Constitutional Law 1 - Course Syllabus

1st Semester, School Year 2008-2009 POLITICAL LAW Defined - People v. Perfecto, 43 Phil. 887 - Macariola v. Asuncion, 114 SCRA 77 THE PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION Nature of the Constitution Definition; Classification; Qualities and essential parts of a good written Constitution Ratification / Political vs. Justiciable Question - Javellana v. Executive Secretary, 50 SCRA 33 Constitutional Construction - Perfecto v. Meer, 85 Phil. 552 - Endencia v. David, 93 Phil. 696 - Nitafan v. Commisioner of Internal Revenue, 152 SCRA 284 Self-executing provisions - Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS, GR 122156, Feb. 3, 1997 Constitutional History Pre-1935 Constitution Schurman Commission; Taft Commission; Spooner Amendment; Philippine Bill of 1902 Jones Law of 1916; Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934 1935 Constitution Declaration of Martial Law - Aquino v. Enrile, 59 SCRA 183 1973 Constitution - Javellana v. Executive Secretary, 50 SCRA 33 1986 Snap Presidential Election - Philippine Bar Association. v. Comelec, 140 SCRA 455 People Power Revolt Proclamation No. 1, Feb. 25, 1986 Proc. No. 3, Mar. 25, 1986 - Lawyers League v. Aquino, GR 73748, May 22, 1986 - In re: Bermudez, 145 SCRA 160 Freedom Constitution 1987 Constitution - In re: Letter of Reynato Puno, June 29, 1992, 210 SCRA Effectivity of the 1987 Constitution - De Leon v. Esguerra, 153 SCRA 602 AMENDMENT PROCESS Amendment vs. Revision Procedure 1. Proposal a. By Congress b. By a Constitutional Convention Theories on Position of Constitutional Convention c. By the People thru Initiative RA 6735 - Defensor-Santiago v. Comelec, GR 127325, March 19, 1997 2. Ratification Doctrine of Proper Submission - Tolentino v. Comelec, 41 SCRA 702 Judicial Review of Amendments

- Javellana v. Executive Secretary, 50 SCRA 30 - Sanidad v. Comelec, 73 SCRA 333 POWER OF JUDICIAL REVIEW - Marbury v. Madison, 5 US 137, 2 L.Ed. 60 - Defensor-Santiago v. Guingona, GR 134577, Nov. 18, 1998 - Francisco v. House of Representatives, GR 160261, Nov. 10, 2003 Judicial Supremacy vs. Constitutional Supremacy Political vs. Justiciable Question - Baker v. Carr, 396 US 186 - Nixon v. US, 506 US 224 - Goldwater v. Carter, 444 US 996, 62 L.Ed.2d 428 - Sanidad v. Comelec, 73 SCRA 333 - Estrada v. Arroyo, G.R. No. 146738, March 2, 2001 - Brillantes v. Concepcion, GR 163193, June 15, 2004 Presumption of Constitutionality - Lim v. Pacquing, GR 115044, Jan. 27, 1995 Requisites of Judicial Review: 1. Actual Case or Controversy - Board of Optometry v. Colet, GR 122241, July 30, 1996 - Mariano v. Comelec, 242 SCRA 211 - Fernandez v. Torres, 215 SCRA 489 - La Bugal-Blaan Tribal Assn. v. DENR Secretary, GR 127882, Jan. 27, 2004 Ripeness - City of Los Angeles v. Lyons, 461 US 95, 75 L.Ed.2d 675 Mootness - David v. Macapagal-Arroyo (PP1017), GR 171396, May 3, 2006 - La Bugal-Blaan Tribal Assn. v. DENR Secretary, GR 127882, Dec. 1, 2004 - DeFunis v. Odegaard, 416 US 312, 40 L.Ed.2d 164 2. Proper Party Conventional Standing - Warth v. Seldin, 422 US 490, 45 L.Ed.2d. 343 Representative Standing Jus Tertii standing - Craig v. Boren, 429 US 190, 50 L.Ed.2d. 397 Transcendental importance to the public - Tatad v. Garcia, 243 SCRA 436 - Kilosbayan v. Guingona, 232 SCRA 110 - Kilosbayan v. Morato, 246 SCRA 540 - Kilosbayan v. Morato (Recon.), GR 118910, Nov. 16, 1995 Standing of members of Congress - Philconsa v. Enriquez, 235 SCRA 506 - Bagatsing v. Committee on Privatization, GR 112399, July 14, 1995 Standing of Integrated Bar of the Philippines - IBP v. Zamora, G.R. No. 141284, August 15, 2000 Standing of the Government to question its own laws - People v. Vera, 65 Phil. 56 Taxpayers Suits - Bayan v. Zamora, G.R. No. 138570, October 10, 2000 - Gonzales v. Narvasa, G.R. No. 140835, August 14, 2000 3. Question must be raised at the earliest possible opportunity 4. Constitutional question must the very "lis mota" of the case Doctrine of Purposeful Hesitation - Drilon v. Lim, GR 112497, Aug. 4, 1994

