Cours Ecoconception

Eco-conception et dveloppement durable
Emmanuel Caillaud
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lundi 5 dcembre 2011
Plan du cours

Dveloppement durable Mthodes de conception et co-conception

Eco-conception et nergie Eco-conception et matriaux Eco-conception et procds Eco-conception et logistique
Analyse du cycle de vie Eco-innovation Exemples

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Evaluation de lUE
Dates 10 octobre : validation du sujet 14 novembre : validation du plan dtaill 16 dcembre : rapport dnitif Rapport de 20 pages avec rsum et
rfrences bibliographiques.
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Dveloppement durable ?
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dveloppement qui rpond au besoin de Source : commission mondiale Dveloppement soutenable

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Dveloppement durable : dnition
la gnration prsente sans compromettre la possibilit de dveloppement des gnrations futures (Brundtland, 1987) sur lenvironnement et le dveloppement (dite commission Brundtland)
Dveloppement durable : Avenir quilibr

Socit Economie Environnement
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Socit
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Economie
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Environnement
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Accidents industriels

Bhopal, Seveso, Tchernobyl, AZF, ... Exxon Valdez, Erika
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Accidents climatiques

Disparition mer dAral Ouragans et Tsunamis (Katrina, ...) Monte du niveau de la mer Rchauffement climatique
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Historique
1972 : confrence de Stockholm 1992 : confrence de Rio de Janeiro 1997 : protocole de Kyoto 2007 : Grenelle de lenvironnement 2009 : confrence de Copenhague 2010 : confrence de Nagoya
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Sommet de la terre Rio, 1992

180 pays Prise de conscience mondiale traduite par 27 principes Agenda 21
Programme politique sur la base du principe de prcaution et sous la responsabilit de chaque tat pour relever les ds du 21me sicle en termes de DD. Dclin nationalement, rgionalement, localement.
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Protocole de Kyoto, 1997

172 pays signataires (pas USA, Chine et Inde) 3 mcanismes
permis dmission (march des droits mettre mise en oeuvre conjointe (bnce des crdits dmission dinvestissements raliss ltranger) mcanisme de dveloppement propre (bnce des crdits dmission dinvestissements raliss dans un pays en voie de dveloppement)
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Confrence de Copenhague 2009
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Confrence de Copenhague 2009
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Confrence de Nagoya 2010

Accord sur la biodiversit de plus de 190 pays (pas USA) 20 points pour 2020
Augmentation de la surface protge des terres (17% de la surface totale /13% en 2010) Augmentation de la surface protge des ocans (10% /1% en 2010) Rduction des subventions nfastes Gestion des stocks de poissons de manire durable

Partage des bnces tirs par industrie pharmaceutique et cosmtique (APA : Accs et Partage des Avantages) Pas de contraintes ...
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Enjeux environnementaux
Leau Lair Les sols La biodiversit Lnergie Les nuisances Les dchets
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Eau
Fleuves, mers, nappes phratiques, ... Eau douce : 0,5% des rserves deau Consommation > capacit de rgnration 70% : Consommation pour agriculture Distribution non homogne
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Eau
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Eau

Disponibilits en eau potable diminuent ! En 2025, un quart de la population mondiale en manquera Origines de cette pnurie :
agriculture intensive augmentation de la population.

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Eau

Disponibilits en eau potable diminuent ! En 2025, un quart de la population mondiale en manquera Origines de cette pnurie :
agriculture intensive augmentation de la population.

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Air
Qualit de lair Composs Organiques Volatils (COV) Poussires Particules cancrignes Gaz effet de serre
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Air
Qualit de lair Composs Organiques Volatils (COV) Poussires Particules cancrignes Gaz effet de serre
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Sols
Pollution des sols Agriculture Nappes phratiques
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Sols
Pollution des sols Agriculture Nappes phratiques
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Biodiversit

diversit biologique, Thomas Lovejoy, biologiste amricain, en 1980. biodiversit lui-mme a t invent en 1985, lors de la prparation du National Forum on Biological Diversity, organis par le National Research Council en 1986. premire dnition du terme diversit biologique dans la convention sur la diversit biologique (CDB), premire convention internationale, ratie par 190 pays ce jour. biodiversit : ensemble des milieux naturels et des formes de vie (plantes, animaux, champignons, bactries, virus) ainsi que toutes les relations et interactions qui existent, dune part, entre les organismes vivants eux-mmes, dautre part, entre ces organismes et leurs milieux de vie.
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Biodiversit
Complexit de trois niveaux interdpendants
la diversit des milieux de vie toutes les chelles: des ocans, prairies, forts au contenu des cellules (mare au fond de son jardin ou encore les espaces vgtaliss en ville); la diversit des espces (dont lespce humaine) qui vivent dans ces milieux, qui interagissent entre elles (prdation, coopration, symbiose) et qui interagissent avec leur milieu de vie; la diversit des individus au sein de chaque espce (nous sommes tous diffrents!) : diversit gntique.
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Biodiversit

Environ 1,8 million despces animales et vgtales diffrentes ont t dcrites la surface de notre plante... La moiti des espces vivantes que nous connaissons pourrait disparatre dici un sicle Rythme actuel de leur disparition: 100 1000 fois suprieur au taux naturel dextinction! Acclration rosion exclusivement lie aux activits humaines. Consquences conomiques
fourniture de biens irremplaables et indispensables notre survie (nourriture, oxygne, matires premires), espces (insectes, chauves-souris, oiseaux) assurant la pollinisation des vgtaux (sans pollinisation, nos fruits et lgumes disparatront des talages) milieux naturels contribuant une puration naturelle de leau, la prvention des inondations, la structuration des paysages et lamlioration de notre cadre de vie
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Biodiversit
Daprs UICN (Union Internationale pour
la Conservation de la Nature)
1 plante sur 5 menace de disparition 1 amphibien sur 3, un oiseau sur 8, un Cause humaine pour 80%
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mammifre sur 5 menacs dextinction.
Biodiversit
Cinq causes majeures:
fragmentation et destruction des milieux naturels (urbanisation croissante et expansion des terres agricoles) surexploitation despces sauvages (surpche, dforestation, braconnage); introduction despces exotiques envahissantes (ragondin, le vison damrique); pollutions (dorigine industrielle, agricole); changement climatique (effet direct ou indirect sur la biodiversit).
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Biodiversit
Cinq causes majeures:
fragmentation et destruction des milieux naturels (urbanisation croissante et expansion des terres agricoles) surexploitation despces sauvages (surpche, dforestation, braconnage); introduction despces exotiques envahissantes (ragondin, le vison damrique); pollutions (dorigine industrielle, agricole); changement climatique (effet direct ou indirect sur la biodiversit).
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Energie
Surconsommation dnergie fossile (non
renouvelable) : charbon, ptrole, gaz 100 ans pour gaz, 500 ans pour charbon ?)
Rserves limites (50 ans pour ptrole, Emission de gaz effet de serre contribuant
llvation de la temprature
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Nuisances
Sonores Visuelles Olfactives
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Dchets
Diminution des quantits et des volumes Nocivit Recyclage et valorisation
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Rchauffement climatique : consquences

Elvation de la temprature des continents Fonte des glaciers aux ples do lvation
du niveau de la mer
Augmentation de la dsertication Augmentation des phnomnes

mtorologiques violents
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Rchauffement climatique : consquences

Modication conomique Modication des conditions de vie Modication de la biodiversit Rfugis climatique ? Guerre pour leau ?
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Empreinte cologique
Indice du poids quun individu fait peser sur
lenvironnement = surface productive pour assurer le maintien de son niveau de vie niveau de vie dun europen,
4 plantes seraient ncessaires suivant le 8 pour les amricains, 0,5 avec le niveau de vie moyen des
africains ...
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Consquence
Les systmes de production doivent tre
10 fois plus co-efcients !!!
Changer dapproche ?
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Enjeux conomiques
Intgrer les cots de n de vie des produits
et les cots de pollution
Diminution des cots matire premire, taxes et impts cologiques, Assurances, Dchets et rejets
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Principe de prcaution
Face lincertitude dun risque, il faut
prendre une attitude responsable et proactive pour ne pas subir et faire subir aux gnrations futures des dommages graves et irrversibles. scurit alimentaire
Applications : environnement, sant,

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Principe de prcaution
Evaluation du risque Suivant le niveau de connaissances Actions Proportionnelles au risque Rvisables
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Effet de serre
Effet de serre = rchauffement de la terre
par effet des gaz dans latmosphre (sans effet de serre la temprature de la terre proche de -18C)
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Effet de serre
Temprature moyenne de la terre
augmente de 0,5C depuis 1800
Principales causes gaz effet de serre : nergie fossile (Dioxyde de carbone) levage (Mthane) +1% de CO2 dans latmosphre => +1
6C dans 100 ans ...
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Gaz effet de serre

Gaz Effet de Serre inue sur le rchauffement climatique. Protocole de Kyoto de 1998
lutte seulement contre CO2 tats-Unis (25% du GES) non signataires Grand nombre de pays en dveloppement pas concerns par le DD (conomie dabord !)
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Gaz effet de serre

Gaz carbonique (C02) Combustion des nergies fossiles et
dforestation
Mthane (CH4) levage des ruminants, culture du riz,

dcharges dordures mnagres, exploitations ptrolires et gazires
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Gaz effet de serre

Gaz carbonique (C02) Combustion des nergies fossiles et
dforestation
Mthane (CH4) levage des ruminants, culture du riz,

dcharges dordures mnagres, exploitations ptrolires et gazires
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Gaz effet de serre

Halocarbures (HFC, CFC et PFC) gaz rfrigrants pour climatisations, gaz
propulseurs darosols
Protoxyde dazote (N2O) engrais azots et procds chimiques

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Gaz effet de serre

Hexauorure de soufre (SF6) transformateurs lectriques
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Durable ?
Pas daction compromettant lquilibre des
systmes lchelle de la terre (limite de rsilience de la terre). (ressources non renouvelables, biodiversit).
Pas dappauvrissement du capital naturel
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Actions pour le dveloppement durable

Optimisation Amlioration Renouvellement
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Eco-conception
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Eco-conception
Intgration des aspects environnementaux Mthode de conception pour dnir les
dans la conception et le dveloppement des produits (biens et services). produits et les services en rduisant les impacts environnementaux ngatifs au long de leur cycle de vie, tout en prservant/ amliorant la qualit dusage.
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Domaine tudi
Eco-conception : valide pour tout type de
produit ou de systme (btiment, ville, ...). (produits ou procds) industrial design
Dans ce cours : co-conception industrielle
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Approche end-of-pipe Traitement des dchets pour limiter les

impacts ngatifs
Prise en compte de lenvironnement
Re-conception des produits et des procds

pour les rendre propres Clean technologies ou Clean-Tech procds propres
Conception et utilisation de produits et

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Eco-conception de produits et de procds
Solutions technologiques
Contraintes cologiques
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Cycles biologiques et technologiques

