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1.0 .Introduction 2 2. 2.Monitoring ways 2.1 .Fiber optic sensor systems. 3 4
3.0. Fiber Optic Sensor Classifications 5 3.1. fibre optical sensors based on sensing location.. 5 3.1.1.Extrinsic fiber optic sensor 5 3.1.2. Intrinsic fibre sensor... 6 3.2. Fibre optical sensors based on operating principle.. 7 3.3 fibre optical sensors based on the application.. 7 4.0. Fibre optic sensors types... 7 4.1. Intensity Based Fiber Optic Sensors.. 7 4.2. Phase Modulated Fiber Optic Sensors 8 4.3. Polarization Modulated Fiber Optic Sensors.. 8 4.4. Wavelength Modulated Fiber Optic Sensors 8 5.0. Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG)... 9 5.1. THEORY OF FBG SENSORS 11 5.1.1. SENSOR DESIGN.. 11 6.0. FBG and structures of bridges.... 12 6.1. Advantages of FBG Sensors in Bridges monitoring.... 15 6.2. an example of FBG sensor in bridge health monitoring....15 7.0. Conclusion..17 8.0. References..17
1.0.Introduction
The use of fibre optic sensors is becoming a valuable practice in sensory systems for the health monitoring of structures. The paper presents a few significant case studies in which fibre optic sensors have proven their effectiveness. Implementation of the sensory system as well as data analysis and interpretation are discussed. In the last decade, an increasing shift from investments in the construction of new infrastructures to the maintenance and lifetime extension of the existing ones has taken place. Generally, most of the transportation network, such as highways and railways, is completed and in service. A similar situation is encountered in ports and maritime infrastructure, where most of the facilities have been built 30 to 80 years ago. By the other hand, the establishment of a common economical and political world space larger than ever is pushing the demand for free circulation of people and freights, but the concern for the impact created by the construction of new facilities in delicate natural and architectural environments is also increasing. Therefore, the authorities managing civil infrastructure face the challenge of maintaining the transportation network in a satisfactory state, using a limited budget and with little perturbation to its normal use. This task is far more complex than that of building new structures and requires new management instruments. Due to the increasing loads, ageing of materials and environmental action, the performance of many in-service structures has decayed and the inherent level of safety can be shown inadequate relative to current design standards. Structural health monitoring is certainly one of the most powerful tools for infrastructure management. In what we call the information age, structural health monitoring seems to close the gap between the traditional world of structural engineering and the frenetic one of information technology. Monitoring includes the observation of deformations as well as environmentally induced processes.
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Climatic variables like temperature, humidity and wind loads shall be considered as well. A central point consists in the observation of the chemical parameters in the form of electrochemical potentials, resistivity, and penetration processes. However, an almost complete instrumentation of all imaginable physical phenomena would exceed the reasonable amount of financial efforts. Additionally, a larger number of collected data might not necessarily improve the quality of the drawn conclusions. Therefore, the identification and observation of the decisive parameters is fundamental for the development and calibration of consistent engineering models describing the deterioration mechanisms threatening ultimate limit state, serviceability, and durability .The definition of the objective of the instrumentation program usually follows the realisation that something about the structure is not known well enough and that measurements of a number of quantities at a certain location would be desirable for the sake of economy or safety. The first step is to reflect on all possible ways the construction might behave and to choose which quantities to measure, where to measure them, and to select adequate instruments to do so. This requires an estimation of the magnitudes of changes in the quantities to be measured, which allows the definition of the range, resolution, accuracy, and sensitivity of the instruments selected to measure them. In much the same way, the temporal behaviour of the observed phenomena might be a criterion for the dynamic requirements for both the instruments and the readout units. As next the instrument positions and the number of instrumented sections have to be determined. After testing, the taking of the readings and their processing and analysis must be carried out in a systematic, organised way.
health such as RTK-GPS differentiation system and sensing methods. Here, I will focus on sensing methods and especially optical fibre sensors. Optical fibre sensors considered as new generation of monitoring techniques for giving better and continuous acknowledge about the bridge (major bridges) health. The traditional methods were limited and showed good results only for vibration measurements and mostly for the external structure.
Here I tried to list the most benefits of using optical fibre sensors: 1. More accurate rating of bridge capacity 2. to maximize the safe utilization of the transportation infrastructure and improve the ow of commerce. 3. Measured data can be compared against computed values. 4. More efcient utilization of bridge maintenance and inspection resources.
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5. Increased safety through early detection of structural abnormalities. 6. Increased safety through monitoring and communication of icing and other conditions on bridge decks. 7. Findings can be transferred to future bridge construction projects. Furthermore, continuous monitoring of bridge infrastructure can help in early fault detection and protection against man-made threats. The remote location of many bridges makes them especially vulnerable to security issues, which could lead to dangerous consequences in terms of the economy and public safety.
propagates down the fiber to a probe of fluorescent material. The resultant fluorescent signal is captured by the same fiber and directed back to an output demodulator. There are many types of fibre optic sensors listed under wavelength Modulated but the most widely used wavelength based sensor is the Bragg grating sensor. Fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) are formed by constructing periodic changes in index of refraction in the core of a single mode optical fiber. This periodic change in index of refraction is normally created by exposing the fiber core to an intense interference pattern of UV energy. The variation in refractive index so produced, forms an interference pattern which acts as a grating. The light propagates through the grating, and part of the signal is reflected at the Bragg wavelength. The complimentary part of the process shows a small sliver of signal removed from the total transmitted signal. This obviously shows the Bragg grating to be an effective optical filter.
wavelength at which this reflection occurs is called the Bragg wavelength. Light signals at wavelengths other than the Bragg wavelength, which are not phase matched, are essentially transparent.
