Revision of geocentric datum of malaysia (gdm2000)

Dr Azhari bin Mohamed, Hasan bin Jamil, David Chang Leng Hua, Muhammad Asyran bin Che Mat Geodesy Section, Mapping Division, Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia (JUPEM)

INTRODUCTION
! The Department of Survey and Mapping
Malaysia (JUPEM) - the authorize agency in the maintaining of the national reference system for horizontal and vertical control in Malaysia. The Geocentric Datum of Malaysia or GDM2000 is the new national geodetic datum for Malaysia and it replaces the old datum of MRT48 and BT68. It was officially launched nationwide on 26 August 2003.

Tectonic Plates

Our Dynamic Earth

Tectonic Plate Motions

3cm/y r

MASS Station Estimated Velocities (1999 2002)

Launching of GDM2000

26 August 2003

FIRST REALISATION OF GDM2000

! MASS Stations - Zero Order Geodetic
Network ! Basis for the realization of the precise geocentric datum in ITRF2000 ! 17 MASS Stations and 11 IGS Stations were used in the computation

ZERO ORDER GEODETIC NETWORK

! MASS Stations Zero Order Geodetic
Network ! Basis for the realization of the precise geocentric datum in ITRF2000 ! 17 MASS Stations and 11 IGS Stations were used in the computation

MASS

DATA ACQUISITION IGS STATIONS

LHAS KUNM SHAO WUHN

IIS C

PIMO

GUAM

NTUS

BAKO

COCO KARR

DATA PROCESSING
! Software: Bernese GPS processing
software version 4.2 ! Automated by using Bernese Processing Engine (BPE) that ran on Red Hat Linux version 6.2 ! Processing Steps: Pre-Processing, Daily Adjustment and Weekly Combination

FINAL COMBINED SOLUTION

! Two strategies were employed to
obtain an optimum results and to check for outliers in the final adjustment. The two strategies were as follow: - Free Network with introduction of Helmert Transformation - Heavily constrained adjustment

FREE NETWORK ADJUSTMENT

14 12 10 North 8 East

RMS of Residuals

m m

6 Up 4 2 0 Arau Geti Kual Utm j Ktpk Ipoh Usm p Kuan

Statio n

FREE NETWORK ADJUSTMENT

! Final coordinates - transformed to mid
of observation epoch using 11 IGS Stations ! Internal accuracy of the MASS stations - 5 to 11 mm in the horizontal component - 5 to 12 mm in the height component ! Comparison of IGS stations coordinates

FREE NETWORK ADJUSTMENT

! The accuracy for MASS stations with
respect to the ITRF2000 reference frame with free network strategy is 9 to 15 mm in the horizontal component and 12 to 19 mm in height

HEAVILY CONSTRAINED ADJUSTMENT

1 8 1 6 1 4 1 2 1 0 8 6 4 2 0 Arau Get i Kua l Utm j Ktp k Ipo h Usmp Kua n

RMS of Residuals
North

Series 1
East Series

mm

2
Up 3

Series

Statio n

HEAVILY CONSTRAINED ADJUSTMENT

! The heavily constrained adjustment
was to adopt the specific reference frame in ITRF2000 ! The accuracy of station coordinates is between 3 to 16 mm in horizontal component and 8 to 13 mm for the height

GDM2000
! High Quality Coordinates of MASS
Stations ! The Zero Order Geodetic Network is now defined on ITRF2000 reference frame to within 2 cm accuracy with final coordinates in ITRF2000 at Epoch 1 January 2000 ! Known as Geocentric Datum of Malaysia (GDM2000) officially adopted on 26 August 2003

MALAYSIAN PRIMARY GEODETIC NETWORK 2000 (MPGN2000) AND ! Strengthening of PMGSN94

EMGSN97 - 36 stations (PMGSN94) and 30 stations (emgsn97) re-observed - The aim was to connect the existing PMGSN94 and EMGSN97 to the Zero Order Geodetic Network