Ressources biologiques Ressources technologiques
Bio-compatible
Isol des ressources biologiques
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Re-conception de systmes
Prise en compte du cycle de vie du systme
pour amliorer lefcience environnementale (eco-efciency) du point de vue
Matriaux Energie.
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Concevoir de nouveaux produits et services

Prise en compte des impacts
environnementaux sur tout le cycle de vie du produit (Life Cycle Design) : prproduction, production, distribution, utilisation, dchets.
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Concevoir de nouveaux systmes (eco-innovation)

Prise en compte du besoin et concevoir de
nouvelles solutions favorables pour lenvironnement en prenant en compte son intgration dans lenvironnement.
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Cycle de vie
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Diffrentes stratgies

Minimiser la consommation de matires premires et dnergie Choisir des ressources et des procds de faible impact Utiliser des ressources nergtiques non-toxiques et sans danger Optimiser la dure de vie des produits Etendre la dure de vie des matriaux Faciliter le dsassemblage
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Minimiser la consommation de matires premires et dnergie
Dmatrialiser Diminuer les quantits de matire Diminuer les pertes Diminuer les emballages Minimiser les consommations de matire
durant lutilisation
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Minimiser la consommation de matires premires et dnergie
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Choisir des ressources et des procds de faible impact
Choisir des matriaux non-toxiques

(Ecoindicator 99)
Impact sur tout le cycle de vie (extraction, Attention aux matriaux utiliss pour
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production, transformation, distribution, n de vie) amliorer la productivit ou qualit des produits dans les procds !
Choisir des ressources et des procds de faible impact
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Utiliser des matriaux renouvelables ou bio-compatibles
Matriaux renouvelables Bois pas toujours la bonne solution

(certains arbres en danger !)
Utilisation de matriaux bio-compatibles Mater-B : polymre biodgradable

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Vlo bambou
Utiliser des ressources nergtiques non toxiques et sans danger
Utiliser lnergie mcanique ? Electricit ? Production ? Batteries ? Fin de vie ?

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Optimiser la dure de vie des produits

Dure de vie des produits : ordinateurs 2-6 ans, petit lectromnager 3-4 ans, gros lectromnager 5-15 ans) Augmenter la dure de vie des produits a un impact positif sur l'environnement (sil nest pas remplac). Logique dusage et non de possession est positive. Concevoir pour la abilit. Concevoir pour lvolution du produit.
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Etendre la dure de vie des matriaux

Recyclage
Utilisation au mme niveau ? Mmes proprits ? Impact environnemental du procd de recyclage ?
Eviter les matriaux composites (pas de matriaux incompatibles avec le recyclage) Identier les matriaux dans les produits Intgrer la logistique de recyclage (volumes des dchets ?)
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Etendre la dure de vie des matriaux
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Faciliter le dsassemblage
Concevoir pour le Dsassemblage (Design
For Disassembly) dsassemblage
Rduire et faciliter les oprations de Utiliser des assemblages non permanents ou

aiss dmonter
Utiliser des matriaux qui peuvent se

sparer facilement
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Outils pour lcoconception

LAnalyse du Cycle de Vie (ACV) LEvaluation Simplie et Qualitative du
Cycle de Vie (ESQCV)
Les Check-lists Les guides Les logiciels

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LCA-Evaluation des impacts environnementaux (Jollain, 2004)

matire, nergie matire, nergie matire, nergie matire, nergie matire, nergie
Fabrication des Extraction des matires premires produits intermdiaires
Transport Fabrication du produit
Transport
Utilisation du produit
Transport Fin de vie
dchets Rejets dchets matire, nergie
Rejets dchets
Rejets dchets
Rejets dchets
Rutilisation Recyclage
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Checks-lists
Check-lists spciques une catgorie de produits
donns
Intgrent les aspects qualitatifs et

quantitatifs de ltude.
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Guides des documents
Guides dcoconception
visant sensibiliser lco-conception une lire industrielle
Spciques un domaine Exemple : Lco-conception pour les

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mcaniciens publi par le CETIM.
Logiciels gnralistes

Ecodesign Pilot : Outil dvelopp par lUniversit des technologies de Vienne (Autriche), en collaboration avec lADEME
http://www.ecodesign.at/pilot http://www.ecodis.org/ http://www.pre.nl/default.htm
EDIT (Eco-Design Interactive Tool) : trs gnraliste Eco-it Design for plastic recycling, MMU indexes, REStar, DFE, RONDA, RECREATION, RECOVERY, IDEmat
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Logiciels pour la lire lectrique
EIME (Environmental Impact and Management Explorer) : logiciel dvaluation des risques environnementaux et de gestion des opportunits adapt la lire lectrique
www.codde.fr
TEAM (Tool for Environmental Analysis and Management) : logiciel dvaluation des risques environnementaux et de gestion des opportunits adapt la lire lectrique
www.ecobilan.com
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Impacts daprs EIME

Classe Sous-classe Echelle gographique Impact d EIME Epuisement des ressources naturelles Globale ou rgionale Consommation dnergie Consommation deau Effet de serre Dgradation de la couche d ozone Globale Effet de serre Dgradation de la couche dozone Cration photochimique dozone Toxicit Locale Toxicit de lair Toxicit de leau Toxicit et cotoxicit Production de dchets risques Production de dchet fin de vie Acidification Eutrophisation Rgionale Locale Acidification de lair Eutrophisation de leau Raw Material Depletion Energie Depletion Water Depletion Global Warming Ozone Depletion Photochemical Ozone Creation Air Toxicity Water Toxicity Hazardous Waste Production End Of Life Waste production Air Acidification Water Eutrophication RMD ED WD GW OD POC AT WT HWP EOLW AA WE Epuisement des rserves naturelles Globale
Nuisance
Bruit Odeur Visuel
Locale Locale Locale Locale ou rgionale
Altration physique des cosystmes
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Rsultats EIME
Impact Environnemental
100
EIME
%
75
50
25
Fabrication
Utilisation
Fin de Vie
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Exemple co-conception (Jollain, 2004)
Disjoncteur de puissance Schneider Masterpact (800 A - 1300 A)
Rduction de la consommation de matires premires de 20% 50% Rduction de la consommation lectrique de 20 % Marquage laser / marquage par encre et tiquettes Amlioration dmontabilit (rduction du nombre de liens mcaniques)
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Evaluation simplie et qualitative du cycle de vie (ESQCV)
Mthode dco-conception fonde sur une

valuation qualitative des impacts
Questionnaire balayant les diffrents

critres pralablement slectionns
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Axes de travail
Matire Production Emballage Transport Utilisation Recyclage
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Matire
Choix des matriaux respectueux de
lenvironnement (renouvelables, recyclables, durables...)
Rduction des matires premires utilises Utilisation des sous-produits Privilgier les fournisseurs engags dans
une dmarche de dveloppement durable
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Production
Amlioration des rendements Procd dmontable, recyclable Rduction de la consommation dnergie
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Emballage
Rduction des quantits et volumes
(transport)
Matriaux demballage respectueux de

lenvironnement lenvironnement
Procds demballage respectueux de

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Transport
Lieux dapprovisionnement proches du lieu
dutilisation
Choix du mode de transport
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Utilisation
Produits ncessitant peu dnergie pour
fonctionner
Produits faciles utiliser, entretenir,

rparer, recycler
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Recyclage
Prvoir, organiser la collecte et le recyclage Eviter les mlanges de matriaux et les
assemblages xes pour le recyclage
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Eco-conception lchelle de lentreprise
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Directives europennes

Directive 2005/32/CE du 6 juillet 2005 :
cadre pour la xation dexigences en matire dcoconception
Directive 2002/95/CE du 27 janvier 2003 dite RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances) : interdiction compter du 1er juillet 2006 lutilisation de certaines substances dangereuses
Directive 2002/96/CE du 27 janvier 2003 dite WEEE (Waste of Electric And Electronic Equipments, DEEE en franais): collecte, le traitement et la valorisation de tous les dchets ( partir du 13 aot 2005 pour les dchets grand public)
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Normes ISO Entreprise

ISO 14004, 14061
Stratgie de management environnemental (lignes directrices) Stratgie de management environnemental (spcications) Audit environnemental Evaluation des performances environnementales
ISO 14001 Srie ISO 14010 Srie ISO 14030 :
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Normes ISO produit

XP ISO/TR 14062 Prise en compte de lenvironnement en
conception
Srie ISO 14040 Analyse du cycle de vie Srie ISO 14020 Etiquetage environnemental
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Normalisation et certication
I SO 8000 (respect des droits fondamentaux des travailleurs) I SO 14001 (systme de management environnemental) EMAS (Eco-Management & Audit Scheme), norme volontaire propre l'Union Europenne, du type ISO 14001 mais, avec obligation de publication des objectifs et rsultats obtenus. SD 21000 (guide de bonnes pratiques ncessaires pour mettre lentreprise en phase avec les exigences du DD, Afnor) OHSAS 18001 (Occupational Health & Safety Assessment Series), gestion rigoureuse et efcace de la sant et de la scurit au travail. Global Compact (10 principes que l'entreprise devrait appliquer sur 4 volets: droits de l'homme, normes du travail, environnement, lutte contre la corruption, ONU)
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Evaluation des entreprises

Organisme de notation VIGEO Indices
ASPI Eurozone (Advanced Sustainability Performance Index) Ethibel sustainability DJSI (Dow Jones Sustainability Index) FTSE4 Good DSKI World CLI (Climat Leadership Index) Carbon Leader Europe Index SAM (Sustainability Asset Management) HEI (Humanix Ethical Index)
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Conclusion coconception
Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Regulate Logique de faire moins pire ... Aller plus loin ?
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Dmarche dcoconception
Dmarche DTU
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Teaching material by: Tim McAloone, DTU Niki Bey, IPU
Environmental improvement through product development

Introduction
About this material

This approach to environmental product improvement is one of the results of a project funded by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency and conducted in collaboration with the Confederation of Danish Industry (DI), IPU and the Technical University of Denmark (DTU). The material is primarily aimed at product developers, as a help to building environmental thinking into the product development process - and thus into products.
Authors: Tim McAloone, DTU Management Engineering Niki Bey, IPU Product Development Ulla Ringbk, Danish Environmental Protection Agency Bjarne Palstrm, Confederation of Danish Industry Kristian Stokbro, Confederation of Danish Industry Tina Sternest, Confederation of Danish Industry Coloplast A/S Fritz Hansen A/S Gabriel A/S Grundfos Management A/S LEGO Group A/S
Editors:
Case companies:
Environmental improvement through product development. A project funded by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency.
Introduction
Companies in Denmark and abroad are working increasingly to reduce human impacts on the environment and nature. At the same time there must be a sustained focus on the creation of value for customers and consumers. This development gives rise to a huge potential for companies to create new business opportunities, where sustainable development and value creation are integrated early in the design of new products and services. There is a great opportunity for businesses to create a new and positive agenda, where the focus is on all the good that companies can do for the environment, society and economic growth. Such an agenda must, of course, be based on a high involvement of the competencies of the companies own employees, as well as those of partners in the value chain.
Accepting the environmental challenge

Taking a systematic approach to understanding where and why a product has environmental impacts in its lifetime also leads to competitive advantages for the company as processes and relations become transparent. For instance, around 90% of the waste that can be attributed to many of the products that we meet in our daily lives, has been created before the end-user even gets their hands on the products. There is therefore a need to create environmentally improved alternatives to existing technologies, materials and procedures. The company, its customers and its suppliers should all be made aware of the fact, that sustainable development is a collective responsibility, which has consequences for all parties.
Why think environment into product development?