Functions of Judicial Review Effects of Declaration of Unconstitutionality Doctrine of Operative Fact - Republic v. CA, GR 79732, Nov. 8, 1993 CONCEPT OF STATE 1. People Citizenship Distinguished from nationality Modes of Acquiring citizenship Citizens of the Philippines - Moy Ya Lim Yao v. Commissioner of Immigration, 41 SCRA 292 - Djumantan v. Domingo, Jan. 30, 1995 Election of Philippine citizenship - In re: Vicente Ching, Bar Matter No. 914, October 1, 1999 Doctrine of implied election - Co v. HRET, G.R. No. 92191-92, July 30, 1991 Natural-born citizens - Bengson v. HRET, G.R. No. 142840, May 7, 2001 - Tecson v. Comelec, G.R. No. 161434, March 3, 2004 Dual citizenship & dual allegiance - Mercado v. Manzano, GR 135083, May 26, 1999 Res judicata in citizenship cases Doctrine of Indelible Allegiance Naturalization - Republic v. De la Rosa, 232 SCRA 785 Loss of citizenship - By naturalization in a foreign country - Frivaldo v. Comelec, 174 SCRA 245 - Labo v. Comelec, 176 SCRA 1 - By express renunciation or expatriation - Yu v. Defensor-Santiago, 169 SCRA 364
Reacquisition of citizenship, RA 8171

Retroactivity of Repatriation - Frivaldo v. Comelec, 257 SCRA 727, June 28, 1996 Suffrage - Akbayan Youth v. Comelec, G.R. No. 147066, March 26, 2001 - Makalintal v. Comelec, GR 157013, July 10, 2003 2. Territory Philippine Archipelago; Archipelago Doctrine; UN Convention on the Law of the Sea 3. Government Functions Constituent vs. Ministrant Laissez-faire vs. Welfare State Doctrine of Parens Patriae - Gov't. of Phil. Islands v. Monte de Piedad, 35 Phil. 728 - Cabanas v. Pilapil, 58 SCRA 94 Classification - De Jure - De Facto - Lawyers League v. Aquino, GR 73748, May 22, 1986 4. Sovereignty Effects of Change in sovereignty - People v. Perfecto, 43 Phil. 887 - Macariola v. Asuncion, 114 SCRA 77 Effects of Belligerent Occupation Doctrine of Jus Postliminium Dominium vs. Imperium Derogation of Philippine Sovereignty; The Visiting Forces Agreement - Bayan v. Zamora, G.R. No. 138570, October 10, 2000

DOCTRINE OF STATE IMMUNITY Basis - U.S.A. vs. Reyes, March 1, 1993 Immunity of Foreign States & Diplomats Principle of par in parem non habet imperium Process of Suggestion - The Holy See v. RTC, GR 101949, Dec. 1, 1994 Determination of Immunity by the Department of Foreign Affairs - Liang v. People, G.R. No. 125865, January 28, 2000 Immunity of International Organizations and Agencies - SEAFDEC v. NLRC, 241 SCRA 580 - Callado v. IRRI, 244 SCRA 210 - DFA v. NLRC, Sept. 18, 1996 Immunity of Government Agencies Incorporated Municipal Corporations - Municipality of San Fernando v. Judge Firme, 195 SCRA 692 Unincorporated If principal function is governmental - Farolan v. CTA 217 SCRA 298 If proprietary suable Suits against Public Officers - City of Angeles v. CA, Aug. 28,1996 - Veterans Manpower v. CA, 214 SCRA 286 - Wylie v. Rarang, 209 SCRA 357 Consent to be sued Express Consent - Republic v. Feliciano, 148 SCRA 424 General Law - CA 327; PD 1445; Art. 2180; Act No. 3038 Special Law - Meritt v. Gov't. of the Phil. Islands, 34 Phil. 311 Implied Consent When State commences litigation - Froilan v. Pan Oriental Shipping, Sept. 30, 1954 When State enters into a business contract - USA v. Ruiz, 136 SCRA 487 Suability not outright liability - Meritt v. Gov't. of the Phil. Islands, 34 Phil. 311 - Fontanilla v. Maliaman, 194 SCRA 486 Consent to be sued does not include consent to execution - Republic v. Villasor, 54 SCRA 84 - Municipality of San Miguel v. Fernandez, 130 SCRA 56 - Municipality of Makati v. CA, 190 SCRA 206 Immunity cannot be used to perpetrate an injustice on a citizen - Ministerio v. CFI of Cebu, 40 SCRA 464 PRINCIPLES AND STATE POLICIES Preamble Republicanism Manifestations 1. Nemo est supra leges - Villavicencio v. Lukban, 39 Phil. 778 2. Rule of majority 3. Accountability of Public Officials 4. Bill of Rights 5. Legislature cannot pass irrepealable laws 6. Separation of Powers Principle of Blending of Powers Principle of Checks and Balances

- The Steel Seizure case, 343 US 579, 96 L.Ed. 1153 - Bowsher v. Synar, 478 US 714 - Senate v. Ermita (E.O.464), G.R. No. 169777 7. Non-delegation of powers - Phil. Interisland Shipping Ass'n. v. CA, GR 100481, Jan. 22, 1997 Potestas delegata non delegare potest Permissible Delegation a. Tariff Powers to the President b. Emergency Powers to the President - First Emergency Powers cases, 84 Phil. 368 - Second Emergency Powers cases, 92 Phil. 603 c. Delegation to the People d. Delegation to Local Government Units e. Delegation to the Administrative Bodies Power of Subordinate Legislation - Miners Association v. Factoran, GR 98332, Jan. 16, 1995 Principle of Subdelegation of Powers Doctrine of Qualified Political Agency Tests for valid delegation a. Completeness Test b. Sufficient Standard Test - Ynot v. IAC, 148 SCRA 659 - De la Llana v. Alba, 112 SCRA 294 Legislative standard need not be expressed - Hirabashi v. United States, 320 US 99 - Chiongbian v. Orbos, 245 SCRA 253 8. State Immunity (supra) 9. Election through popular will Act of State Incorporation Clause Conflict between municipal law and international law - Ichong v. Hernandez, 101 Phil. 115 Civilian Supremacy - IBP v. Zamora, G.R. No. 141284, August 15, 2000 Government to serve and protect the people People to defend the State Separation of Church and State Independent Foreign Policy Nuclear Free Philippines Just and dynamic social order Social Justice - Calalang v. Williams, 70 Phil. 726 Respect for human dignity and human rights Fundamental Equality of men and women Promotion of health and ecology - Oposa v. Factoran, GR 1010183, July 30, 1993 Priority to education, science and technology Protection to labor Land Reform - Ass'n. of Small Land Owners v. Sec. of Agrarian Reform, 175 SCRA 343 Regalian Doctrine - Republic v. CA, CCP Intervenor, GR 103882, Nov. 25, 1998 - Cruz v. DENR Secretary, G.R. No. 135385, December 6, 2000 - La Bugal-Blaan Tribal Assn. v. DENR Secretary, GR 127882, Jan. 27, 2004 Inalienable Lands of the Public Domain - Chavez v. PEA & AMARI, GR 133250, Nov. 11, 2003 Independent People's organizations Family and Youth - Meyer v. Nebraska, 263 US 393 - Pierce v. Society of Sisters, 268 US 510 - Wisconsin v. Yoder, 40 LW 4476 - Cabanas v. Pilapil, 58 SCRA 94

