), ++ g Mn 1 nO = ,! /1 g O 1

1 mol < n< = 2, +/ g < 1 = ! #))! mol < )0 1! g < 1 mol Mn = ! #)20 mol Mn /, 0, g Mn 1 mol O = 2 /)2 mol O 1# !! g O

)/

Ae&cent Composition and Bmpi&ical 8o&mulas

n< = ! #))!D nMn = ! #)20D nO = 2 /)2

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! #))! E <: E1 ! ! #)20

! #)20 =1! Mn : ! #)20 2 /)2 E O: E,! ! #)20

<MnO,
)/

Com6ust 11 / g ethanol

Collect 22 ! g CO2 and 1) / g H2O

g CO2 g H2 O

mol CO2

mol H2O

g of O = g of sample F $g of C 2 g of H%

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mol C gC mol H gH Bmpi&ical fo&mula C2H#O

# ! g C = ! / mol C 1 / g H = 1 / mol H

, ! g O = ! 2/ mol O

Bmpi&ical fo&mula C! /H1 /O! 2/

=i4ide 6y smallest su6sc&ipt $! 2/%

)#

3 p&ocess in which one o& mo&e su6stances is changed into one o& mo&e new su6stances is a chemical reaction

) ways of &ep&esenting the &eaction of H2 with O2 to fo&m H2O

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&eactants

3 chemical equation uses chemical sym6ols to show what happens du&ing a chemical &eaction

p&oducts
)+

How to Read Chemical BCuations

2 atoms Mg 2 1 molecule O2 maGes 2 fo&mula units MgO 2 moles Mg 2 1 mole O2 maGes 2 moles MgO ," # g&ams Mg 2 )2 ! g&ams O2 maGes "! # g MgO

IS NOT

2 g&ams Mg 2 1 g&am O2 maGes 2 g MgO

)+

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2 Mg 2 O2

2 MgO

Balancing Chemical BCuations

Bthane &eacts with o1ygen to fo&m ca&6on dio1ide and wate& C2H# 2 O2 CO2 2 H2O

2 Change the num6e&s in f&ont of the fo&mulas $coefficients% to maGe the num6e& of atoms of each element the same on 6oth sides of the eCuation =o not change the su6sc&ipts
2C2H#

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NOT
C,H12

1 '&ite the correct fo&mula$s% fo& the &eactants on the left side and the correct fo&mula$s% fo& the p&oduct$s% on the &ight side of the eCuation

)+

Balancing Chemical BCuations

C2H# 2 O2 2 ca&6on on left C2H# 2 O2 # hyd&ogen on left C2H# 2 O2

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CO2 2 H2O 1 ca&6on on &ight 2CO2 2 H2O 2 hyd&ogen on &ight 2CO2 2 )H2O

) 9ta&t 6y 6alancing those elements that appea& in only one &eactant and one p&oduct
sta&t with C o& H 6ut not O multiply CO2 6y 2

multiply H2O 6y )
)+

Balancing Chemical BCuations

C2H# 2 O2

2 o1ygen on left C2H# 2 + O2 2 2C2H# 2 +O2

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2CO2 2 )H2O 2CO2 2 )H2O ,CO2 2 #H2O

, Balance those elements that appea& in two o& mo&e &eactants o& p&oducts
multiply O2 6y + 2

, o1ygen 2 ) o1ygen = + o1ygen on &ight $)11% $212% &emo4e f&action multiply 6oth sides 6y 2

)+

Balancing Chemical BCuations

2C2H# 2 +O2 , C $2 1 2% 12 H $2 1 #%

1, O $+ 1 2%

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,CO2 2 #H2O ,C 12 H $# 1 2% 1, O $, 1 2 2 #% ,C 12 H 1, O

/ ChecG to maGe su&e that you ha4e the same num6e& of each type of atom on 6oth sides of the eCuation

Reactants

A&oducts ,C 12 H 1, O
)+

3mounts of Reactants and A&oducts

1 '&ite 6alanced chemical eCuation

2 Con4e&t Cuantities of Gnown su6stances into moles ) ?se coefficients in 6alanced eCuation to calculate the num6e& of moles of the sought Cuantity , Con4e&t moles of sought Cuantity into desi&ed units
)"

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Methanol 6u&ns in ai& acco&ding to the eCuation

g&ams CH)OH

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moles CH)OH 2)/ g H2O

2CH)OH 2 )O2 2CO2 2 ,H2O Hf 2!0 g of methanol a&e used up in the com6ustionD what mass of wate& is p&oduced@ moles H2O g&ams H2O

mola& mass CH)OH

2!0 g CH)OH 1

mola& mass coefficients H2O chemical eCuation

, mol H2O 1" ! g H2O 1 mol CH)OH = 1 1 )2 ! g CH)OH 2 mol CH)OH 1 mol H2O

)"

.imiting Reagents

2*O 2 2O2

*O is the limiting &eagent O2 is the e1cess &eagent

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2*O2

)0

=o >ou ?nde&stand .imiting Reagents@

23l 2 8e2O) 3l2O) 2 28e Calculate the mass of 3l2O) fo&med g 3l g 8e2O)
12, g 3l 1

mol 3l

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mol 8e2O) needed mol 8e2O)
1 1 mol 8e2O) 2 mol 3l

Hn one p&ocessD 12, g of 3l a&e &eacted with #!1 g of 8e 2O)

g 8e2O) needed g 3l needed

)#+ g 8e2O)

OR mol 3l needed
1#! g 8e2O) = 1 1 mol 8e2O)

1 mol 3l 2+ ! g 3l

9ta&t with 12, g 3l

need )#+ g 8e2O)

)0

Ha4e mo&e 8e2O) $#!1 g% so 3l is limiting &eagent

?se limiting &eagent $3l% to calculate amount of p&oduct that can 6e fo&med

12, g 3l 1

1 mol 3l 2+ ! g 3l

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23l 2 8e2O)
1 1 mol 3l2O) 2 mol 3l

g 3l

mol 3l

mol 3l2O)

g 3l2O)

3l2O) 2 28e
1!2 g 3l2O) = 1 1 mol 3l2O) 2), g 3l2O)

)0

Reaction >ield

Theoretical Yield is the amount of p&oduct that would &esult if all the limiting &eagent &eacted Actual Yield is the amount of p&oduct actually o6tained f&om a &eaction % Yield =
3ctual >ield 1 1!!

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5heo&etical >ield

) 1!

Chemist&y Hn 3ction: Chemical 8e&tiliIe&s

)H2 $g% 2 *2 $g%

*H) $aq% 2 H*O) $aq%

fluo&apatite

2Ca/$AO,%)8 $s% 2 +H29O, $aq% )Ca$H2AO,%2 $aq% 2 +Ca9O, $aq% 2 2H8 $g%

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2*H) $g%
*H,*O) $aq%

Alants need: *D AD <D CaD 9D ( Mg