There are benefits to be reaped from environmental stewardship. It has been demonstrated, for instance, that environmental thinking in product development leads to efficient products, which are both economically viable to produce, cheaper to operate and maintain, and more robust over their lifetimes. Systematic environmental thinking in product development leads to products that live up to the demands of legislation and standards, and which customers are increasingly demanding. By taking a systematic approach to the environmental design task, environmental product improve-ments can often be equated to increased product quality.
The product developer has the greatest challenge

Environmental impacts are caused in all stages of a product's life, and different products give rise to different types of environmental profiles. But regardless of the nature, size and time of occurrence of environmental impacts for a product, the vast majority of these have been decided in the early phases of product development. Approx. 80% of a product's environmental profile is fixed under concept creation in product development The product developer has therefore a great influence on the products life cycle and also on the subsequently occurring environmental impacts.
Approx. 80% of a product's environmental profile is fixed under concept creation in product development
Revealing the products life cycle

Good and systematic environmental improvement can only be created on the basis of a solid and deep insight into the product's life cycle. By forming a picture of the whole life cycle for the product, we can ensure that each stage in the products life becomes as environmentally benign as possible. This activity is called product life thinking. Product life thinking involves an active and systematic charting of every product life stage, together with the various stakeholders and situations that the product is likely to meet during its lifetime. This broad approach to product development gives the company important insight into life cycle stages such as the products use stage, early on in the project. It is important to visualise the product's life cycle, based on a conception of the various situations and stakeholders that the product will meet throughout its lifetime. Each product life stage ought to describe both the product and all related activities, in order to create a picture of resource consumption and the root causes of environmental impacts.
Revealing the products life cycle
Example: Mapping the product life cycle for a scaffold. Potential environmental causes are indicated in red. Environmental improvement through product development. A project funded by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency.
Environmental improvements in 7 steps

WHY A 7-STEP APPROACH? Many companies that have had environment on the agenda for some years will righteously be able to claim that they have a good grip on the more eco-analytical tasks and on environmental documentation and reporting. But in contrast, there is often far less focus on the creation of completely new environmental solutions. The method developed for this approach to environmental improvement in product development will lead you through a 7-step, solution-oriented process, towards environmental improvement. The 7 steps are simple, inspiring and different from your ordinary product development tasks. The approach creates space for innovation by focusing solely on environmental issues.

GET A GRIP ON THE ENVIRONMENT The following 7-step approach is built up to aid you to: get an overview of your product's environmental effects provide insight into important details concerning the products environmental impacts, its use and its users create solutions and concepts that lead to environmental improvements, and create foresighted proposals for the creation of an environmental strategy for product development.

THE METHOD BEHIND THE APPROACH The 7-step approach is designed as a chain of exercises that ought to be completed from start to finish. It is important, for example, that the products life cycle and environmental impacts are charted, before commencing with the creation of solutions. The approach requires that a product is chosen in advance, as the object for environmental improvement. The product can be either an already marketed product, which will serve as a reference product, or a product that is currently under development. The first case is the easiest, as it is easier to identify data about the products life cycle. The first 6 steps of the 7-step approach isolate the environmental task and focus on identifying environmental effects. Subsequently improvement proposals are created. Step 7 provides a framework for an action plan and the basis for systematic integration of the proposed environmental improvements into the product development process. * Try in each step to define five key environmental priorities that later can be used to begin a final prioritisation! Mark these priorities with a red *

WHO SHOULD PARTICIPATE? The target audience for this approach is all the staff who play an active role in the areas of the company, which may be linked to the products environmental impacts. It is best if the participants represent a wide range of disciplines, from mechanical engineers, through environmental specialists, industrial designers and materials specialists, to the factory manager.

PREPARATION FOR THE APPROACH The approach is executed as a physical meeting, lasting at least one working day. In addition, one should reserve sufficient time for preparation and follow-up work. Active participation from the delegates is a must. Reporting is carried out as a part of the process and environmental improvements are created as the principal outcome. The following considerations will contribute to a successful workshop:
Prepare each step carefully beforehand, so the methodology and the necessary practical preparations are ensured. Participants should prepare themselves by collecting as much knowledge about the product as possible. A coordinator must be identified (either the companys own environmental champion or an external consultant). The coordinator organises and facilitates the process, as well as motivating the participants to come prepared for meetings. At least two examples of the reference product should be provided; one assembled and one disassembled (if the product is suited for this). Prepare a working space so as to enable and encourage group discussions and with plenty of wall space for posters. A series of posters should be prepared, to facilitate the process and ensure reporting. Create groups of up to 7 people. If there are more than 7 people, then create more groups, which can compete against each other for the good ideas!

Step 1 Use context How is the product used? By whom? For how long? The central issue here is to uncover the environmental impacts related to the products functionality for the user. Step 2 Overview We expand our view to the life cycle. How is the product manufactured, distributed, and disposed of? Which environmental impacts does this lead to? Step 3 Eco-prole The environmental impacts shall be split into four categories so they can be compared. What are the origins of the environmental impacts? Step 4 Stakeholder- network Put figures on the products environmental impacts. Create scenarios for alternative processes, materials and life cycles. Consider the likelihood of the scenarios. Draw a network of all stakeholders who come into contact with the product. Plot the connections between these, and identify environmental impacts. Step 5 Quan?ca?on Step 6 Try to remove or reduce the environmental impacts by creating solutions towards product- or life cycle changes. Use the ecodesign principles provided and sketch eco-concepts. Steps 1-6 are an innovative, environmental-oriented experiment. Extract your experiences from these steps and make a generalised plan for your companys environmental strategy: Make an action plan for the environmental efforts for your company, especially for product development. Conceptualisa?on
Step 7 Eco-strategy

Step 1: Describe the use context

BACKGROUND As the very first exercise, it is important to reach a common understanding of the product and its value contribution under use. This provides a common starting point for discussions about the environmental improvement possibilities for the product, which you will need later in the process, in order to create product alternatives. It is important that the product alternatives meet the same requirements for the customer. Redundant product attributes should be considered as waste, both from an environmental and a customer perspective. Step 1 is therefore intended to reach a description of the product's functionality to the user. This description provides the benchmark for all subsequent decisions and can also be used when, for example, alternative concepts shall be compared. The use context can be described by answering the following questions: What should the product be used for? What does the product do?
For whom? How long? How often? Where in the world?

BACKGROUND What should the product be used for? leads to a description of the basic task that the product must carry out for the user. What does the product do? allows for a description of the product's functionality, including the technological principle and the features that the product must possess in order to deliver the service to the user. Sub-functions may, for example, be "to stick to the skin" or "to turn electrical energy into rotary motion". ... For whom? leads to a description of the main user or user group. ... How long? and ... how often? lead to a definition of the time frames and use patterns in which the product must operate. ... Where in the world? leads to a definition of the geographical area in which the product must operate and probably will be disposed of. All in all, these responses lead to a clear description of the product in the form of the value contribution that the product delivers to the user.

STEP-BY-STEP APPROACH Write the questions on a large piece of paper. Answer the questions in your group, based on your knowledge of the product and insight into users' use of the product. Some of the questions can be answered by looking at the product specification (or the business specification, if the product has not yet been developed). The exercise is complete when the group has obtained a detailed picture of the product's functions and raison d'tre, seen from the users viewpoint.
Using this poster (electronic version available) discuss the product and its use context Environmental improvement through product development. A project funded by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency.

WHY CARRY OUT THIS EXERCISE? Despite the fact that all group members already have their own understanding of the product, its use and use context, it is beneficial to carry out this initial discussion of the product's use context in order to agree on a common frame of reference. There are often several versions of the product and various markets (possibly worldwide). It is therefore important in this initial exercise to define a typical product to be used for the rest of the process. It is crucial that the answers to the six questions in this step form a documented description that the project team agrees upon, and which is sufficiently detailed to allow comparisons with the alternative concepts later on in the process.

Step 2: Create an overview of the environmental impacts
Step 2: Overview of the environmental impacts

BACKGROUND A product life cycle typically consists of five main stages: Raw materials covers materials extraction and manufacturing (e.g. plastic granules from crude oil) and semi-finished products (e.g. steel profiles from iron ore), etc. Manufacture includes the purchase of components, plus the manufacturing and assembly processes, both at suppliers and in in-house production facilities. Transport covers the entire logistics chain, from suppliers to the end-user and beyond, including distribution activities by ships, trains, planes, trucks, vans and cars. Use includes the actual usage and possible ancillary products that are necessary for the product to perform its function (e.g. paper filters for a coffee maker). The use stage also includes installation and possible maintenance activities. Disposal includes reuse/recycling, incineration and landfill. The actual distribution of these disposal options depends on many factors, including regulatory requirements where the product is disposed of, who disposes of the product (an individual or a company), etc. It is obviously difficult to predict how the product will be disposed of, as this stage is typically far in the future.

STEP-BY-STEP APPROACH Draw five boxes that correspond to the main product life stages on a large piece of paper. Carry out a brainstorming exercise in which everyone in the group writes all relevant environmental impacts, they can think of. Organise these environmental impacts in relation to the five product life stages. Write everything you think of, regardless of whether you know that an environmental impact is relevant for the product, or whether you just have an idea about its relevance. Use post-it notes, as these will be moved around a little later. Write only one environmental impact per post-it note! The exercise is complete, when the group cannot produce any more ideas. Tidy the poster by removing any duplicates.
Using this poster (electronic version available) discuss the product and its use context

WHY CARRY OUT THIS EXERCISE? This exercise is carried out as a brainstorm, in order to allow everyone in the group to contribute with their own experiences and insights. It will quickly become apparent, that although each individual group member did not have the total overview of all the products environmental impacts, the group as a whole could quickly create a fairly complete overview. When you afterwards look at the product life rsum that has just been created, various patterns can be identified. Maybe one particular product life stage is dominant, as it clearly contains the vast majority of the environmental impacts? Since the product life rsum shows the environ-mental aspects, distributed over product life stages, it is easy to quickly identify environmental focus areas.

Step 3: Create your environmental profile and find root causes
Step 3: Environmental profile and root causes

BACKGROUND After having created an overview of the products main life stages and environmental impacts in Step 2, this step will lead you through an organisation of the environmental impacts, according to their type. Subsequently you will make a note of the possible causes for the environmental impacts emergence. The idea here is to create a more transparent picture of the physical relationships that underpin each environmental focus area. A number of focus areas will then be prioritised, based on your consideration of the need for action. The already identified environmental impacts will now be organised into one of four categories: Materials, Energy, Chemicals or Other.

