1 Copyright 2012 by ASME

EFFECT OF THE SODIUM AND POTASSIUM CHLORIDE ON THE MECHANICAL

AND PLASTIC PROPERTIES ON THE OIL WELL CEMENT SLURRIES.


Camila Aparecida Abelha Rocha
Laboratory of Structures PEC/COPPE/UFRJ
Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
Cristina Aiex Simo
CENPES/PETROBRAS
Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

Guilherme Chagas Cordeiro
Laboratory of Civil Engineer UENF
Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
Romildo Dias Toledo Filho
Laboratory of Structures PEC/COPPE/UFRJ
Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil



ABSTRACT
In recent times, a large reserve of oil and gas in a Pre-Salt
zone has been identified in Brazil. In this reserve it is necessary
to drill and cement a layer of approximately 2.000 meters of
salt rock. In salt rocks, the contact of cement with the rock
during the cementing operation can cause the dissolution of the
rock and salt can migrate to the cement slurry. Cementitious
systems containing salt in their composition have been
proposed to minimize the transport of rock salt to the slurry.
Considering that the presence of salt can cause changes in the
properties of the slurry and compromises the cementing quality.
Studies are necessary to understand how the type and
concentration of salt can affect the short and long term behavior
of the slurry. In this work, the effect of the amount of sodium
chloride (NaCl) and potassium chloride (KCl) on the properties
of the oil well cement slurry was studied. For this, slurries
containing 5%, 10%, 12.5%, 15%, 17.5%, 20% and 36% NaCl
by the weight of water (BWOW), and 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, 10%
and 34% KCl (BWOW) were designed. The effect of salt type
and content on the rheology, free-fluid and mechanical
properties such as compression strength, Youngs modulus,
Poissons rate and splitting tension strength was investigated.
The mechanical properties were evaluated at an age of 8 hours
of curing in water at 38C (100F) and 60C (140F) and 7
days of curing in water at 60C. The addition of NaCl and KCl
resulted in similar behavior in almost all the properties studied.
The properties of freshly and early-age, as free-fluid and
compression strength, of saline slurry differed in two different
mechanisms depending by the salt concentration. For other
side, in most cases, the rheological and long-age properties
were reduced with an increase in salt content.
INTRODUCTION
In recent years, exploration activities in Brazil began to
focus on the Tupi oil field, a large oil field located in the Santos
Basin, 250 km off the coast of Rio de Janeiro. The field was
discovered in October 2006 in a geological formation known as
the Pre-salt layer. The challenge is great, because of having to
drill wells in ultra deep water of approximately 2000 meters.
Additionally, there is a salt layer of 2000 meters to be overcome
before being able extract the oil that is in a depth of more than
6000 meters.
Well construction through salt zones has always been a
complex topic with several unexpected events including salt
creep, well enlargement by leaching of salt rocks, and salt
incorporated in cement slurry [1 , 2]. Due to the incorporation
of salt, the cement slurry properties may be negatively affected
[1, 2 , 3]. First of all, the density of the slurry cement will be
significantly increased; this will have an impact on the
equivalent circulating density applied to the rock during the
cement placing. As well, important parameters like free-fluid,
thickening time and compression strength may be affected in
different ways depending on the salt concentration. [2, 3, 4 , 5].
These factors, if not considered, could result in a well collapse.
The collapse risk can minimized or avoid by utilizing a
saline slurry [1]. Therefore, saline cementitious system
containing sodium chloride (NaCl) and (KCl) potassium
chloride has been recommended [1, 3]. The presence of the
saline slurry in the well reduces considerably the rate of
dissolution of the salt rock. Moreover, the salt slurry has greater
rock adherence and the effect of osmotic pressure is reduced [1,
2, 3].
Proceedings of the ASME 2012 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering
OMAE2012
July 1-6, 2012, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
OMAE2012-84209
2 Copyright 2012 by ASME
The properties of the freshly and hardened prepared NaCl
saline slurry (such as thickening time, fluid loss control, free-
fluid and compression strength) differ, depending on the salt
concentration, from those experienced with corresponding
freshwater slurries [1, 4, 5]. Typically, in salt formations, the
following cement salt concentration guidelines are employed:
for slurries that are going to encounter salt zones, use
concentrations of NaCl in the range of 12 to 20% BWOW; for
slurries that are going to encounter salt zones and remain in
contact with salt for the life of the well, use an NaCl
concentration of 20% BWOW to saturation [1].
Some researchers recommend the use of KCl as alternative
to NaCl, in concentrations of 3% to 5%. In most of cases , a 5%
KCl slurry is considered provide some protection against
formation salt dissolution into the slurry [1, 3]. According
Sweatman at al [3], in recent applications, 3% KCl slurry
cement have exhibited slurry properties such as thickening
time, fluid loss, rheology, compression strength superior to
NaCl cement slurries and lower cost.
In the last years, with the discovery of the pre-salt zone,
this topic should to be very important and new complementary
research is required to guarantee a good cementing operation.
Therefore, the present work studies systematically the effects of
NaCl and KCl content on the properties of cement slurries such
as: rheology, free-fluid, and mechanical properties such as
compression strength, Youngs modulus, Poissons ratio and
splitting tension strength.

