BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA (LUNG CANCER) - Cancer of the lung, like all cancers, results from an abnormality in the body's

basic unit of life, the cell. Normally, the body maintains a system of checks and balances on cell growth so that cells divide to produce new cells only when new cells are needed. Disruption of this system of checks and balances on cell growth results in an uncontrolled division and proliferation of cells that eventually forms a mass known as a tumor. refers to a malignant tumor of the lung arising within the wall or epithelial lining of the bronchus. Anatomy

Classification: 1. Squamous Cell CA - most common lung cancer - epidermoid carcinoma/squamous cell epithelioma - It arises from the uncontrolled multiplication of cells of ` epithelium, or cells showing particular cytological or tissue architectural characteristics of squamous cell differentiation 2. Adenocarcinoma - Adenocarcinoma of the lung arises from the secretory (glandular) cells located in the epithelium lining the bronchi. - smaller than normal cells, and barely have room cytoplasm. Some researchers identify in the mechanism that controls the

3. Small (oat) Cell CA for any this as a failure size of the cells.

4. Large Cell CA (undifferentiated) - heterogeneous group of undifferentiated malignant transformed epithelial cells in the lung.

neoplasms originating from

Predisposing Factors: 1. Cigarette Smoking 2. Occupational exposure asbestos, arsenic or coal tar Clinical Manifestations: usually occurs late and related to size, location, extent of spread and involvement of other structures: 1. new type or changing cough due to bronchial irritation 2. dyspnea and chest pain 3. excessive sputum production 4. hemoptysis 5. fever, weight loss, anorexia. 6. SVC Syndrome obstruction of major blood vessels draining in the neck, head and upper torso 7. Usual sites of mestases: liver, lymph nodes, bones Diagnostic Evaluation CXR/Chest X-ray CT scan Cytologic examination of sputum/chest fluids Fiberoptic bronchoscopy to observe location and extent of tumor;for biopsy PFT/ Pulmonart Function Test

Medical Management

 Chemotherapy -drug used to destroy cancer cells, keeping healthy cells intact Radiotherapy -uses radiation to destroy cancer cells Surgical resection - Surgery to remove all or part of a lung involves making a cut on one side of your chest (thorax) during a procedure called a thoracotomy. Surgery that uses this approach avoids areas in the chest that contain the heart and the spinal cord. Nursing Interventions Improving breathing patterns - elevate head of bed - instruct deep breathing and coughing exercises - oxygen administration as prescribed Improving nutritional status - encourage small amounts of high-caloric and high-protein foods frequently Controlling Pain - assess pain level - administer pain as medications as prescribed Minimizing Anxiety - Let px express his concerns to caregiver, relatives or nurse