BACKGROUND Materials: This includes resource and disposal aspects of each life cycle stage, i.e. whether a material is based on a scarce resource, whether it can be easily recycled, or whether it must be landfilled, etc. Remember also to consider whether ancillary materials are used, particularly in the use phase, such as paper filters for coffee makers. Energy: This includes energy sources and energy aspects in the product life stages. There can, for example, be large differences in energy consumption for material processing, depending on whether one takes new or recycled raw materials into consideration. Remember also to consider component suppliers. The transport and use-related energy consumption is also recorded under this category. Chemicals: This includes chemical consumption and chemical-related emissions of each life cycle stage, such as toxic chemicals used in manufacture or in the materials. Other: In this category all other aspects are noted, that one has chosen to consider. For example, health and safety in own (or suppliers) manufacturing plants, aspects related to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), or general economical concerns. This categorisation of the environmental impacts is created in a so-called MECO-matrix.

STEP-BY-STEP APPROACH Draw a MECO-matrix directly under the product life rsum from Step 2. The MECO-matrix should be a 4x5 matrix with space for the post-it notes, which are currently distributed on the product life rsum. In dialogue with your group, move the post-it notes from the product life rsum, down to the MECO-matrix. Consider each environmental impact in turn, placing them in the most relevant MECO-field.
Materials Manufacture Transport
If an environmental impact covers two or more MECO-fields, copy the post-it note and then place one in each relevant field. The first part of this exercise is complete when all the post-it notes have been moved down to MECO-matrix.
Energifor brug under produkt udvikling
Materials Energy Chemicals Other
Miljvenli ge materiale
For meget vgt (stbejer
Mindst muligt materiale indsats
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Reduceret Mindre ressourc forbrug af Cu og Fe. Men brug af
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Meget energifor brug under fremstillin g af magneter P? Brug af giftige materialer (ex. bly, kvikslv)
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Disposal
Using this poster (electronic version available) move the post-it notes down into the MECO categories and then find five * priorities

Example: Comparison of energy-saving bulb with incandescent bulb Life cycle data:

Home-use work lamp, 5 years life time Comparison: Lamp with regular bulbs vs. energy-saving bulbs Functional Unit/Service provided: Provision of light ( 400 lu) for home workplaces for 5 years (i.e. 10,000 hrs. light) in Denmark Materials Lamp, 1kg: Steel (sheets, springs, tubes, screws), various polymers, copper Regular bulb, 60 W, 33g: Glass, nickel-coated tin, cardboard Energy-saving bulb, 11 W, 80g: Glass, polymers, electronics (PWB) Production: Manufacture and assembly in China Transport: 7,200 km transport to Denmark, i.e. 450 kgkm vs. 600 kgkm Use: 5 regular bulbs & 300 kWh vs. 1 energy-saving bulb & 55 kWh End-of-life: Household waste in Denmark
Step 3: Environmental profile and root causes MECO (for incandescent bulb)
Materials stage Production stage (very low amounts of ancillary substances) Incl. overhead 450 kgkm 90% Estimated total: ship, 10% truck, 12 MJ i.e. 0,06 MJ 300 kWh electricity, i.e. 2700 MJ Transport stage Use stage Disposal stage
Materials
Steel: 750g (net: 700g) Plastics: 200g (net: 170g) Glass: 30g (net: 25g) Cu: 25g (net: 20g)
In household waste: 1 whole lamp; 5 regular bulbs (5x 33g, mostly glass) (very low, if at all from plastics incineration)
Energy
Steel: 20 MJ Plastics: 16 MJ Glass: 0,3 MJ Cu: 2 MJ In total: 38 MJ The List Of Undesirable Substances [LOUS, DK EPA 2004]: flame retardants socket? Global material sourcing
Chemicals
The LOUS: E.g. Degreasing agents for painting proc. Manufacturing in China: E.g. Safe working environment? Storage & handling in China: E.g. Safe working environment?
Other
If incinerated, potential dioxin formation from brominated flame retardants
Step 3: Environmental profile and root causes MECO (for energy-saving bulb)
Materials stage Production stage (very low amounts of ancillary substances) Transport stage Use stage Disposal stage
Materials
Steel: 750g (net: 700g) Plastics: 220g (net: 190g) Glass: 60g (net: 50g) Cu: 25g (net: 20g)
In household waste: 1 whole lamp; 1 energy-saving bulb (mostly glass, plastics) 55 kWh electricity, i.e. 495 MJ (very low, if at all from plastics incineration)
Energy
Chemicals
Steel: 20 MJ Plastics: 18 MJ Glass: 0,6 MJ Cu: 2 MJ In total: 41 MJ The List Of Undesirable Substances [LOUS, DK EPA 2004]: Brominated flame retardants (in plastic socket)? Subst. related to electronics? Global material sourcing
Incl. overhead 600 kgkm 90% Estimated total: ship, 10% truck, 14 MJ i.e. 0,8 MJ
The LOUS: E.g. Degreasing agents for painting proc.
If incinerated, potential dioxin formation from brominated flame retardants Storage & handling in China: E.g. Safe working environment?
Other
Manufacturing in China: E.g. Safe working environment?

WHY CARRY OUT THIS EXERCISE? In principle, you could have started the whole environmental profiling process by filling in the MECO-matrix, i.e. skipping steps 1 and 2. But experience shows that there is a tendency to try to fill the entire MECO-matrix, even though there may not be relevant environmental impacts in every single field of the MECO-matrix. If the product's use context has not previously been discussed, and if the group has not first had the opportunity to carry out the slightly more unstructured exercise in step 2, confusion can arise with respect to where the environmental impacts actually are in the product.

Step 4: Sketch the stakeholder-network

BACKGROUND Classic environmental efforts in companies take their point of departure in a product or a technology, directing special attention towards the improvement of the products life cycle performance. A weakness of this approach, is that it is built on a large series of assumptions, because there would otherwise be too many uncertainties to be able to make plausible assessment of the products environmental goodness. It is therefore important to identify the various stakeholders who are connected to a particular set of activities within which the product plays a role.

BACKGROUND Environmental impacts often occur in the exchanges between stakeholders, e.g. in negotiations along the supply chain and/or as a result of lack of overview of the roles and responsibilities in the products so-called stakeholder-network. A stakeholder-network consists of several types of stakeholder, for example, the manufacturing company, a component supplier, an external designer, a freight forwarder, the authorities, customers, users, a disposal company, and so on. To supplement our understanding of the product's environmental impacts, it is important to sketch the stakeholder-network for the product. Sketching the stakeholder-network gives an insight into which stakeholders influence certain environmental impacts. To clarify the relationship between stakeholders and the impacts that occur, one can outline information exchanges, material flows and the resulting environmental impacts.

STEP-BY-STEP APPROACH

STEP-BY-STEP APPROACH
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Case example
Identification of environmental impacts through the stakeholdernetwork exercise at Coloplast A/S
Coloplast places a large emphasis on the environment throughout the product life cycle. Since Coloplasts products are medical devices, environmental considerations must share first place with safety and hygiene. Furthermore Coloplasts products are not very environmentally burdening in the actual use stage, seen in relation to the rest of the product life cycle. Coloplast benefitted greatly from the stakeholder-network game, gaining new insights into environmental prioritisation during the development, use and disposal of an ostomy bag.
Example of stakeholder-network at Coloplast, where important environmental impacts have been prioritised, using *. Environmental improvement through product development. A project funded by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency.

WHY CARRY OUT THIS EXERCISE? The point of the stakeholder-network exercise is to create an overview of environmental problems root causes and improvement potentials. By creating an overview of which stakeholders are connected to the product throughout its life cycle it becomes apparent, which stakeholders should be considered in connection with environmental improvements or alternatively, which stakeholders should by no means be involved in the environmental task, thus ensuring relevant and likely environmental improvements.
The stakeholder-network exercise gave a good overview of the many stakeholders that we are dealing with. The graphical exercise was good for us to identify not only environmental impacts, but also their initiators. The exercise could not, however, have been carried out in isolation; it was a natural consequence of the previous exercises, which were necessary for us to create an overview of the product's actual environmental impacts. [Helle Nystrup, Grundfos Management A/S]

Step 5: Quantify the environmental impacts

BACKGROUND Many decisions about the products environmental profile can be taken on the basis of experience, dialogue and scenario-building. But it is inevitable that some judgments and choices in product development must be based on hard numbers and quantitative assessments. The fifth step in the 7-step approach is to quantify the environmental impacts, with the help of a quantitative life cycle assessment technique. The figures created in this exercise will be used to carry out an internal comparison of product alternatives and visualisation of the orders of magnitude between the impacts of the product manufacturing processes and materials, activities in the product life cycle stages and alternative life cycles. SIMPLIFIED METHODS Life cycle assessment tools are used to quantify the environmental impacts of products and systems. For the busy product developer, there are a number of simplified life cycle tools, such as: Life Cycle Check and Ecodesignguide from Denmark; the Austrian Ecodesign PILOT; the Dutch Eco-Indicator 99 and ECO-it; or the Swedish EPS.

BACKGROUND Choice of method depends on: who will apply the method (a product developer, an industrial designer or an environmental specialist?) how much one knows about the product at the time of the use of the method, and whether one wishes to use a computer tool, or whether a pocket calculator would suffice, and so on. The outcome always depends on three factors: the model one uses (for example, the processes one chooses to include in a life cycle phase, and possibly their presentation in a computer tool) the data one bases the calculations on (general or specific data, self-collected data or data from literature, older or newer data, etc.) the method itself (for example, inherent decisions connected to the procedure). Common for all methods is that one must define the product life rsum and model this within the framework of the method. Some methods include data on materials and processes, which ease the quantification task, especially if the method is software-based.

FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY! Be aware that results can vary depending on the combination and content of the three factors: model, data and methodology. And you should not take the result for more than it is merely a quick and general estimation. If you wish to use quantified environmental figures in connection with external communication to customers and suppliers (for example, in environmental reporting), you must make full life cycle calculations according to ISO standards and have these reviewed by a third party. Simplified methods are not sufficient for external communication.
However, simplified methods are often both sufficient and the most useful choice for daily product development work especially after they have been used a few times in the company, to both learn the technique and to tailor the databases and the model.

STEP-BY-STEP APPROACH Choose a method for assessing the environmental impacts of your product. Use the results from Step 1 to 4 to describe the product and its life cycle. Work step-by-step through the method and record underway the different assumptions, you have to make. The method typically requires data on product name, functional unit, materials, manufacturing processes, transport, use scenarios and disposal scenarios. The exercise is complete when the product's life cycle can be modelled in relation to its environmental impacts, and some environmental focus areas can be identified, which the method has helped to reveal. Prepare a presentation of the results from the exercise and then identify five environmental focus areas ('*').

LCA results are usually complex
Example of an LCA result Four product alternatives compared in 5 impact categories

Tools for simplified LCAs: e.g. ECO-it
Eco-indicator & ECO-it
[Download fra www.pre.nl] Environmental improvement through product development. A project funded by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency.