Self-reliant and independent national economy - Taada v. Angara (GATT case), GR 118295, May 2, 1997 Communication and information in nation-building Autonomy of Local Governments Decentralization of Administration vs. decentralization of Power - Limbonas v. Mangelin, 170 SCRA 786 - Basco v. PAGCOR, 197 SCRA 52 Autonomous Region - Disomangcop v. DPWH Secretary, GR 149848, November 25, 2004 Indigenous Cultural Communities - Cruz v. DENR Secretary, G.R. No. 135385, December 6, 2000 Honest public service and full public disclosure LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT Legislative power Initiative, referendum and Recall - Defensor-Santiago v. Comelec, GR 127325, March 19, 1997 Indirect Initiative - SBMA v. Comelec, Sept. 26, 1996 Recall - Garcia v. Comelec, Oct. 5, 1993 Loss of confidence, a political question - Evardone v. Comelec, 204 SCRA 464, 472 Bicameralism vs. Unicameralism Senate (Composition; Qualifications; Term of office) House of Representatives Composition (District Representatives; Party-list Representatives) Party-list Representatives - Veterans Federation Party v. Comelec, G.R. No. 136781, October 6, 2000 - Ang Bagong Bayani-OFW Labor Party v. Comelec, G.R. No. 147589, June 26, 2001 Apportionment of Legislative Districts - Baker v. Carr, 369 US 186 - Mariano v. Comelec, 242 SCRA 211 - Montejo v. Comelec, GR 118702, Mar. 19, 1995 Gerrymandering Doctrine of Equal Representation Qualifications - Marcos v. Comelec, 248 SCRA 300 - Aquino v. Comelec, Sept. 18, 1995 Theory of legal impossibility Natural-born - Bengson v. HRET, G.R. No. 142840, May 7, 2001 Term of office Privileges Freedom from Arrest Parliamentary Immunity - Eastland v. US Servicemen's Fund, 421 US 491 - Hutchinson v. Proxmire, 443 US 111 - Jimenez v. Cabangbang, 17 SCRA 714 Disqualifications and Inhibitions Effect of Imprisonment - People v. Jalosjos, G.R. Nos. 132875-76, February 3, 2000 Sessions; Adjournment; Officers - Santiago v. Guingona, G.R. No. 147589, June 26, 2001

Quorum - Avelino v. Cuenco, 83 Phil. 17 Rules of Proceedings - Arroyo v. De Venecia (Sin-taxes case), GR 127255, Aug. 14, 1997 Discipline of members Suspension vs. Preventive Suspension - Santiago v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 128055. April 18, 2001 Enrolled Bill Theory - Mabanag v. Lopez Vito, 78 Phil. 1 - Casco Chemical v. Gimenez, 7 SCRA 347 Legislative Journal vs. Enrolled Bill Electoral Tribunals Composition - Bondoc v. Pineda, 201 SCRA 792 - Abbas v. Senate Electoral Tribunal, 166 SCRA 651 Powers - Aquino v. Comelec, Sept. 18, 1995 - Sampayan v. Daza, 213 SCRA 807 Jurisdiction over Proclamation Controversy - Caruncho v. Comelec, G.R. No. 135996, September 30, 1999 Commission on Appointments Composition - Guingona v. Gonzales, 214 SCRA 789 Powers - Sarmiento v. Mison, 156 SCRA 549 Powers of Congress General Legislative Power Limitations Substantive Limitations Procedural Limitations One Bill, one subject - Guzman v. Comelec, G.R. No. 129118, July 19, 2000 Sufficiency of Title - Phil. Judges Association v. Prado, GR 105371, Nov. 11, 1993 - Chongbian v. Orbos, 245 SCRA 253 Bills that must originate exclusively from the House - Tolentino v. Secretary of Finance, GR 115455, Aug. 25, 1994 - Decision on Motion for Reconsideration, Oct. 30, 1995 Three readings on separate days Bicameral Conference Committee Legislative Process Approval of Bills Presidential veto Pocket veto Item veto - Bengzon v. Drilon, 208 SCRA 133 Legislative veto; One-House Veto - Immigration Service v. Chadha, 462 US 919, 77 L.Ed.2d 317 - Phil. Constitution Association v. Enriquez, 235 SCRA 506 Power of the Purse Implied limitations on appropriation measure - Guingona v. Carague, 196 SCRA 221 Constitutional limitations and rules Riders Sub rosa appropriation Prohibition against transfer of appropriation - Phil. Constitution Association v. Enriquez, 235 SCRA 506 Power of Taxation - McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 US (4 Wheat, 316) Power of Legislative Investigation