MATERIALS
In the production of the slurries the CPP Class G Portland
cement produced by Holcim in Brazil was used. The cement
composition in oxides, measured by X-Ray Fluorescence
Spectrometry (XRF) was: CaO 68.3%; SiO
2
16.6%; Fe
2
O
3

5.6%; Al
2
O
3
3.3%; SO
3
3.7%; and 2.5% of other minor
components. The cement density, equal to 3.23 g/cm,was
determined by helium pycnometry method in a gas pycnometer.
Sodium chloride (NaCl) and potassium chloride (KCl)
were used in the salt slurries production. The density of NaCl
and KCl were 2.16 g/cm and 1,98 g/cm, respectively. The
solubility of NaCl at 20C (68F) - g salt/100g of water - is
35.9 and of KCl is 34.4. Antifoam admixture, consisting of
high molecular weight alcohols with density of 0.93 g/cm, and
deionized water also were used in the slurries production.
METHODS
Mix design
The reference cement slurry (0% of salt) was designed
with class G cement and fresh water at a water/cement ratio of
0.44. Salt concentrations were chosen based on numbers
typically used in the oil industry. Then, salt slurries with NaCl
additive with the concentration of 5%, 10%, 12.5%, 15%,
17.5%, 20% and 36% by the weight of water (BWOW) was
developed. Also were developed salt slurries with KCl with the
concentration of 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, 10% and 34% (BWOW). To
all the cement slurries were added an antifoam additive with the
concentration of 0.03 gpc (gallons of additive per cubic foot of
cement).

Cement slurry preparation
In order to prepare a cement slurry sample, the water and
salt were poured into the Constant Speed Mixer (Model 3060
Chandler) and stirred at a 4,000 200 RPM speed to thoroughly
disperse the salt. Then, the cement was added at an uniform
rate, in not more than 15 seconds, while the mixer was
operating at 4,000 RPM, and the mixing speed was increased to
12,000 500 RPM for 35 seconds.

Rheological parameters
The rheological parameters were determined according to
procedures suggested by NBR 9831 [6]. After the sample
preparation, the cement slurry was homogenized at a rotational
speed of 150 RPM for 20 minutes in an atmospheric
consistometer. The temperature was kept constant at 27C
(80.6F). Immediately after the homogenization, the slurry was
placed in a coaxial cylinder of the viscosimeter Chandler model
3506. The slurry was then subjected to a stepped ramp and the
viscosity measurements were taken at 3 different descending
shear rates (511, 340, 171 s
-1
) after a continuous rotation of 20
seconds at each speed. In addition, the sample stayed static for
10 seconds and then a shear rate of 5.1 s
-1
was applied and the
peak of shear stress, called initial gel, was recorded. This
procedure also was carried out after 10 minutes of static period
and the final gel was recorded.
The yield stress and plastic viscosity were calculated with
help of a linear fit assuming that the cement slurries behave like
a Bingham fluid, Equation 1.

=
0
+ (1)

where is the shear stress and is the shear rate. Two
parameters provided by the Bingham equation are the yield
stress,
0
, (y-intercept of the line) and the plastic viscosity,
(slope of the line). The yield stress is analogous to the amount
of shear stress required to initiate the flow, whereas the plastic
viscosity describes the resistance to flow once the concrete is
moving.

Free-Fluid
After the preparation, the cement slurry was homogenized
as in the rheological test. Then, the slurry, with the mass of 760
5 g, was poured in to Erlenmeyer flask. The flask was then
sealed with plastic wrap and placed in a vibration-free place for
a period of 2 hours 5 min. At the end of this period, the
supernatant water body was removed using a pipette and then
weighed. Free fluid, in percentage, is given by Equation 2.