Environmental impact reduced to a single indicator
Eco-indicator & ECO-it
[http://www.pre.nl]

Example of using ECO-it
Abridged LCA of a citrus press, using ECO-it

Assumptions during the assessment
Materials stage

What product version is chosen representative? Which parts does it consist of? (incl. motor) Which types & weights of materials? (gross/net) Which processes are involved? (incl. overheads)
Production
Transport stage

Which distances will be covered? With which means of transport?
Use stage
How often will the citrus press be used (and cleaned)? and where?
End-of-Life/Disposal stage
What is/are the most likely disposal way/s?

Results ECO-it results in the different life cycle stages

Quantify the environmental effects
Use an abridged LCA tool, such as ECO-it, to model your products life cycle
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WHY CARRY OUT THIS EXERCISE? The quantitative environmental exercise provides another entry point to the environmental improvement task, based on highly simplified assessment methods. The limitations of these tools are clear; many assumptions must be made and the results are only as reliable as the data and model underlying the calculations. But even with these limitations, these simplified methods give a quick overview of a product's environmental profile. In addition, you can use the tools to create scenarios where, for example, alternative processes or materials are compared. The figure shows results from the ECO-it tool, which in this example shows that the products environmental impact in the use stage is 20 times larger than the manufacturing stage, and even higher than in the disposal stage.

Step 6: Create environmental concepts

BACKGROUND In this task you will create solutions for the product and the product's life cycle, which can lead to environmental improvements. Based on the series of environmental insights that you have gained during the previous five steps, it is now time to start creating environmental concepts for the product. There are various tools available to aid this task: Those, which you have always used in product development - brainstorming, brainwriting, sketching, etc. There are checklists and negative checklists, which prompt environmental thinking. You can create future scenarios (e.g. Outline the world's least energy-consuming house, which can be realised in the year 2020) in order to make a leap forward and perhaps find radical environmental concepts. The largest help is most likely to be gained by identifying relevant ecodesign principles that can inspire and guide the environmental conceptualisation process.

ECODESIGN PRINCIPLES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Reduce the material intensity of the product or service Reduce the energy intensity of the product or service Reduce the dispersion of harmful substances through the product Increase the amount of recycled and recyclable materials in the product Optimise the products durability Incorporate environmental features into the product
7. Signal the products environmental features through the physical design 8. 9. Maximise the use of sustainable resources and supply chains Optimise the products service intensity
10. Design the life cycle first and then the product

Create ideal concepts
CREATE IDEAL CONCEPTS An ideal concept is a solution proposal, which is exclusively focused on a single optimisation parameter. The aforementioned ecodesign principles can be used to create a number of ideal concepts that, for example, are optimised towards: Minimum material content in the product Minimum energy use throughout the product's life cycle Minimum content of toxic substances Optimal reusability Optimal durability Inbuilt environmental functions in the product Clarification of the environmental characteristics of the product Use an hour on each of the above optimisation proposals (you could also add some of your own) and produce a poster for each concept with brief explanations for specific characteristics, etc. The posters will show how far each ecodesign principle can be stretched for the current product. Good sub-solutions can then be chosen from ideal concepts, in order to construct one or more concrete and realistic environmental product concepts.

Create ideal concepts
CREATE IDEAL CONCEPTS One of the ways in which to proceed with environmental improvements is to create so-called ideal concepts. An ideal concept is created with focus on one particular aspect, conceptualised in a vacuum, with respect to all other constraints.
Adventure mobile phone
Fun mobile phone [Baxter]

Ideal concept principle
Recyclable materials Energy intensity

Solution space
Durability
Environmental features
Service intensity
Sustainable resources Sustainable supply chains

Ideal concept principle - example
Sustainable materials (low weight)
Energy intensity
Solution space

Create ideal concepts - example
Ecodesign principle Apply the following ecodesign principle to create one or more new product concepts which have a radically improved environmental prole. Ecodesign principle #2:
Reduce the energy intensity the product or service As energy supply today is not based on 100% renewable sources, and as fuels often are fossile, the consumption of energy typically leads to environmental loads that can be reduced by changing the design.
Exercise: Try to apply this ecodesign principle to the product you are working on, and see where, throughout the products lifecycle, the principle can be applied.

Negative brainstorming
BREAK DOWN THE MENTAL BARRIERS Despite the logical approach behind using certain ecodesign principles, one can often meet a barrier when attempting to create significant environmental improvements. The more one focuses on the need for good solutions, the harder it can be to find them. Humans seem actually to be designed in such a way that it is easier for us to imagine all the ways in which to make the product environmentally worse, and not the opposite! A negative brainstorm is therefore always easy (and fun) to perform, because it is the negative aspects that we want to move away from (and the negative aspects, which disturb the process of environmental concept generation). The task is therefore to imagine the world's most environmentally polluting product.

STEP-BY-STEP APPROACH Use 5-10 minutes in groups, brainstorming all the ways in which the environmental profile of your product can be made to be as bad as possible! Write your ideas down on post-its (one idea per post-it). Remember that brainstorm rules apply! When all the negative ideas have emerged, they must be categorised in relation to the ecodesign principles. The next step is to turn every negative idea into one or more positive ideas. For example, the idea The pump is always on - no way of turning on/off is addressing the ecodesign principle regarding energy and can be contradicted with various positive environmental ideas, such as The pump has automatic flow regulation. The exercise is complete when all the negative ideas have been created, categorised and countered with a list of positive ideas. Finally, identify five key environmental focus areas by putting a * by the relevant environmental impacts.
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WHY CARRY OUT THIS EXERCISE? You create environmental concepts in this exercise by focusing on a selected number of environmental focus areas and developing approaches that eliminate the actual problem. The many technical professions represented in the workshop group should give high chances of creating target-worthy solutions. Using the environmental principles helps to create guiding stars which help the conceptualisation process. The negative brainstorm exercise is suitable for a workshop setting, as the whole group can contribute and because there is not much time in a workshop for detailed conceptualisation. The negative brainstorm exercise may initially seem unserious; but more often than not, the exercise helps to produce far more new and innovative ideas, than if one had systematically followed a traditional improvement strategy. The many new ideas that were generated by the negative ones, can now be prioritised and built into the product development task for further development. The creation of the ideal concepts helps to pan out the solution space for new environmental concepts.
THE PROCESS THAT YOU HAVE NOW COMPLETED IN STEPS 1 TO 6 HAS BEEN A CREATIVE PROCESS WITH A SOLE FOCUS ON THE ENVIRONMENT. NOW IS THE TIME TO REFLECT: HOW SHOULD THE EXPERIENCES FROM THIS PROCESS SHAPE THE COMPANY'S STRATEGY AND POLICY? HOW SHOULD SUCH ACTIVITIES BE BUILT INTO THE PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PROCESS IN THE FUTURE?

Step 7: Develop an environmental strategy

BACKGROUND For environmental efforts, ideas and requirements to become rooted in the organisation, a strategy and prioritisation of efforts is required. The previous 6 steps in the 7-step approach have helped to develop ideas for environmental improvement by changing the product and its life cycle. If you have completed these steps carefully, you should now have a long list of environmental priorities and ideas! The last task in this approach is to use your groups experience, inspiration and opportunities to decide on an environmental strategy. You hereby leave the reference product you have been working on, in order to attempt a generalisation of the environmental product development effort for the whole company. As a result of the first 6 steps of this approach, you now have 4 x 5 sets of environmental focus areas *. The task is now to consolidate these 20 environmental focus areas through dialogue within the group, into a smaller, more manageable number of environmental focus areas (choose, for example, the top 10). Targets must then be set for the degree of improvement expected for each environmental focus area.
Corporate values Environmental policy and strategy
Environmental focus areas
Environment in product development
Ecodesign guidelines and acAons
[McAloone]

STEP-BY-STEP APPROACH For this task you should draw a radar plot, on which each of your chosen 10 environmental priorities are assigned an axis. Choose an appropriate unit of measurement for each axis of the radar plot (e.g. kg, %, mg, J, km, number of years, or mPt). Then use two colours to represent current status and future goal. Assign responsibilities within the organisation, i.e. point to people who can take on the coordination of the task of creating the environmental improvements within each focus area. When this exercise is carried out in a workshop setting it is often the case that, even if appropriate units have been selected for each environmental priority, it is not possible to commit to absolute and quantified improvements for each focus area. Therefore, one can instead begin by operating with stepwise goals (e.g. a scale of 0-4) or relative improvements (e.g. factor 2, 3, 4 or 50% reduction). These units can be adjusted later.

STEP-BY-STEP APPROACH When the strategy proposals are in place, it is important to define the implementation task, so that the coordinators of each focus area can put deadlines on their activities and begin to make individual action plans for their tasks. The task after this step is to work through the results of step 7, putting real numbers onto the units of each axis of the radar plot and then developing a comprehensive environmental action plan.
Use this poster (electronic version available) to plot out an environmental strategy Environmental improvement through product development. A project funded by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency.

Ensuring implementation in the company

It is a challenging process after the workshop to ensure that the ideas, priorities and tools find a place in the company. As indicated in Step 7, the environmental considerations should be aligned to the company's overall development. Objectives, strategies and action plans should therefore be coordinated with other initiatives. The selection of one or more dedicated coordinators is the first step in this process. In relation to the company management, the coordinator has the major task of communicating and mediating the environmental effort with the company's other objectives and strategies. If the resources can be devoted to the positive and systematic environmental improvement in the company, it is certain that the investment will pay off in several areas: Meeting the company's social obligations Prevention in relation to future environmental concerns and requirements Demonstrating the company's environmental stance Improved view of and influence over the product life cycle A service-oriented view of the product Robust and innovative product concepts.
For further information
Tim McAloone DTU Management Engineering Engineering Design and Product Development Building 426, Produktionstorvet, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark Telephone Homepage Email (+45) 4525 6270 www.kp.man.dtu.dk/english/research/areas/ecodesign/guide tmca@man.dtu.dk
Mthodes de conception
179
Thorie de la conception (H.A. Simon, 1969)
Evaluation
Thorie de l'valuation Aide au choix de solutions (optimisation et heuristiques) Logique formelle de la conception Recherche de heuristique de solutions Allocation de ressources Structure et organisation de la conception Reprsentation des problmes de conception
Recherche de solutions
180
Importance phase de conception (1)

250 200
Production Maintenance
Cot des corrections
150 100 50
Cahier de charges Conception Mthodes
Phases de vie dun produit

181
Importance phase de conception (2)

Dpenses engages 250 200 150 100 50
Cahier de charges Conception Mthodes Production Maintenance
Dpenses effectues
Phases de vie dun produit

182
Activit de conception
tape dcisive dans le cycle de vie dun produit Activit intellectuelle et cognitive trs complexe Activit individuelle/collective Processus de cration et de dnition dune ou
plusieurs descriptions dun produit : rpondre aux besoins et satisfaire les contraintes composant lectronique
183
Domaines : dune centrale nuclaire un simple
Conception : pourquoi une activit ?