- Senate v. Ermita (E.O.464), G.R. No. 169777 - Bengzon v. Senate Blue Ribbon Committee, 203 SCRA 767 Power to Punish contempt - Arnault v. Nazareno, 87 Phil. 29 - Arnault v. Balagtas, 97 Phil. 358 Power to declare existence of state of war - The Prize cases, 67 US 635, 17 L.Ed. 459 - Mora v. McNamara, 389 US 934, 19 L.Ed.2d 287 EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT President and Vice-President Qualifications Natural-born Citizen - Tecson v. Comelec, G.R. No. 161434, March 3, 2004 Election Congress as canvassing board Supreme Court as Electoral Tribunal - Defensor-Santiago v. Ramos, PET Case no. 001, Feb. 13, 1996 Term of office Privileges Official residence Salary Presidential Immunity - In re: Bermudez, 145 SCRA 160 - Beltran v. Makasiar, 167 SCRA 393 - US v. Nixon, 418 US 683, 41 L.Ed.2d 1039 - Nixon v. Fitzgerald, 457 US 731 - Clinton v. Jones, 520 US 681, May 27, 1997 - Estrada v. Arroyo, G.R. No. 146738, March 2, 2001 - Decision on Motion for Reconsideration, April 3, 2001 Prohibitions and inhibitions Rules on Succession Vacancy at beginning of term Vacancy during the term Temporary Disability Removal of the President - Estrada v. Arroyo, G.R. No. 146738, March 2, 2001 - Decision on Motion for Reconsideration, April 3, 2001 Powers Executive Power - Planas v. Gil, 67 Phil. 62 - Myers, Administratrix v. United States, 272 US 52 Legislative Powers - Municipality of San Juan v. CA, Sept. 29, 1997 - Ople v. Torres, GR 127685, July 23, 1998 Residual Powers - Marcos v. Manglapus, 177 SCRA 668 Power to Determine National Policy - The Steel Seizure case, 343 US 579, 96 L.Ed. 1153 Prosecution of Crimes - Webb v. De Leon, 247 SCRA 652 Creation of Preparatory Committee on Constitutional Reforms - Gonzales v. Narvasa, G.R. No. 140835, August 14, 2000 Appointing Power Discretionary power - Flores v. Drilon, GR 104732, June 22, 1993

- Gordon v. Judge Santos, CA-GR Sp No. 48339, Aug. 21, 1998 - Gordon v. CA, GR 134900, Sept. 1, 1998 - Luego v. Civil Service Commission, 143 SCRA 327 Classes of Appointment - Gaminde v. COA, G.R. No. 140335, December 13, 2000 Appointments subject to confirmation of Commission on Appointments - Sarmiento v. Mison, 156 SCRA 549 - Manalo v. Sistoza, GR 107369, Aug. 11, 1999 Limitations on the Appointment Power Power of Removal Power of Control Control vs. Supervision - Drilon v. Lim, GR 112497, Aug. 4, 1994 Alter-ego Principle or Doctrine of Qualified Political Agency - Carpio v. Executive Secretary, Feb. 14, 1992 The Executive Secretary - Lacson-Magallanes v. Pano, 21 SCRA 895 Military Powers Commander-in-chief clause - Ex Parte Milligan, 71 US 2 - David v. Macapagal-Arroyo (PP1017), GR 171396, May 3, 2006 - Aquino v. Military Commission No. 2, 63 SCRA 546 - Olaguer v. Military Commission No. 34, 150 SCRA 144 - Carpio v. Executive Secretary, supra Calling Out the Armed Forces - IBP v. Zamora, G.R. No. 141284, August 15, 2000 Declaration of State of Rebellion - Lacson v. Perez, G.R. No. 147780, May 10, 2001 Declaration of martial law - Aquino v. Enrile, 59 SCRA 183 Suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus - Barcelon v. Baker, 5 Phil. 87 - Montenegro v. Castaeda, 91 Phil. 882 - Lansang v. Garcia, 42 SCRA 448 - Garcia-Padilla v. Enrile, 121 SCRA 472 Pardoning Power - People v. Salle, 250 SCRA 581, Dec. 4, 1995 - Monsanto v. Factoran, 170 SCRA 190 - Garcia v. Chairman, COA, 226 SCRA 356 Pardon vs. Amnesty Diplomatic Power - Dames & Moore v. Regan, 453 US 654 Treaties vs. Executive Agreements Power to Impound - Philconsa v. Enriquez, Aug. 19, 1994 JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT Judicial Power Expanded jurisdiction Effect on the political question doctrine Jurisdiction - Diaz v. CA, Dec. 5, 1994 - First Lepanto Ceramics v. CA, Oct. 7, 1994 Constitutional Safeguards to insure independence of the Judiciary Justices/judges may not be designated to any agency performing non-judicial functions Fiscal Autonomy Power of Judicial Review Appointment to the Judiciary Procedure for Appointment