F = 1uu
I
]
p
m
s
(2)

3 Copyright 2012 by ASME
where F is the free fluid content of the slurry; I
]
is the volume
of the supernatant fluid collected; m
s
is the cement slurry initial
mass; p is the cement slurry density.

Casting and curing process
For the mechanical tests, the cement slurries mixture was
casted in a cubic mold, producing eight cubic samples (50.8
mm-height x 50.8 mm-height) at the same time, and in
individual cylindrical samples (50 mm-diameter x 100 mm-
height) before introducing into the water curing bath. The
cubic samples were cured for 8 hours at a temperature of either
38C or 60C. The cylindrical samples were cured for 7 days at
60C.

Compression strength of cubic samples
The test was performed according to the requirements of
NBR 9831 [6] in a servo-controlled hydraulic machine with
load cell capacity of 100 KN. For each slurry and curing
temperature four cubic specimens were evaluated. For the
specimens showing compression strength below 3.45 MPa (500
psi) the compression load was applied at a rate of 6.9 MPa/min
(1000psi/min). For specimens with a higher strength the load
was applied at a rate of 27.6 MPa/min (4000 psi/min).

Compression strength, Youngs modulus and Poissons
ratio of cylindrical samples
The compression strength in cylinders was determined
using a servo hydraulic machine (Shimadzu UH-F1000kN)
according to procedures of NBR 5739 [6], with a control
medium displacement measured by transducers at a
displacement rate of 0.12 mm/min. The axial displacements
were measured by two electrical displacement transducers fixed
in the central region (middle third) of the specimen. With these
readings it was possible to obtain the sample's values of axial
strain. The lateral strain was obtained directly by means of two
strain gages glued at half height and diametrically opposed to
the cross section of the specimen.
Secant modulus of elasticity was determined from the
stress-strain curve by Equation 3 (ASTM C 469 [8]).

E = _

2
-
1

a2
-
a1
] (3)

where E is the Youngs Modulus;
2
is the stress corresponding
to 40% of the maximum stress; is
1
the stress corresponding at

a1
strain;
a2
is the axial strain corresponding to stress
2
;
a1
is
the axial strain equal to 510
-5
(mm/mm).
The Poissons ratio was determined using Equation 4
(ASTM C 469 [8]).

= _

I2
-
I1

a2
-
a1
] (3)

where is the Poisson's ratio;
l2
is the lateral strain at the
center of the specimen generated by the stress
2
;
l1
is the
lateral strains at the center of the specimen generated by the
stress
1
.

Splitting tensile test
For the splitting tensile tests, concrete disks (50 mm-
diameter x 25 mm-thick) were obtained by cutting test
cylinders (50mm-diameter x 100mm-height). The disks were
subjected to diametrically opposite compression load until
failure, according to NBR 7222 [9]. The splitting tension
strength was computed by the Equation 4

T =
2P
lu

(3)

where T is the tensile strength; P the failure load; l the length;
and d the diameter.

RESULTS

Rheological parameters
The average values of yield stress, as a function of the
content of NaCl and KCl, are shown in Figure1. Line segments
between points were used to facilitate the visualization of the
results.


Figure 1. Yield stress (Pa and lbf/100.ft) versus
percentage of NaCl and KCl.

The results indicate that for the cement slurries containing
NaCl the values of yield strength was reduced in relation to the
reference cement slurry. The lowest yield stress was observed
for highest levels of NaCl addition. These results follow the
same tendency found by Ismail and Fouad Khalaf [10], and this
effect was attributed to the dispersive effect of salt. This effect
may be physical, increasing the distance between the particles,
or chemical, modifying of particle surface charge in such way
that the particles will repel each other [10]. Moreover,
according to de Larrard [11], a decrease of yield stress and
plastic viscosity can occur due to segregation, and chemical
activity can modify the plastic viscosity. In the cement slurries
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
(
l
b
f
/
1
0
0
.
f
t

)
Y
i
e
l
d

s
t
r
e
s
s

(
P
a
)
% Salt
NaCl KCl
4 Copyright 2012 by ASME
with KCl addition there was a reduction in yield strength
occurred for the 3 and 5%of KCl, while the cement slurries
with 7 and 34% of KCl were not much affected.
The average values of plastic viscosity depending on the
content of NaCl and KCl are presented in Figure 2. The results
obtained show that the plastic viscosity was reduced in cement
slurries containing NaCl and KCl, in relation to the reference
cement slurry. It showed a sharp drop when the content of salt
increased from 0 to 5% and the subsequent decrease was not
significant. The plastic viscosity, such as the yield stress, can
also be reduced by the effect of dispersion [10].