Objectifs Demande, Besoin ? Contraintes Donnes techniques
CONCEVOIR
Acteurs de lingnierie
184
Ressources matrielles et informationnelles
Processus transversal
Complexit intrinsque des produits Composition pluritechnologique Perception plurisensorielle du client et de
lutilisateur
Complexit managriale Pluridisciplinarit de lquipe Complexit et diversit des procds Savoir-faire de lentreprise
185
Complexit
Complexit du produit Complexit du processus de conception Complexit du procd Gestion de projet complexe
186
Complexit
Complexit du produit Complexit du processus de conception Complexit du procd Gestion de projet complexe
187
quipe de conception

Marketing Commercial Designer Aprs-vente Bureau dtudes Industrialisation Qualit Achats Production Utilisateur
188
Connaissance et typologie de conception (daprs Gero, 2001)

Espace de solutions de conception crative
Espace de solutions de conception innovante
Espace de solutions de conception routinire
189
Domaines dapplication des mthodes de conception
Produits Procds Systmes de production Systmes dinformation et daide la dcision

190
Objectif : satisfaire le client
Mthode pour :
Exprimer le besoin Satisfaire le besoin
Besoin Demande Proposition
Besoin compris
Lattente implicite est diffrente de l offre !
191
Exemple
192
Besoin
Besoin latent : besoin de lindividu qui demande
tre exprim
Besoin identi : issu dune tude de march Besoin cr : initi par loffre. Exemples : tlvision,
tlphone portable
Besoins objectifs. Exemple : performance, poids, Besoins subjectifs. Exemples : mode, confort,
193
Limites du langage naturel

Langage naturel : utilis majoritairement en conception ??? Bruit : lment sans rapport avec le problme Silence : lment non spci Redondance : supplmentairelment napportant pas dinformation Contradiction : lment en opposition avec un autre lment Ambigut : plusieurs interprtations possibles du mme lment
194
Besoin de mthode
viter
Incomprhension Oublis Pertes de temps,
195
Besoin de mthode
Objectifs
Langage pour communiquer Gain en qualit (exhaustivit, vrication de cohrence, robustesse) Gain en dlai et productivit Rexion conceptuelle Partage du travail (gestion de projet) Maintenance Capitalisation dexprience
196
Gain dutilisation dune mthodedacteurs Gain si complexit grande, nombre

importants, rptition Sans mthode
Cot
Avec mthode
Temps
197
Quest-ce quune mthode ?
Une mthode comporte
Un (ou plusieurs) modle conceptuel
Niveau dabstraction lev Modle gnral Reprsentation dtaille Description des fonctions du modle conceptuel Squence de mise en uvre des concepts Rles des interventions humaines
Des outils et des rgles de reprsentation
Une dmarche
198
Diffrentes approches
Approche fonctionnelle Quelles sont les fonctions remplies par le
systme ?
Approche informationnelle Quelles sont les informations changes ? Approche comportementale Que se passe til au cours du temps ?
199
Diffrentes approches
Comportementale
Spcication du systme Informationnelle

200
Fonctionnelle
Historique des mthodes

Avant 1975
Rseaux de Petri IDEF0
HIPO
SD SADT SA SART Comp Info Fonc
1975-1980
Entit -association
1980-2000
Depuis 2000
UML
201
Analyse fonctionnelle
202
Fonctions dusage / fonctions destime Recherche intuitive Analyse des squences Analyse des mouvements et des efforts Analyse de lenvironnement Analyse dun produit type Analyse des rglements et des normes
203
Besoin de mthode danalyse fonctionnelle
Pour satisfaire le besoin, il faut le connatre. Pour le connatre, il faut lexprimer en termes de
fonctions.
Pour identier les fonctions, il faut matriser les

mthodes danalyse.
204
Modle danalyse fonctionnelle

Formaliser les besoins du client Concepts Fonctions de service Formaliser les services remplir Contraintes Formaliser les contraintes respecter
205
Dmarche qui consiste rechercher, ordonner (les fonctions de service), caractriser (critres), hirarchiser et/ou valoriser les fonctions (poids) du produit attendu par lutilisateur. Afnor NF X 50-151. Les fonctions doivent tre exprimes par leur nalit (rsultats atteindre) solutions (moyens pour satisfaire les fonctions)
Fonction : actions dun produit ou de lun de ses composants exprimes exclusivement en terme de nalit. Afnor
Exemple : assurer le dplacement, rsister aux tractions
206
Cahier des Charges Fonctionnel CdCF
CdCF : document par lequel le demandeur
exprime son besoin en termes de fonctions et de contraintes. contraintes sont dnis avec leur exibilit.
Les critres d'apprciation des fonctions et des CdCF : tape de conception interne ou
207
contractuel pour sous-traiter la conception.
Fonctions
Fonctions principales de service : assurer le service attendu par lutilisateur (fonctions dusage et destime).
Exemple : tlphone portable

Contraintes : limites dans la libert de conception de produit
Sources : environnement, rglements, normes

Fonctions techniques (internes) : fonctions intrinsques au produit. Ce sont des supports pour les fonctions de service.
Exemple : le systme de refroidissement dun moteur.

208
Dmarche intuitive
Recherche intuitive : identication de 50% des
fonctions !
A quoi sert le produit ? Dans quel systme sintgre til ? A quoi sert le systme ? Est-ce que les besoins produit et systme sont
cohrents ?
209
Exemple
Stylo
Tracer des marques correspondre mmoriser transmettre des

connaissances
Systme d'criture
Besoins stylo cohrent avec

210
besoin systme criture ?
Fonctions d'usage/ Fonctions d'estime

Fonction d'usage du stylo : tracer des marques Fonction d'estime : plaire esthtique, image de marque
211
Analyse complmentaire
Analyser les squences

imaginer la squence d'utilisation du produit et en dduire les fonctions d'usage (mthode SAFE : Sequential Analysis of Functional Elements)
Analyser les mouvements et les efforts

dnir les contraintes mcaniques (RDM/cinmatique) ncessaires pour le produit
Analyser l'environnement
tudier les systmes "en contact" avec le produit (air, lumire, homme, )
212
Analyse complmentaire (2)

Analyser un produit type analyser un produit comparable (concurrent ou
rpondant au mme besoin)
Analyser les rglements et les normes ex : tre non toxique Analyser l'environnement tudier les systmes "en contact" avec le produit
(air, lumire, homme, )
213
Exemple
Fonction d'usage : tracer des marques
protger la pointe s'accrocher diffrents supports tre "indformable" renouveler l'encre tre non toxique tre esthtique, avoir une image, tre de qualit, rsister aux rayures et aux agressions, rsister aux UV, rsister l'oxydation
Fonction d'estime : plaire
214
Caractrisation des fonctions

Pour chaque fonction : dnir des critres dapprciation
avec un niveau de exibilit
Le critre dapprciation permet dvaluer la manire

dont une fonction est remplie ou un contrainte respecte.
exemple : dimension du stylo diamtre de 14mm (exibilit 1mm) longueur 130mm (exibilit de 125 145 mm)
215
Classication des fonctions

Classement des fonctions suivant leur importance
relative
Exemple : pour un stylo de luxe avoir une image : 20% tre esthtique : 15% Tracer des marques : 10% ...
216
Poids relatif des fonctions
Modles
Analyse fonctionnelle externe :
Expression du besoin (Bte cornes),
Analyse fonctionnelle interne :
Ordonnancement des fonctions techniques associes aux

fonctions dusage (Diagramme FAST),
Architecture dune chane fonctionnelle

217
(Schma-blocs de la chane dnergie et de la chane dinformation).
Modle FAST
Function Analysis System Technique Analyse fonctionnelle dun produit existant Objectif : ordonner les fonctions, vrier la logique et
lexhaustivit :
Pourquoi la fonction existe-t-elle ? Comment est-elle assure ? Quand ?
Pourquoi Quand
fonction
Comment Quand
218
FAST (2)
Fonctions sur la mme ligne si elles rpondent
aux questions pourquoi-Comment ralises simultanment Pourquoi
Fonctions sur le mme verticale si elles sont

Comment
219
FAST (3)
Fonctions de mme importance satisfaites en mme temps
Fonctions dimportance diffrente satisfaites en mme temps
Fonctions alternatives (ou)
220
Exemple
Dpoussirer Aspirer la poussire Crer un ux d'air Eliminer la poussire Sparer la poussire
221
Modle APTE : pieuvre

Analyse systmique du milieu extrieur Valorisation des fonctions de service : fonctions de
base
Etapes : Recherche du besoin fondamental Recherche des milieux extrieurs Recherche des diffrentes fonctions (valorisation
et quantication)
222
Rechercher le besoin fondamental

A quel systme appartient le produit ? A qui sert il ? A qui rend service le systme ? Sur quoi agit le systme ? Sur qui le systme agit il ? Dans quel but le systme existe t'il ?
223
Validation du besoin
Pourquoi le besoin existe t'il ? Quelle est la nalit du besoin ? Quest-ce qui peut modier le besoin ? Quest-ce qui peut reporter le besoin ? Qu'est-ce qui pourrait faire disparatre le
besoin ?
Quand le besoin peut il voluer ?

224
Exemple stylo
Systme ? Systme criture A qui ? A l'Homme Sur quoi agit le systme ? Perception visuelle,
pense, mmoire de l'Homme
Dans quel but ? Permettre l'Homme de

225
correspondre, transmettre des ides, mmoriser
Exemple stylo (2)
Validit des besoins
Pourquoi ?
Mmoriser car mmoire dfaillante, correspondre : besoin de communiquer si impossibilit communication directe transmettre : savoir disparat avec l'Homme Mmoriser : lire autant de fois que souhait Correspondre : changer des ides Transmettre : faire connatre son savoir, prennit
Finalit
226
Exemple stylo (3)
Evolution, disparition des besoins
Mmoriser :
Amlioration mmoire de l'homme ? Au moins utilisation diffrente car nouveaux moyens (informatique, ) L'Homme aura toujours besoin de communiquer Besoin croissant ? Autres moyens de communication ? Toujours besoin de transmettre par crit
Correspondre
Transmettre
227
Recherche des lments de l'environnement du produite

en situation
Rechercher les milieux extrieurs
Diffrentes situations envisages : utilisation, repos,

maintenance, recyclage,
Air ambiant STYLO Papier
Lumire
table
Acheteur
Utilisateur
228
Rechercher les fonctions

Fonctions Principales FP : besoin Fonctions Contraintes FC : actions/ractions du
produit par rapport aux milieux extrieurs
Air ambiant
FC1
STYLO
Support criture
FP1 : gurer la pense de l'homme sur un support d'criture FC1 : rsister l'ambiance FC2 : recevoir la lumire FC3 : s'adapter aux utilisations
Lumire
FC2
Objets divers
FP1
Homme
229
FC3
Ingnierie intgre
230
Nouvelles organisations de la conception : gestion de projet