Judicial and Bar Council Supreme Court Composition En Banc & Division cases Fortich v. Corona, G.R. No. 131457, August 19, 1999 Powers Supervision over the Judiciary - Dolalas v. Office of the Ombudsman, Dec. 24, 1996 Rule-making powers - Maniago v. CA, 253 SCRA 674 Mandatory Review of Death Penalty Cases - People v. Esparas, GR 120034, Aug. 20, 1996 Writ of Amparo Equipoise Doctrine Decisions of the Court - Nicos Industrial Corp. v. CA, 206 SCRA 127 - Prudential Bank v. Castro, 158 SCRA 646 Power to control execution of decision - Echegaray v. Secretary of Justice, GR 132601, Jan. 19, 1999 Tenure of Justices/Judges - De la Llana v. Alba, 112 SCRA 294 Removal and Discipline - Maceda v. Ombudsman, GR 102781, Apr. 22, 1993 - People v. Gacott, 246 SCRA 52 Salaries - Perfecto v. Meer, 85 Phil. 552 - Endencia v. David, 93 Phil. 696 - Nitafan v. Commisioner of Internal Revenue, 152 SCRA 284 INDEPENDENT CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSION Safeguards to insure the independence of the Commissions Prohibition on appointment in an acting capacity - Brillantes v. Yorac, 192 SCRA 358 Disqualifications and Inhibitions Decisions - Certiorari to the Supreme Court - Galido v. Comelec, Jan. 18, 1991 - Reyes v. RTC, 244 SCRA 41 - Garces v. CA, July 17, 1996 SC Revised Admin. Cir. 1-95 1. Civil Service Commission Scope of the Civil Service - DOH v. NLRC, 251 SCRA 700 Approval of appointments - Luego v. Civil Service Commission, 143 SCRA 327 - Ramonte v. CSC, 244 SCRA 498 2. Commission on Elections En Banc and Division cases - Sarmiento v. Comelec, 212 SCRA 307 Powers and Functions - Relampagos v. Cumba, 243 SCRA 690 - Loong v. Comelec, GR 133676, Apr. 14, 1999 Exclusive Original Jurisdiction and Appellate Jurisdiction - Guieb v. Fontanilla, 247 SCRA 348, Aug. 14, 1995 Special Registration of New Voters - Akbayan Youth v. Comelec, G.R. No. 147066, March 26, 2001 3. Commission on Audit - Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. COA, GR 101976, Jan. 29, 1993 ACCOUNTABILITY OF PUBLIC OFFICERS Impeachment Impeachable Officers Grounds for Impeachment

Procedure - Romulo v. Yniguez, 141 SCRA 263 Impeachment and Criminal Prosecution - Estrada v. Arroyo, G.R. No. 146738, March 2, 2001 - Decision on Motion for Reconsideration, April 3, 2001 Sandiganbayan Jurisdiction - Lacson v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 128096, January 20, 1999 Ombudsman Supervision and control - Acop v. Office of the Ombudsman, 248 SCRA 566 Prosecutorial Powers - Camanag v. Guerrero, GR 121017, Feb. 17, 1997 Power to issue subpoena; Form of complaint - Almonte v. Vasquez, 244 SCRA 266 Power to Investigate Administrative Charges Concurrent with the Office of the President - Hagad v. Dadole, 241 SCRA 242 Concurrent with the DOJ - Honasan v. DOJ Panel of Investigating Prosecutors, GR 159747, Apr. 13, 2004 Power to investigate cases of ill-gotten wealth after Feb. 25, 1996 - Republic v. Sandiganbayan, Sept. 24, 1994 Ombudsman for the Military - Agbay v. Deputy Ombudsman for the Military, G.R. No. 134503, July 2, 1999 Special Prosecutor - Zaldivar v. Gonzales, 160 SCRA 843 Commission on Human Rights Powers and Functions of the Commission - Cario v. CHR, GR 96681, Dec. 2, 1991 Civil Rights vs. Political Rights - Simon v. CHR, 229 SCRA 117, Jan. 5, 1994 Fiscal Autonomy - CHR Employees Assn. v. CHR, GR No. 155336, Nov. 25, 2004 Presidential Commission on Good Government - Chavez v. PCGG, GR 130716, Dec. 9, 1998 - Cojuangco v. Roxas, 195 SCRA 797 - Republic v. Sandiganbayan, 258 SCRA 685 - Romualdez v. Sandiganbayan, 244 S 152 Sequestration - Republic v. Sandiganbayan, GR 106244, Jan. 22, 1997 Order signed by only one commissioner - Republic v. Sandiganbayan, GR 113420, Mar. 7, 1997 Imprescriptibility of Right of State to Recover Ill-gotten Wealth - Presidential Committee on Behest Loans v. Desierto, G.R. No. 130140, October 25, 1999

Constitutional Law 2 - Course Syllabus

1st Semester, School Year 2006-2007 CONSTITUTIONAL THEORY & ANALYSIS The Cycles of Constitutional Theory Constitutional Theory in a Nutshell Legitimacy and the Constitution