Strengthening of PMSN
7

ARAU
P29 9 P29 8 6 P29 7 P29 0 P24 7 P31 0 P28 1 P27 4 P10 2 P21 3 P22 1 P25 5 P25 8 GP2 8 GP3 2 GP0 6 GP2 4 GP3 6 P22 9

GET I
P24 4

P23 8

USMP
5

KUAL
P26 3 P21 9

IPOH
GP0 2

KUAN
GP3 7

KTPK
3 GP1 8

GP2 1 GP9 8 GP4 3 M33 1 GP4 7 GP5 8 GP8 4 GP5 0 GP5 4

Mass Station Main Station Check Station 99.5

100 100.5 101 101.5 102

UTMJ
GP5 2

102.5

103

103.5

104

104.5

Existing PMSN

MPGN2000
! Heavily contrained adjustment with
MASS stations held fixed. ! The adjustment of the MPGN2000 achieved an accuracy of 3 cm refered to ITRF2000 Epoch 1 January 2000

MPGN2000

MyRTKnet
! Beginning 2002, JUPEM has established a
network known as the Malaysia Real-Time Kinematic GNSS Network or MyRTKnet that uses a new generation of RTK solution known as Virtual Reference Station (VRS). MyRTKnet is based on a network of continuous operating GPS reference stations. ! By 2008, Malaysia has seventy-eight (78) RTK reference stations for the network covering the whole Peninsular Malaysia with fifty (50) stations, Sabah (14 stations) and Sarawak (14 stations).

MyRTKnet

3 Earthquakes
Acheh, 26 Dec 04 9.2 Richter Scale

Nias, 28 Mar 05 8.7 Richter Scale Bengkulu, 12 Sep 07 7.9 Richter Scale

2004 Earthquake
1.5 to 17 cm

2005 Earthquake
1.0 to 6.5 cm

2007 Earthquake
1.0 to 3 cm

POST-SEISMIC MOTION 2006

POST-SEISMIC MOTION 2007

POST-SEISMIC MOTION 2008

2004 - 2009 DISPLACEMENT

1.0 to 25.8 cm

MyRTKnet IN GDM2000 (2009)

! GPS data from seventy-eight (78)
MyRTKnet stations and fifty-six (56) IGS stations in ITRF2005 for the years 2006 to 2009 were used in the data processing to re-establish the zero order geodetic network. ! The combined adjustment for these data was fixed at epoch 1 January 2000. The coordinates was named as GDM2000@2000.0 (2009).

MyRTKnet IN GDM2000 (2009)

! Comparison with the original
GDM2000@2000.00 coordinates was carried out by using three parameter Helmert transformation process. The RMS fitting for the coordinates of four (4) reference stations (KUCH, BINT, KINA & MIRI)were less than one (1) cm in the north, east and height component.

MyRTKnet IN GDM2000 (2009)

! The final combined adjustment used
the original GDM2000 reference frame as the reference by holding the coordinates of six (6) stations fixed. With this adjustment, the resulting coordinates of the MyRTKnet stations were obtained and are labelled as GDM2000 (2009)

MPGN2000 (2009)
!
Apart from producing MyRTKnet stations in GDM2000 (2009) coordinates, similar efforts were also made for the MPGN2000 stations. Thus, with the availability of GDM2000 (2009) coordinates for all the MyRTKnet stations, the next step is to revise the GDM2000 coordinates of the MPGN2000 stations, bearing in mind that stations in Sabah and Sarawak still maintain their GDM2000 coordinates due to insignificant displacements from the two earthquakes in Sumatra.

MPGN2000 (2009)
!
Results indicate that the coordinate displacement of the MPGN2000 network in Peninsular Malaysia is not linear and displays elastic properties. In addition, the displacements also differ from one station to another. Thus, any type of modelling of the actual displacement needs a long period of monitoring in order to produce precise parameter. As an alternative, a multiple regression model was thus produced using GPS data obtained from 2009 to provide a relationship between the MPGN2000 in GDM2000 and MPGN2000 in GDM2000 (2009). Tests indicate that through the re-observations at selected MPGN2000 stations and connection to the MyRTKnet stations is at cm-level accuracy.

CONCLUSION
!
The GDM2000 supersedes the classical geodetic datums in Malaysia and has been established with respect to a geocentric reference frame defined in ITRF system at ITRF2000 epoch 2 January 2000 at an accuracy of 1 cm. On the other hand, the new GDM2000 (2009) coordinates have taken into account the displacement and movement due to the Sumatran earthquakes in 2004, 2005 and 2007 with its reference and epoch maintained.