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(spectral response of FBG) 5.1 Theory Of FBG Sensors 5.1.1. Sensor Design
The fibre Bragg grating is a device commonly used in telecommunications and sensor technology. Fibre gratings are formed by a periodic change of the fibre cored refractive index in direction of propagation of optical radiation. In principle, the fibre Bragg grating acts as a spectral filter that reflects particular wavelengths of light near Bragg resonance wavelength and the rest of the optical signal spectrum is being released. The Bragg resonant wavelength is given by:
where Bragg is the Bragg resonant wavelength, neff is the effective refraction index, and is the periodic variation of the FBG. FBGs used in sensors mostly rely on the spectral analysis of reflected light wavelengths. The Bragg resonant wavelength is determined by various factors applied on the FBG, which affect effectively refractive index or grating
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periodic variation; therefore, it is an indirect measurement resulting from modifying physical or geometrical properties of the FBG. Among the affected factors we have temperature, mechanical deformation (e.g., stretching, pushing, bending, and applying shear stress) to the fiber Bragg grating. In real applications, it is difficult to separate the effects of measured and parasitic variables that affect the same parameter (e.g., when the fiber Bragg grating deformation is measured, temperature also affects reflected light wavelengths). Pressure measurement is always based on the deformation of some sensing part (typically the membrane), which is afterwards measured by principles described in the first section. Applied stress on the fiber Bragg grating in the direction of the fiber axis results in the extension of its physical dimensions and in the change of the periodic variation; however, the influence of temperature also affects physical dimensions due to thermal expansion.
the sensing element, converting the amount of gas to a strain. The Bragg grating then transduces the strain to the change in wavelength.
The FBG purposes are to observe strain, crack and predict the bridges fatigue that may lead to the damage. So, FBGs sensors give good solutions in that case and installing them to the concrete structure will offer continues observation and this will directly archives the safety and reduces the cost as well. Due to the fragility of bare FBG, it is hard to directly apply in infrastructures (bridges) , so it must be encapsulated. There are two kindes of encapsulated FBG sensors are used for this purpose, capillary encapsulated FBG strain sensors and slice base encapsulated FBG strain sensors. As in the fig (*^&%$) below.
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a mental tube of encapsulated FBG FBG encapsulation strain sensor is FBG encapsulated in mental capillary by glue (especially epoxy resin) under the air press difference between the inside and the outside of the capillary. Capillary FBG can be conveniently used then in concrete structure of the bridge. The mental holder ring is used to keep the FBGs deformation consistent with the concrete structures and the stretched optical fiber is ready for temperature compensation connector. In slice base
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encapsulation FBG sensors the FBG encapsulated in slice base encapsulated by the glue, which can be conveniently used on the surface.
challengeable technology to other old once via monitoring the health of different parts of the TMB under both the railway and highway loads as well as comparing the FBG sensors performance with the conventional structural health monitoring system. Wind and Structural Health Monitoring System (WASHMS) that has been operating at TMB since the bridges commissioning in May 1997. The experimental observations in this case show that the results using FBG sensors were in excellent agreement with those acquired by WASHMS.
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Applying this number of FBG sensors to the bridge gave excellent results. The information of the bridge health was a continuous and accurate enough comparing to the old technologies.
7.0. Conclusion
In conclusion, we have demonstrated the application of FBG sensors and interrogation system to monitor the dynamic strain and temperature on the Hong Kongs landmark Tsing Ming Bridge. The FBG package technique was proposed to apply for structural monitoring application. The measurement result of the interrogation system was in excellent agreement with the one obtained by electrical strain gauge measurement. The FBG sensor system offers many advantages over electrical strain gauge. These include remote sensing, ease of installation, non-corrosive and lower
maintenance cost. This shows that FBG sensor technology is a good alternative for civil and structural dynamic strain monitoring.
8.0. References
Structural Monitoring: Making Bridges Safer Across the United States
Structural Health Monitoring and Intelligent Infrastructure: volume 1, J.P. Ou, H. Li, Zhongdong Duan 2006
Structural Health Monitoring 2005: Advancements And Challenges edited by Fu-Kuo Chang2003
Fiber Optic Sensors: Principles and Applications By B.D.Gupta, Gupta, Banshi Das Structural Health Monitoring 2003: From Diagnostics & Prognostics to ... edited by Fu-Kuo Chang
Zhi Zhou and Jinping OU. Development of FBG sensors for Structural Health Monitoring in civil infrastructures. Proceeding of North American Euro-Pacific Workshop Sensing Issues in Civil Structural Health Monitoring , 2004, Waikiki Beach, Oahu ,Hawaii ,USA
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Fiber Optic Sensors and Systems: Fos2, By Hui Pan, Editor, Paul Polishuk,2002
Optical sensing, B. Culshaw, Anna Grazia Mignani, Rainer Riesenberg, Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers. April 2004
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