INHERENT POWERS OF THE STATE POLICE POWER Buck v. Bell, 274 U. S. 200

Ermita-Malate Hotel and Motel Operators v. City of Manila, July 31, 1967 Taxicab Operators v. Board of Transportation, 119 SCRA 597 Republic v. Meralco, G.R. No. 141314, Nov. 15, 2002 Ichong v. Hernandez, 101 Phil. 1155 Lim v. Pacquing, 240 SCRA 649 Lutz v. Araneta, 98 Phil. 148 Magtajas v. Pryce Properties, 234 SCRA 255 Miners Association v. Factoran, 240 SCRA 100 Pollution Adjudication Board v. CA, 195 SCRA 112 Tablarin v. Gutierrez, 152 SCRA 730 Tio v. Videogram Regulatory Board, 151 SCRA 208 Ynot v. IAC, 148 SCRA 659 Lozano v. Martinez, 146 SCRA 323 Bunting v. State of Oregon, 243 U. S. 426 MMDA v. Bel-Air Village Assn., March 27, 2000 EMINENT DOMAIN Assn. of Small Landowners v. Sec. of Agrarian Reform, 175 SCRA 343 Roxas & Co. v. CA, 321 SCRA 106 Belen v. CA, 195 SCRA 59 Manosca v. CA, Jan. 29, 1996 De Knecht v. Bautista, 100 SCRA 660 Republic v. De Knecht, Feb. 12, 1990 EPZA v. Dulay, 148 SCRA 305 Phil. Press Institute v. Comelec, 244 SCRA 272 Republic v. PLDT, 26 SCRA 620 Republic v. Salem Investment, G.R. No. 137569, June 23, 2000 Republic v. CA, G.R. No. 146587, July 2, 2002 City Government of Quezon City v. Ericta City of Manila v. Chinese Community, 40 Phil. 349 Heirs of Ardona v. Reyes, 125 SCRA 220 Iron and Steel Authority v. CA, Oct. 25, 1995 SMI Development Corp. v. Republic, 323 SCRA 862 Estate of Salud Jimenez v. PEZA, 349 SCRA 240 Land Bank v. CA, July 10, 1996 Napocor v. Angas, 208 SCRA 542 Napocor v. Gutierrez, 193 SCRA 1 TELEBAP v. Comelec, April 21, 1998 POWER OF TAXATION McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 US Sison v. Ancheta, 130 SCRA 654 Lladoc v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 14 SCRA 292 Philex Mining v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Aug. 28, 1998 Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. CA, 298 SCRA 83 Chavez v. PCGG, Dec. 9, 1998 Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. S.C. Johnson & Sons, 309 SCRA 87 Pascual v. Sec. of Public Works, 110 Phil. 331 CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS Simon v. Commission on Human Rights, Jan. 5, 1994 DUE PROCESS Secretary of Justice v. Lantion, GR 139465, Jan. 18, 2000 Secretary of Justice v. Lantion, Oct. 17, 2000 (Reconsideration) Govt. of the United States v. Purganan, G.R. No. 148571, Sept. 24, 2002 Joseph Estrada v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 148560, Nov. 19, 2001 Buck v. Bell, 274 U. S. 200 Dumlao v Comelec, 96 SCRA 392 Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 Lochner v. New York, 198 U. S. 45 Nebbia v. New York, 291 U. S. 502 Non v. Dames, 185 SCRA 523 Ang Tibay v. CIR, 69 Phil. 635 Palko v. State of Connecticut, 302 U. S. 319 Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish, 300 U. S. 379 Ynot v. IAC, 148 SCRA 659 People v. Dela Piedra, 350 SCRA 163

Adkins v. Children's Hospital, 261 U. S. 525 EQUAL PROTECTION Philippine Judges Assn. v. Prado, 227 SCRA 703 Ichong v Hernandez, 101 Phil. 1155 De Guzman v. Comelec, G.R. No. 129118, July 19, 2000 Ormoc Sugar Central v. Ormoc City, Feb. 17, 1968 People v. Cayat, 68 Phil. 12 People v. Jalosjos, 324 SCRA 689, Feb. 3, 2000 People v. Mijano, July 23, 1999 Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U. S. 537 Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265 Civil Rights Cases, 109 U. S. 3 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U. S. 483, 349 U. S. 294 Bolling v. Sharpe, 347 U. S. 497 Loving v. Virginia, 888 U.S. 1 Shapiro v. Thompson, 394 U.S. 618 SEARCH AND SEIZURE David v. Macapagal-Arroyo (PP1017), GR 171396, May 3, 2006 Soliven v. Makasiar, 167 SCRA 394 Abdula v. Guiani, 326 SCRA 1 People v. Molina, 352 SCRA 174 Allado v. Diokno, May 5, 1994 Aniag v. Comelec, 237 SCRA 424 Burgos v. Chief of Staff, 133 SCRA 800 Columbia Pictures v. Flores, June 29, 1993 Corro v. Lising, 137 SCRA 541 Go v. CA, 206 SCRA 138 Valmonte v. De Villa, Sept. 29, 1989 Guanzon v. De Villa, 181 SCRA 623 Harris v. United States, 331 U. S. 145 Harvey v. Defensor-Santiago, 162 SCRA 840 Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347 Lim v. Felix, 194 SCRA 292 Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U. S. 643 Abel v. United States, 362 U.S. 217, 4 L.Ed.2d 668 Moncada v. People's Court, 80 Phil. 1 Nolasco v. Pao, 147 SCRA 509 Olmstead v. United States, 277 U. S. 438 Papa v. Mago, 22 SCRA 857 Pendon v. CA, Nov. 16, 1990 People v. Aminudin, 163 SCRA 402 People v. Barros, 231 SCRA 557 People v. Cuizon, April 18, 1996 People v. Damaso, 212 SCRA 457 People v. De Gracia, 233 SCRA 716 People v. Del Rosario, 234 SCRA 246 People v. Dichoso, June 4, 1993 People v. Evaristo, Dec. 11, 1992 People v. Exala, 221 SCRA 494 People v. Gerente, 219 SCRA 756 People v. Inting, 187 SCRA 788 People v. Marti, 193 SCRA 57 People v. Musa, 217 SCRA 597 People v. Omaweng, 213 SCRA 462 People v. Tangliben, 184 SCRA 220 Prudente v. Dayrit, 180 SCRA 69 Salazar v. Achacoso, Mar. 14, 1990 Sibron v. New York, 392 U.S. 40 Stonehill v. Diokno, June 19, 1967 Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 Umil v. Ramos, 187 SCRA 311 Weeks v. United States, 232 U.S. 383 Wolf v. Colorado, 338 U. S. 25 PRIVACY OF COMMUNICATION Gaanan v. IAC, 145 SCRA 112 In re: Wenceslao Laureta, 148 SCRA 382 Ramirez v. CA, Sept. 28, 1995