1 Intgrer les contraintes aval 2 Ingnierie parallle 3 Dnition de plusieurs solutions
1 2
231
Concurrent Engineering CE
Le concurrent engineering est une approche organisationnelle systmatique et globale de lentreprise, base sur la conduite simultane et intgre du cycle de vie du produit, mettant en uvre des quipes pluridisciplinaires travaillant en symbiose et visant des objectifs de production communs de cot-dlaiqualit.
232
Ingnierie simultane
Dmarche traditionnelle Conception Initiale Simulation et test Conception dtaille Prparation la fabrication Prototypage
Dmarche de Concurrent Engineering Conception Initiale Simulation et fonctionnement Analyse et vrification Conception dtaille Prototypage
Equipes du projet travaillant en parallle tches simultanes et modifications rapides
Meilleure qualit Rduction des dlais Moins de cots
Temps conomis
Prparation la fabrication 233

[Sohlenius, 92]
Principaux outils du CE
Les outils CFAO Analyse fonctionnelle et analyse de la valeur Le DFX Outils de Management des Connaissances Le prototypage rapide Les TIC Les quipes multidisciplinaires Autres (QFD, )
234
Outil dorganisation : quipes pluridisciplinaires

Product cost Make product
Accounting Purchasing
Buy product part
Manufacturing
Product quality system
Quality engineering
Product life cycle
Manufacturing engineering
Product process design
PRODUIT
Reliability engineering
Product field service
Product engineering
Product design
Product support
R&D
Product concept 235
Marketing
Product marketing
Outil damlioration : DFX
Conception pour X : conception de W pour amliorer

lindicateur Y sur le processus X X : un ou plusieurs processus du cycle de vie dun produit Y : un indicateur de performance du processus X W : les lments pouvant faire lobjet dune reconception
236
[Huang, 96]
Exemple 1 : DFMA
Conception pour lassemblage et la fabrication Agir sur les produits dans le but de rendre
lassemblage et la fabrication les plus efcaces X : assemblage et fabrication Y : cot, dlai, W : modier la nomenclature du produit
237
Exemple 2 : DFL
Conception pour la logistique X : logistique/chane logistique Y : service client

Un taux de service Le cot global Modularisation des produits Standardisation des produits Diffrenciation retarde Flexibilit des installations
W : les lments objet des actions correctives
238
Analyse du cycle de vie
239
Estimation de limpact sur lenvironnement des produits
Prise en compte de lensemble du cycle de

vie (Life Cycle Assessment)
Extraction Produit
Impacts
Emission
240
Nature
Types gographiques dimpacts

Impacts locaux Impacts rgionaux Impacts globaux
241
Types gographiques dimpacts
242
Types dimpacts environnementaux

Epuisement des ressources naturelles Rchauffement climatique Diminution de la couche dozone Brouillard
243
Types dimpacts environnementaux

Acidication Eutrophisation Toxicit de lair, de leau des sols Dcharges
244
Epuisement des ressources naturelles

Quelles ressources ?
Combustibles fossiles Mtaux (uranium, ...) Degr de rgnration ? Recyclage : quel impact ? Impact des barrages hydrolectriques sur les rivires ?
245
Ressources renouvelables
Rchauffement climatique
Causes
Leffet de serre contribue llvation de la temprature sur terre. Certains gaz (CO2, CFC, CH4, NOx) y contribuent (le CO2 pour 50%) Lactivit humaine augmente les quantits de ces gaz et dstabilisent lquilibre thermique de la terre. La combustion de gaz fossiles contribue 80% au dgagement de CO2.
246
Rchauffement climatique
Effets sur lenvironnement
Fonte des glaces Augmentation du niveau de la mer et inondations Dsertication Extension des maladies tropicales Modication des zones de prsence des vgtaux et des animaux
247
Couche dozone : ltre des ultraviolets
Diminution de la couche dozone
(nfastes pour la ore et la faune, cancers de la peau)
Couche 5 10 fois plus ne quavant Animation couche dozone Antarctique

1957-2001
Causes : CFC (sprays, rfrigrateurs,

248
climatisations) et HCFC, NOx (avions)
Brouillard
Brouillard dt Brouillard photo-chimique (Ozone, CO, ...) Causes : missions de voitures chauffages
domestiques, engrais, industrie, consommation domestique dnergie fossile (NOx, CxHy) et la ore
Effets : dangers pour les humains, la faune

249
Brouillard
Brouillard dhiver Particules en suspension et dioxyde de
soufre (SO2)
Causes : gaz dchappement des voitures,

production dlectricit avec des ressources fossiles. dcembre 1952 Londres)
250
Effet : augmente la mortalit (4.000 morts
Brouillard
251
Acidication
Les oxydes nitriques (NO2, NOx) se transforment dans latmosphre en acides nitriques (HNO3) et en oxydes de soufre (S02, SOx). Avec la pluie, lacidit augmente dans leau, le sol, sur les toits. Effets : respiratoires, ore.

252
Eutrophisation

L'accumulation dengrais (phosphates, nitrates) cause le dveloppement de plantes. Cause : agriculture intensive. Effet : contamination de leau, disparition de ore existante, ...
253
Toxicit de lair, de leau, des sols

Nombreuses substances toxiques
Mortelles court terme Mortelles long terme Effets hrditaires Accumulation des mtaux lourds, pesticides, PCB, PCT Produits radioactifs
254
Chane alimentaire
Dchets
Dcharges
Pollution de lair, de leau, odeurs, risques dexplosion Contamination par les batteries (mercure, cadmium, zinc, nickel, ...)
Incinration

Dioxine, PCB Mercure, plomb
255
Autres impacts

Impact olfactif Impact acoustique Impact visuel
256

Evaluation quantitative du cycle de vie

Objectif : estimation de limpact dun produit sur lenvironnement. Produit : matriaux, procds, distribution, dchets.
Complexe et incertitudes ! Fiabilit des donnes ?
Connaissance limite des impacts. Approche trop complexe pour lindustrie et trop simplicatrice pour les chercheurs.
257
Analyse du cycle de vie (ISO 14040)

Dmarche en 4 phases :
1. Dnition des objectifs et du champ de ltude 2. Analyse de linventaire (cobilan) 3. Evaluation de limpact 4. Interprtation des rsultats obtenus en fonction des objectifs initiaux
258
Dmarche
259
Dnition des objectifs et du champ de ltude

Dnition des objectifs Dnition du domaine (incluant le systme
de production)
Dnition des units fonctionnelles (incluant

tous les processus permettant latteinte des fonctions du produit) et permettant la comparaison entre solutions
Dnition de la qualit des donnes

260
Analyse de linventaire
Collecte des donnes Dnition du mode de calcul Cration de linventaire Etude de sensibilit des donnes Point de vue Ne pas oublier : les co-produits, les
261
traitements de n de vie, le recyclage
Evaluation de limpact

Classication (puisement des ressources naturelles, rechauffement climatique, ...) Caractrisation (prise en compte de limportance relative des impacts : pondration) Normalisation (chaque donne est calcule en fonction dune norme) Evaluation (impact total = somme des impacts pondrs)
262
Interprtation des rsultats obtenus

Les rsultats sont remis en perspective par rapport aux objectifs. Approche globale : technologie, conomie, performance, culture, ... Utilisation interne (conception, reconception, achats) ou externe (co-labels, communication)
263
Historique des mthodes

BUWAL, Suisse. CML, Ecoindicator 95, Hollande. EPS (Environmental Priority System), Sude.
264
Ecoindicator 99
265
Impacts de matriaux
266
Comparaison : Radio nomade piles et radio nomade manivelle (Jarir Mahfoud ) Dure de vie : 5 ans (ampoules comprises) Utilisation : 15 / jour , 2 mois / an Consommation : 2,5 W Le recyclage des piles et accumulateur ne sont pas
considrs.
267
Comparaison : bouilloire lectrique et casserole avec une cuisinire gaz 4 feux (Jarir Mahfoud )
Dure de vie : 10 ans Utilisation : 1L / jour Aspects logistiques ngligs Ensemble des phases de vie considr
268
Conclusion sur LCA

Difcile utiliser en conception
prliminaire
Besoin de beaucoup de donnes ables. Utile pour comparer 2 solutions (attention

aux hypothses)
269
Eco-innovation
270
Aller plus loin ?

Systme industriel actuel Utilise moins de ressources Dgage moins de dchets (surtout)
toxiques
Respecte des lgislations

271
Aller plus loin ?

Objectif Pas dempreinte cologique Contribue la bio-diversit Efuent = eau potable Dchets bio-compatibles ou utilisables
comme matire premire de qualit
Transports amliorant la qualit de vie

272
Types de conception
Conception routinire (prdnie)
Connaissances disponibles Dmarche de conception connue Choix parmi des lments de solutions existants Connaissances crer Dmarche de conception dnir Nouveaux lments de solution ou nouvelles technologies
Conception inventive
273
Inventivit
Solution apparente Amlioration Nouvelle branche de technologie Nouveau domaine scientique
274
Crativit et Innovation
Crativit
Dmarche Processus Impact Formation Type de runion Inputs Type de pense Individuelle Discontinu, instantan Non mesurable Apprentissage de mthodes Brainstorming Questions, ides incompltes Divergente
Innovation
Collective Continu, long Mesurable, certain Utilisation d'outils stratgiques Gestion de projet Bonnes ides, suggestions retenues Convergente
Dans le secteur de lconomie, linnovation est lunique et le plus important moteur de la comptitivit, de la croissance et de lemploi long terme. Commission Europenne, juin 2000
275
Conception inventive
Approches possibles Crativit humaine Mthode (dmarche, modles) TRIZ Attention Cette prsentation nest quune interprtation
personnelle de TRIZ sur la base de documents disponibles dans le laboratoire (cf rfrences)
276
TRIZ
russe de "Thorie Abrviationde problmes" inventive de rsolution
Dveloppe par Genrich Saulovich Altschuller (1926-1998)

TRIZ (analyse 1946 : dbut des travaux sursous forme de de brevets). Brevets prsents problmes
1956 : 1re publication sur TRIZ en URSS Annes 1990 : traductions en anglais, franais,
277
TRIZ et expertise ?
TRIZ est une mthode (?) TRIZ est une thorie (?) TRIZ nest pas quun ensemble de solutions La connaissance du domaine de lapplication
spcique est ncessaire pour trouver des solutions
278
Approche globale (analogie ?)