Figure 2. Plastic viscosity (mPa.s and lbf.s/10.ft) versus
percentage of NaCl and KCl.

The average values of the initial gel and final gel
depending on content of NaCl and KCl are presented in Figure
3 and Figure 4, respectively. Thus, the maximum variation to
the values of initial gel and final gel had maximum variation of
20% compared to cement slurry without salt addition.


Figure 3. Initial gel ( Pa and lbf/100.ft) versus percentage
of NaCl and KCl.


Figure 4. Final gel (Pa and lbf/100.ft) versus percentage
of NaCl and KCl.

Free-Fluid
The free-fluid variation versus salt percentage can be
observed in the Figure 5. At low concentration, NaCl and KCl
exert an accelerating effect of the hydration reactions of
cement, resulting in a low free-fluid. According to [12] and
[13], it is assumed that cementitious materials with NaCl
addition behave like cementitious materials with CaCl
2

addition. The shorter induction period in the presence of salt
has been attributed to the smaller ionic size and larger
diffusivity of the Cl
-
relative to OH
-
. This would result in an
early rupturing of a layer of adsorbed ions on the surface of
hydrating C
3
S particles. The rate of formation of hydrated
phases and the degree of hydration at early ages were observed
to increase with the salt. Furthermore, the diffusion coefficient
was larger, indicating a more permeable C S H with higher
specific surface area. The authors [12] also believed that the
more permeable layer of initial C SH is responsible for a
faster hydration of cements with calcium chloride.


Figure 5. Free fluid (%) versus percentage of NaCl and
KCl.

0
50
100
150
200
250
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
(
l
b
f
.
s
/
1
0
.
f
t

)
P
l
a
s
t
i
c

v
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y

(
m
P
a
.
s
)
% Salt
NaCl KCl
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
(
l
b
f
/
1
0
0
.
f
t

)
I
n
i
t
i
a
l


g
e
l

(
P
a
)
% Salt
NaCl KCl
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
(
l
b
f
/
1
0
0
.
f
t

)
F
i
n
a
l


g
e
l

(
P
a
)
% Salt
NaCl KCl
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
F
r
e
e

f
l
u
i
d

(
%
)
% Salt
NaCl KCl
5 Copyright 2012 by ASME
At high salt concentration, however, the effect of NaCl and
KCl on the properties of the fresh cement slurries is reversed.
Taylor [13] suggested that the retardation of the hydration
reactions, cement slurry containing NaCl, is probably caused by
the formation of protective layers over the cement grains when
the amount of ions in solution is very high. For cement slurries
containing NaCl, the results of free-fluid followed the same
tendency observed in the literature [5, 14, 15]. Apparently the
retardation effect of hydration reactions was less pronounced in
the slurries containing high KCl concentration than slurries
containing high NaCl concentration.

Compression strength of cubic samples

Thermal curing at 38C (100F).
The average values of compression strength depending on
the content of NaCl and KCl are presented in Figure 6. For low
salt concentration, there was an increase in resistance with
increasing percentage of salt added, and the maximum
resistance was obtained for 5% of NaCl and 7% of KCl content.
For a higher percentage of salt the effect was reversed and the
resistance was reduced. As expected, the results of compression
strength for cement slurries with the addition of NaCl and KCl
were inversely proportional to the results of free-fluid. This
confirms that the effects of acceleration and retardation of the
hydration reactions occurred.


Figure 6. Compression strength (MPa and psi) versus
percentage of NaCl and KCl (curing at 38
o
C and 8 hours age).

Thermal curing at 60C (140F).
The average values of compression strength and standard
deviations in relation to the content of NaCl and KCl are
presented in Figure 7. As for the cement slurries cured at 38C
the maximum values of resistance were obtained for the slurries
with a 5% of NaCl and 7% of KCl addition. And, for higher
concentrations of added salt, the acceleration effect was
reduced. In contrast the cement slurries cured at 38C presented
the highest resistance when KCl was added, for those cured at
60C the highest resistance was obtained when NaCl was
added.


Figure 7. Compression strength (MPa and psi) versus
percentage of NaCl and KCl (curing at 60
o
C and 8 hours age).