Zulueta v. CA, Feb. 20, 1996 Salcedo-Ortanez v. CA, Aug. 4, 1994 RIGHT TO PRIVACY Ople v. Torres, July 23, 1998 Marquez v. Desierto, G.R. No. 135882, June 27, 2001 Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION (SPEECH, PRESS, ASSEMBLY & PETITION) Abrams v. United States, 250 U. S. 616 Bayan v. Ermita (CPR), G.R. No. 169838, April 20, 2006 ABS-CBN v. Comelec, G.R. No. 133486, Jan. 28, 2000 SWS v. Comelec, G.R. No. 147571, May 5, 2001 Borjal v. CA, 301 SCRA 1, Jan. 14, 1999 In Re: Petition to Annul En Banc Resolution A.M. 98-7-02-SC, Sept. 29, 1998 Resolution Re: Live TV & Radio Coverage of Cory Aquino Libel Case, Oct. 22, 1991 In Re: Request for TV-Radio Coverage of Estrada Trial, June 29, 2001 New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 255 New York Times Co. v. United States, 403 U.S. 713 Near v. State of Minnesota, 283 U. S. 697 Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444 R.A.V. v. St. Paul, 505 U.S. 377 Schenck v. United States, 249 U. S. 47 United States v. O'Brien, 391 U.S. 367 Texas v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 397 Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School District, 393 U.S. 503 Adiong v. Comelec, 207 SCRA 712 Ayer Productions v. Capulong, 160 SCRA 861 Barenblatt v. United States, 360 U.S. 109 Branzburg v. Hayes, 408 U.S. 665 Bridges v. California, 314 U. S. 252 Burgos v. Chief of Staff, 133 SCRA 800 Cantwell v. Connecticut, 310 U. S. 296 Consolidated Edison Company v. Public Service Commission, 447 U.S. 530 De Jonge v. Oregon, 299 U. S. 353 Dennis v. United States, 341 U. S. 494 Eastern Broadcasting v. Dans, 137 SCRA 647 Edwards v. South Carolina, 372 U.S. 229 Feiner v. New York, 340 U. S. 315 Gitlow v. State of New York, 268 U. S. 652 Gonzales v. Kalaw Katigbak, 137 SCRA 717 In re: Column of Ramon Tulfo, April 17, 1990 In re: Emiliano P. Jurado, Apr. 6, 1995 JBL Reyes v. Bagatsing, 125 SCRA 553 Lagunzad v. Sotto Vda. De Gonzales, 92 SCRA 476 Malabanan v. Ramento, 129 SCRA 359 Martin v. City of Struthers, Ohio, 319 U. S. 141 Mutuc v. Comelec, 36 SCRA National Press Club v. Comelec, 207 SCRA 1 Pennekamp v. Florida, 328 U. S. 331 People v. Alarcon, 69 Phil. 265 Pita v. CA, 178 SCRA 362 Primicias v. Fugoso, 80 Phil. 71 Richmond Newspapers, Inc. v. Virginia, 444 U.S. 896 Sanidad v. Comelec, 181 SCRA 529 Thomas v. Collins, 323 U. S. 516 Thornhill v. Alabama, 310 U. S. 88; 84 L. Ed. 1093 Adderley v. Florida, 385 U.S. 39 Tolentino v. Secretary of Finance, October 30, 1995 US v. Bustos, 37 Phil. 731 Villar v. TIP, 135 SCRA 706 Whitney v. California, 274 U. S. 357 Yates v. United States, 354 U.S. 298 Zaldivar v. Sandiganbayan, 170 SCRA 1 OBSCENITY CASES Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union, 117 S.Ct. 2349, June 26, 1997 Miller v. California, 413 U.S. 5 Roth v. United States, 354 U.S. 476

FREEDOM OF RELIGION Gerona v. Secretary of Education, 106 Phil. 2 Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U. S. 1 West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, 319 U. S. 624 Ebralinag v. Division Superintendent of Schools of Cebu, March 1, 1993 Aglipay v. Ruiz, 64 Phil. 201 Centeno v. Villalon, 236 SCRA 197 Cox v. New Hampshire, 312 U. S. 569 Fonacier v. CA, 96 Phil. 417 Garces v. Estenzo, 104 SCRA 510 German v. Barangan, 135 SCRA 514 Gonzales v. Archbishop of Manila, 51 Phil. 420 Iglesia ni Cristo, Inc. v. CA, July 26, 1996 Marsh v. State of Alabama, 326 U. S. 501 Pamil v. Teleron, 86 SCRA 413 People v. Cayat, 68 Phil. 12 School District of Abington Township, Pa. v. Schempp, 374 U. S. 203 Engle v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421; 8 L. ed. 2d. 601 Victoriano v. Elizalde Rope Workers Union, 59 SCRA 54 Zorach v. Clauson, 343 U. S. 306 Cantwell v. Connecticut, 310 U. S. 296 RIGHT TO TRAVEL Caunca v. Salazar, 82 Phil. 851 Manotoc v. CA, 142 SCRA 149 Marcos v. Manglapus, 177 SCRA 668 Philippine Association of Service Exporters v. Drilon, 163 SCRA 386 Rubi v. Provincial Board of Mindoro, 39 Phil. 660 Silverio v. CA, April 8, 1991 Villavicencio v. Lukban, 39 Phil. 778 ACCESS TO PUBLIC INFORMATION Aquino-Sarmiento v. Morato, 203 SCRA 515 Baldoza v. Dimaano, 71 SCRA 14 Tanada v. Tuvera, 146 SCRA 44 Valmonte v. Belmonte, Feb. 13, 1989 RIGHT TO FORM UNIONS, ASSOCIATIONS OR SOCIETIES CENECO v. Secretary of Labor, 201 SCRA 584 In re: Edillon, 84 SCRA 554 Occea v. Comelec, 127 SCRA 404 People v. Ferrer, 48 SCRA 382 SSS Employees Association v. CA, 175 SCRA 686 Victoriano v. Elizalde Rope Workers Union, 59 SCRA 54 CONTRACT CLAUSE Conference of Maritime Manning Agencies v. POEA, Apr. 21, 1995 Home Building & Loan Association v. Blaisdell, 290 U.S. 398 Lozano v. Martinez, 146 SCRA 323 Ortigas v. Feati Bank, 94 SCRA 533 Presley v. Bel-Air Village Association, 201 SCRA 13 West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish, 300 U. S. 379 MIRANDA RIGHTS Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 People v. Endino, 353 SCRA 307 Gamboa v. Cruz, 162 SCRA 642 People v. Base, 329 SCRA 158 Magtoto v. Manguera, 63 SCRA 4 People v. Mahinay, 302 SCRA 385 People v. Obrero, 332 SCRA 190 People v. Agustin, 240 SCRA 541 People v. Bacamante, Sept. 5, 1995 People v. Ballesteros, 237 SCRA People v. Bandula, May 27, 1994