Problme gnrique Solution gnrique
Problme spcifique
Solution spcifique
279
Concepts
TRIZ focalise sur les problmes formules comme des contradictions
les solutions sont considres comme videntes pour les experts du domaine une fois le problme bien pos (?)
sont des Les problmes et oureprsentes par substances-champ contradictions des diagrammes
Lidalit (Rsultat Idal Final) guide la rsolution
Lvaluation est lie la conception

280
Outils de rsolution de TRIZ

Vision systmique Matrice des contradictions / Principes inventifs Reprsentations substances-champ / Standards Lois dvolution Dmarche Algorithme de rsolution des
problmes inventifs (ARIZ)
281
Vision systmique
Super systme Systme Sous-systme Avant Maintenant Aprs
Considration de plusieurs niveaux et de plusieurs temps Considration du systme et de lanti-systme

282
Contradictions
Contradiction technique Une action est simultanment utile et nfaste Contradiction physique Un sous-systme doit avoir une proprit P pour
raliser une fonction et non-P pour satisfaire les conditions du problme
283
Rsolution classique
Compromis On cherche lquilibre entre deux proprits
(optimisation)
Radicale Une proprit est accentue au dpend de

lautre
284
Matrice des contradictions

39 paramtres Principes inventifs utiliss lintersection entre le
paramtre amliorer et celui prserver
Ex : Masse objet mobile
285
Principes inventifs
40 principes

80 Sous-principes Exemples
1. Segmentation Diviser un objet en parties indpendantes. - Remplacer un gros ordinateur par plusieurs PCs. - Remplacer un gros camion par un plus petit avec remorque. - Dcomposer les tches d'un projet important. Rendre l'objet dmontable. - Meuble modulaire. Accrotre le degr de segmentation (fragmentation) de l'objet. - Remplacer les stores par les stores vnitiens. - Utiliser de la soudure en poudre au lieu d'une feuille ou d'un bton, pour permettre une meilleure pntration du joint.
286
Substance - champ
Substance : nimporte quel objet Champ : interaction entre substances Interactions Utiles, nfastes, excessives, partielles
287
Structure des standards

Reprsentation graphique des interactions
substances-champ
76 Standards correspondants
288
Structure des standards

Reprsentation graphique des interactions
substances-champ
76 Standards correspondants
289
9 lois dvolution technique

Lois statiques
L1: Compltude du systme L2: Conduction de lnergie L3: Harmonisation L4: Croissance dynamique L5: Accroissement des interactions substances-champ L6: Irregularit de lvolution des parties du systme L7: Transition du niveau Macro au niveau Micro
Lois cinmatiques
Lois dynamiques
L8: Transition au Super-systme L9: Accroissement idalit
290
L8: Transition au supersystme
291
Idal...

Idealit = Machine
Fonctions Utiles / Effets Nfastes + cots
sans masse ou volume mais qui ralise le travail demand, sans maintenance et sans effet nfaste
Mthode
Ne demande ni temps ni nergie mais donne le rsultat escompt de manire auto-rgule
292
ARIZ
Dmarche combinant les outils de TRIZ A rserver aux experts ?
293
Dmarche dcoinnovation
Approche fonctionnelle Conception inventive (TRIZ ?) Impacts environnementaux (pas de matriaux
toxiques VERIFIER, utiliser des matriaux et nergies positives)
Approche systme et besoin Approche locale et pluri-disciplinaire

294
Evolution culturelle
Ressources non innies Humanit fragile Considrer les dchets et rel recyclage (utilisation au
mme niveau avec les mmes proprits)
Croissance conomique, pas seul indicateur de progrs Continuer produire plus en utilisant des ressources
non renouvelables, en diminuant la bio-diversit et en mettant en danger lhumanit ?
Logique dusage (non de possession)

295
Exemples dapplication
296
Industrie lectronique
Annes 90 : prise de conscience industrielle
AT&T, HP, IBM, Xerox IEEE Rglementation WEEE en Europe
Carte mmoire de 32MB 1.200 grammes de combustible fossile 72 grammes de matires premire 32.000 grammes deau
297
Applications industrielles
Motorola : Green Design Advisor (valuation de
limpact environnemental en conception)
Dell : rduction de 20.000 tonnes demballage/an Panasonic : crans plats consommant 2x moins
dnergie avec la mme luminosit
Intel : processeurs consommant 40% moins

298
dnergie pour 40% en plus de performance ...
Xerox Corporation
18% de rduction des missions de CO2
(2002-2006)
94% rduction des rejets toxiques dans lair 91% rduction des dchets dangereux Design for reuse : reconguration de 2,8 millions
de machines (1991-2008)
Nouveau type de papier (50% moins de bois) et

moins 70% de gaz effet de serre
299
Copieur iGen3 Xerox

97% des composants recyclables ou remanufacturables 80% du poids des dchets peut tre rutilis ou recycl Dsassemblage facile, pices forte dure de vie et
marques
Approche document digitaux (50% de copieurs en

moins dans certains groupes)
80% de bruit en moins Pas dencre toxique

300
Copieur iGen3 Xerox

97% des composants recyclables ou remanufacturables 80% du poids des dchets peut tre rutilis ou recycl Dsassemblage facile, pices forte dure de vie et
marques
Approche document digitaux (50% de copieurs en

moins dans certains groupes)
80% de bruit en moins Pas dencre toxique

301
Industrie pharmaceutique
Pour raliser 1kg de produit, 25 100kg de
matire sont ncessaires lenvironnement rduire) enjeux
Pb des traces de mdicaments dans Solvants : 80% des impacts (chimie verte pour les Mercure, PVC et gestion des dchets sont des
302
Jonhson & Jonhson

Actions 2001-2005 Rduction consommation eau 14% Rduction dchets toxiques 24% Rduction mission CO2 11,5% Rduction matires premires 7% Application systmatique DFE
303
Industrie agro-alimentaire
50% des surfaces habitables 70% de la consommation deau 25 40% des gaz effet de serre Doublement dans les 50 ans de la demande en
nourriture nourriture
1 milliard de personnes sans terre et sans

304
Applications industrielles
Kraft food: programme de gestion de lnergie.
Diminution de 14% de la consommation dnergie alors que la production a augment de 10% entre 2001 et 2006. diminution de 50% de la consommation deau par sac de frites. gntiquement modie) ncessitant moins deau, moins dengrais et de traitement contre les maladies.
305
Frito-Lay (PepsiCo): programme de gestion de leau : Heinz a dvelopp une espce de tomate (non
Coca-Cola
Impacts : production, distribution, machines de
distribution, refroidissement.
Actions Rduction du ratio litre deau / litre de produit
(2,5 en 2007 en diminution).Volont de rejeter de leau pure
Emballage : objectif 100% PET r-utilis ou recycl Indicateur nergie / litre de produit
306
Emballage coca-cola
Rduction de la masse Ultra glass bottle Bouteilles en PET Bouchons
307
Rfrigrateurs Coca-Cola
Rfrigrateurs sans HFC pour moins
dmission gaz effet de serre
Gestion de lnergie (35% en moins)
308
Produits de grande consommation

Kodak : appareils photos numriques ont diminu
leur poids de 50% entre 1998 et 2006.
Timberland : chaussures Earthkeeper avec

matriaux recycls. Publicit Timberland chaussure Earthkeepers - YouTube
309
Patagonia
Dmarche DFE Veste Eco-rain en matriau recycl et recyclable.
Patagonia Focus on Design: Eco Rain Shell Jacket - YouTube
310
Conclusion
Ncessit dune vision systme Une optimisation sera insufsante Innovation Changement de comportement
311
Rfrences bibliographiques

Vezzoli C. Et Manzini E., Design for environmental sustainability, Springer, 2008. Poignot J-L, Cours sur internet, Sup de co Amiens), 2009. Jollain C, Formation co-conception Schneider, 2004. Rose B, Cours dco-conception, Universit de Strasbourg, 2009. Brundtlant, Rapport Brundtland, ONU, 1997 Simon H-A, Sciences de larticiel, ... LENS, http://www.lens.polimi.it/ Pr Consultant, http://www.pre.nl/default.htm Millet D. Et al., Intgration de lenvironnement en conception, Hermes, 2003. McDunough W et Braungart M, Cradle to Cradle, North point press, 2002.
312
Organismes

Commission europenne : http://europe.eu.int Ministre de lconomie, des nances et du dveloppement : http:// www.industrie.gouv.fr

SQUALPI : Sous-direction de la normalisation de la qualit et de la proprit industrielle : http://www.industrie.gouv.fr/pratique/ certication/presentation.pdf
Ministre de lcologie et du dveloppement durable : http:// www.ecologie.gouv.fr ADEME : Agence de lenvironnement et de la matrise de lnergie : http://www.ademe.fr AFNOR : Association franaise de normalisation: http://www.afnor.fr
313
Associations
OREE : Association pour linformation sur
le management environnemental : http:// www.oree.org de la valeur: http://www.afav.asso.fr
AFAV : Association franaise pour lanalyse

APDD : Association pour les pratiques du dveloppement durable : http:// www.agora21.org/apdd/
314

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Cours Ecoconception

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Eco-conception et dveloppement durable

Eco-conception et nergie Eco-conception et matriaux Eco-conception et procds Eco-conception et logistique

Analyse du cycle de vie Eco-innovation Exemples

dveloppement qui rpond au besoin de Source : commission mondiale Dveloppement soutenable

Dveloppement durable : dnition

Dveloppement durable : Avenir quilibr

Sommet de la terre Rio, 1992

lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Protocole de Kyoto, 1997

lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Confrence de Copenhague 2009

Confrence de Copenhague 2009

Confrence de Nagoya 2010

agriculture intensive augmentation de la population.

lundi 5 dcembre 2011

agriculture intensive augmentation de la population.

lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Complexit de trois niveaux interdpendants

lundi 5 dcembre 2011

lundi 5 dcembre 2011

mammifre sur 5 menacs dextinction.

Cinq causes majeures:

Cinq causes majeures:

Rchauffement climatique : consquences

Augmentation de la dsertication Augmentation des phnomnes

Rchauffement climatique : consquences

Applications : environnement, sant,

Gaz effet de serre

lundi 5 dcembre 2011

Gaz effet de serre

Mthane (CH4) levage des ruminants, culture du riz,

Gaz effet de serre

Mthane (CH4) levage des ruminants, culture du riz,

Gaz effet de serre

Protoxyde dazote (N2O) engrais azots et procds chimiques

Gaz effet de serre

Pas dappauvrissement du capital naturel

Actions pour le dveloppement durable

produit ou de systme (btiment, ville, ...). (produits ou procds) industrial design

Dans ce cours : co-conception industrielle

Approche end-of-pipe Traitement des dchets pour limiter les

Prise en compte de lenvironnement

Re-conception des produits et des procds

Conception et utilisation de produits et

Eco-conception de produits et de procds

Cycles biologiques et technologiques

Isol des ressources biologiques

Concevoir de nouveaux produits et services

Concevoir de nouveaux systmes (eco-innovation)

Minimiser la consommation de matires premires et dnergie

Minimiser la consommation de matires premires et dnergie

Choisir des ressources et des procds de faible impact

Choisir des matriaux non-toxiques

Choisir des ressources et des procds de faible impact

Utiliser des matriaux renouvelables ou bio-compatibles

Matriaux renouvelables Bois pas toujours la bonne solution

Utilisation de matriaux bio-compatibles Mater-B : polymre biodgradable

Utiliser des ressources nergtiques non toxiques et sans danger

Utiliser lnergie mcanique ? Electricit ? Production ? Batteries ? Fin de vie ?

Optimiser la dure de vie des produits

Etendre la dure de vie des matriaux

Utilisation au mme niveau ? Mmes proprits ? Impact environnemental du procd de recyclage ?

Etendre la dure de vie des matriaux

Rduire et faciliter les oprations de Utiliser des assemblages non permanents ou