Compression strength, Youngs modulus and Poissons
ratio of cylindrical samples

From the results obtained in the tests presented above,
some content of salt addition was chosen to be evaluated in the
compression strength test at 7 days. For cement slurries with
NaCl, the content chosen were 5%, 10%, 12.5%, 15% and
17.5%. Cement slurries containing 20% and 36% of NaCl were
not included for having achieved the lowest compression
strength. For cement slurries containing KCl, the one with
content of 34% was excluded and the one with content of 10%
was included because there were improvements in the
properties of the cement slurry with 7% KCl. The thermal
curing for 7 days was chosen because after this period there
was no significant increase of compression strength when the
curing temperature utilized was 60C [16].
The Figure 8 presents the typical curves of tension versus
axial and lateral strain for cement slurries with NaCl and KCl
addition, respectively. The Figure 10 presents the compression
strength results versus content of NaCl and KCl. For cement
slurries with the salt addition the compression strength reduced
with an increase in salt content. As seem the sample with
addition of 10% KCl didnt show any significant changes. For
low levels of salt added, although resistance increased after 8
hours of curing, after 7 days of curing, the resistance reduced.
In the case of NaCl addition this behavior was also observed by
Metcalf and Dresher [17]. According to [5], for a higher salt
concentration, an additional decrease in strength may result due
to salt precipitation.
For the Young's modulus, the NaCl addition in the cement
slurries did not cause large changes in this property, as shown
in Figure 10. The same was observed for the Poisson's ratio,
Figure 11. In cement slurries with KCl addition there was a
slight decrease in results when higher concentrations of KCl
were added (Figure 10), but the Poisson's ratio stayed
practically unchanged. The variations observed were lower than
10%.
0
290
580
870
1160
1450
1740
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
(
p
s
i
)
C
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n

s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

(
M
P
a
)
% Salt
NaCl KCl
0
580
1160
1740
2320
2900
3480
4060
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
(
p
s
i
)
C
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n

s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

(
M
P
a
)
% Salt
NaCl KCl
6 Copyright 2012 by ASME
-2000 0 2000 4000 6000
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
0% salt
3% KCl
5% KCl
7% KCl
10% KCl
axial
lateral
S
t
r
e
s
s

(
M
P
a
)
Strain ()
0
725
1450
2175
2900
3625
4350
5075
5800
6525
7250
7975

(
p
s
i
)


















Figure 8. Typical curves stress versus axial and lateral
strain for cement slurries with NaCl addition (curing of 7 days).


















Figure 9 Typical curves stress versus axial and lateral
strain for cement slurries with KCl addition (curing of 7 days).


Figure 10. Compression strength (MPa e psi) versus salt
percentage (curing at 60C and 7 days).

Figure 10. Young's modulus (GPa e kpsi) versus salt
percentage (curing at 60C and 7 days age).


Figure 11. Poisson's ratio versus salt percentage (curing at
60C and 7 days age).

Splitting tensile results
The Figure 12 presents the average of splitting tensile
results for cement slurries containing NaCl and KCl, comparing
to the reference slurry. For all the cement slurries with salt
addition a reduction of splitting tensile results occurred with the
salt increased. This behavior was also observed in the
compression strength results.

Figure 12. Splitting tensile results (MPa e psi) versus salt
percentage (curing at 60C and 7 days).



0
1450
2900
4350
5800
7250
8700
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25
(
p
s
i
)
C
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n

s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

(
M
P
a
)
% Salt
NaCl KCl
0
290
580
870
1160
1450
1740
2030
2320
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25
(
k
p
s
i
)
Y
o
u
n
g
'
s

m
o
d
u
l
u
s

(
G
P
a
)
% Salt
NaCl KCl
0,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,35
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25
P
o
i
s
s
o
n
'
s

r
a
t
i
o
% Salt
NaCl KCl
0
145
290
435
580
725
870
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25
(
p
s
i
)
S
p
l
i
t
t
i
n
g

t
e
n
s
i
l
e

(
M
P
a
)
% Salt
NaCl KCl
-2000 0 2000 4000 6000
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
0% salt
5% NaCl
10% NaCl
12,5% NaCl
15% NaCl
17,5% NaCl
axial
lateral
S
t
r
e
s
s

(
M
P
a
)
Strain ()
0
725
1450
2175
2900
3625
4350
5075
5800
6525
7250
7975

(
p
s
i
)

7 Copyright 2012 by ASME
CONCLUSIONS
The results from the investigation of NaCl and KCl
addition on the cement slurries properties allowed concluding
that:

1. At the rheological properties, the yield stress was reduced
in the cement slurries with NaCl addition. For the cement
slurries with KCl addition for low salt concentration the
yield stress was reduced and for high salt concentration the
property were not much affect. The plastic viscosity
showed a sharp drop for low salt concentration and the
subsequent decrease was not significant.
2. The free-fluid and the compression strength at 8 hours of
saline cement slurries are influenced by cure temperature
and NaCl and KCl concentration. At same cure
temperature, low salt percentage accelerates hydration
reactions and high salt percentage retards the reactions.
This phenomenon is governed by two mechanisms
dependent on salt concentration.
3. For the cement slurries with NaCl and KCl addition a
reduction of compressions strength and splitting tensile
results occurred with the increased of salt content. The
Youngs modulus didnt have large changes with NaCl
addition. In cement slurries with KCl addition there was a
slight decrease of Youngs modulus when higher
concentrations of KCl were added. The Poisson's ratio
stayed practically unchanged for NaCl and KCl addition.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank FAPERJ, CAPES and CNPq for
their financial support and, are also are grateful to the Leopoldo
Amrico Miguez de Mello Research and Development Center
(CENPES - PETROBRAS) for the support given.
REFERENCES
[1] Hunter, B., Tahmourpour, F., Faul, R., 2010 Cementing
casing strings across salt zones: An overview of global
best practices SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference
and Exhibition, Jakarta, Indonesia, 4-6 August.
[2] Folsta, M. G., Martins, A. L., Lomba, R. F. T., Cardoso Jr,
W. F., Simo, C. A., Sidi, I. A., 2011, Predicting salt
leaching during drilling and cementing operations,
SPE/IADC Drilling Conference and Exhibition,
Amsterdan, The Netherlands, 1-3 March.
[3] Sweatman, R., Faul, R., Ballew, C., 1999, New solutions
for subsalt-Well lost circulation and optimized primary
cementing SPE Annual Technical Conference and
Exhibition, Texas, 3-6 Oct.
[4] Ludwig, N.C., 1951, Effects of Sodium Choride on setting
properties of oil-well cements Spring Meeting of the
Mid-Continent District, Division of Production, Amarillo,
Texas, March.
[5] Zhou, X., Lin, X., Huo, M., Zhang, Y., 1996, The
Hydration of saline oil-well cement. Cement and
Concrete Research, Vol 16, No 12, pp. 1753-17
[6] ABNT NBR 9831, 2006, Portland cement for oil wells
cementing - Requirements and test methods, ABNT,
(Technical Standards Brazilian Association), Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil.
[7] ABNT NBR 5739, 2007, Concrete - Compression test of
cylindrical specimens, ABNT, (Technical Standards
Brazilian Association), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
[8] ASTM C 469, 1994, Standard Test Method for Static
modulus of Elasticity and Poisson's Ratio of Concrete in
Compression, ASTM.
[9] ABNT NBR 7222, 1994, Mortar and concrete - Splitting
tensile testing, ABNT, (Technical Standards Brazilian
Association), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
[10] Ismail, S. A. A., Fouad Khalaf, 1993, Effectiveness of
low-salt cement opposite salt bodies, SPE Middle East
Oil Technical Conference & Exhibition, Bahrain, 3-8
April,
[11] De Larrard F., 1999, Concrete mixture proportioning: a
scientif c approach. E. & F.N. Spon. London.
[12] Cheung, J., Jeknavorian, A., Roberts, L., Silva., D., 2011,
Impact of admixtures on the hydration kinetics of
Portland cement, Cement and Concrete Research, n.
Article in press, 2011.
[13] Taylor, H. F. W., 1997, Cement chemistry, Thomas
Telford, 2. ed., London.
[14] Suman JR., G. O.; Ellis, R. C., 1977, Cementing
Handbook, World Oil, Houston.
[15] Nelson, E. B.; Baret, J.-F.; Michaux, M., 1990, Cement
additives and mechanisms of action. In: Nelson, E. B.
Well cementing. Schlumberger Educations Services,
Texas, Cap. 3.
[16] Escalante-Garcia, J. I.; Sharp, J. H., 1998, Effect of
temperature on the hydration of the main clinker phases in
Portland cements: part I, neat cements. Cement and
Concrete Research, v. 28, n. 9, p. 1245-1257.
[17] Metcalf, A. S., Dresher, T. D., 1977, The effects of
pressure on the set properties of cements with various
additives. 52
nd
Annual Fall Technical Conference and
Exhibition of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME.
Denver, Colorado, Oct 9-12.