People v. Barasina, Jan. 21, 1994 People v. Bolanos, 211 SCRA 262 People v. Daniega, Dec. 29, 1995 People v. De Guzman, 224 SCRA 93 People v. De La Cruz, 224 SCRA 506 People v. De Lara, 236 SCRA 291 People v. Dimaano, 209 SCRA 819 People v. Galit, 135 SCRA 465 People v. Luvendino, 211 SCRA 36 People v. Maqueda, March 22, 1995 Escobedo v. Illinois, 378 U.S. 478 People v. Andan, March 3, 1997 People v. Teehankee, Oct. 6, 1995 People v. Gamer, Feb. 29, 2000 Gutang v. People, July 11, 2000 RIGHT TO BAIL Comendador v. De Villa, 200 SCRA 80 Dela Camara v. Enage, 41 SCRA 3 Enrile v. Salazar, 186 SCRA 217 Paderanga v. CA, Aug. 28, 1995 People v. Donato, June 5, 1991 Govt. of the United States v. Purganan, Sept. 24, 2002 Tucay v. Domagas, 242 SCRA 110 Maguddatu v. CA, Feb. 23, 2000 RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED Estrada v. Desierto, March 2, 2001 Abadia v. CA, Sept. 23, 1994 Corpuz v. People, 194 SCRA 73 Cosep v. People, May 21, 1998 Dumlao v. Comelec, 95 SCRA 392 Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 Guerrero v. CA, June 28, 1996 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 People v. Esparas, Aug. 21, 1996 People v. Holgado, 86 Phil. 752 People v. Macaraeg, 141 SCRA 37 People v. Mapalao, 197 SCRA 79 People v. Martos, 211 SCRA 805 People v. Tampal, 244 SCRA 202 People v. Teehankee, Oct. 6, 1995 Mapa v. Sandiganbayan, April 26, 1994 HABEAS CORPUS Caunca v. Salazar, 82 Phil. 851 Ex Parte Merryman, 17 Fed. Cas. No. 9487 Ex parte Milligan, 71 U.S. 2 In re Yamashita, 327 U. S. 1 In re: Sumulong, Dec. 25, 1995 Magno v. CA, 212 SCRA 229 Ordonez v. Director of Prisons, 235 SCRA 152 SPEEDY DISPOSITION OF CASES Abadia v. CA, 236 SCRA 676 RIGHT AGAINST SELF-INCRIMINATION Pascual v. Board of Medical Examiners, May 26, 1969 People v. Tranca, Aug. 17, 1994 Villaflor v. Summers, 41 Phil. 62 RIGHT AGAINST INVOLUNTARY SERVITUDE Bailey v. Alabama, 219 U. S. 219; 55 L. Ed. 191 US v. Pompeya, 31 Phil. 245 CRUEL AND INHUMAN PUNISHMENT

People v. Dacuycuy, 173 SCRA 90 People v. Echegaray, G.R. 117472, Feb. 7, 1997 Echegaray v. Secretary of Justice, GR 132601, Jan. 19, 1999 People v. Esparas, July 10, 1998 NON IMPRISONMENT FOR DEBT Lozano v. Martinez, 146 SCRA 323 People v. Nitafan, 207 SCRA 726 DOUBLE JEOPARDY People v. Quijada, July 24, 1996 Almario v. CA, 355 SCRA 1 Comelec v. CA, 229 SCRA 501 People v. Pineda, Feb. 11, 1993 People v. Relova, 148 SCRA 292 People v. Vergara, 221 SCRA 560 United States v. Lanza, 260 U. S. 377; 67 L. Ed. 314 Palko v. State of Connecticut, 302 U. S. 319 Cuison v. CA, April 15, 1998 Manantan v. CA, 350 SCRA 387 EX POST FACTO LAWS AND BILL OF ATTAINDER In re Kay Villegas Kami, Inc., 35 SCRA 429 Bayot v. Sandiganbayan, 128 SCRA 383 Calder v. Bull, 3 Dallas 386 Cummings v. Missouri, 71 U.S. 277 Misolas v. Panga, Jan. 30, 1990 People v. Ferrer, 48 SCRA 382 United States v. Lovett, 328 U. S. 303 Wright v. CA, Aug. 15, 1994 Lacson v. Exec. Secretary, Jan. 20, 1999 ACADEMIC FREEDOM Alcuaz v. PSBA, May 2, 1988 Ateneo De Manila v. Capulong, May 27, 1993 Isabelo v. Perpetual Help College of Rizal, Nov. 8, 1993 Non v. Dames II, 185 SCRA 523 University of San Agustin v. CA, March 7, 1994 University of San Carlos v. CA, Oct. 18, 1988 UP v. Ayson, Aug. 17, 1989