Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Developmental Psychology
Branch
of psychology that describes and explains change across the lifespan Development
Human is
described as how people change and how people stay the same over time
2 Forms of Change:
Quantitative How
Qualitative Change
Cognition
Personality
& Emotional - Self-concept or selfperception, gender identity, emotions and feelings, self-esteem - interactions and relationships with others
Social
(birth to age 2)
Middle
Adolescence Young
Middle Late
Unstable/Plastic Can
Development in Context
Development is in constant interaction with the environment Biological Systems Perspective (Urie Bronfenbrenner, 1998) A child develops within a complex and dynamic system of
relationships and is affected by them.
5 systems: Microsystem - primary relationships (immediate surrounding) Mesosystem - connections among a persons microsystems Exosystem - settings that do not involve a person but is still affected
by it
Macrosystem - describes the culture in which individuals live Chronosystem - inuence of historical time in shaping ones
environment and life experiences
NATURE VERSUS NURTURE CONTROVERSY Is behavior innate or acquired? CONTINUITY VERSUS DISCONTINUITY IN
DEVELOPMENT
Id
The child in us Continually seeks immediate gratication of wants Revolves around the pleasure principle - we seek pleasure and avoid pain
Ego
The rational adult Seeks satisfaction of wants but takes reality into account - delayed gratication Revolves around the reality principle - we dont always get what we want (we can postpone or delay pleasure)
Superego
excitable part of the body where our sexual/ libidinal energies are focused on
Freud
claimed that some people get stuck at one particular stage . . . They become xated. Manifests in adulthood. the xation is caused by frustration, sometimes by overindulgence . . . and its always the parents faults!
Sometimes
Oral Stage
Birth
Mouth
Source Oral
of pleasurable sensations is the mouth where the child sucks, swallows and bites. Fixation
Anal Stage
Between 12-18 months and 3 years Sexual energies are focused on the anus First encounter with social constraints Children are free to expel waste Toilet-training dampens this freedom Anal Fixation Adult symbolically withholds feces controlling, stubborn, stingy Adult symbolically expels feces wasteful, messy, disorganized
Phallic Stage
3 to 6 years Focus of pleasure shifts to the genital area For BOYS: Oedipal Complex young boys have an unconscious urge to eliminate their
fathers in order to fulll a sexual need to be with their mothers
Castration Anxiety a fear of having their penis cut off by their fathers upon
realization of boys desire for their mother
For GIRLS Penis Envy young girls realize that they are without penises they blame the mother for their lack of penis - they
then identify with their fathers
Electra Complex an unconscious desire a young girl has for her father precipitated by the lack of a penis for which the
young girl blames her mother for
uncertainty about ones identity problems in maintaing romantic relationships aberrant sexual behavior
Latency Stage
6
temporary child
Genital Stage
Sexual drive returns with a vengeance coupled with the onslaught of puberty Focus of pleasure return to the genitals Object of sexual desire - the opposite sex
Freuds Theory
on sex
to women
Centers around the infant's basic needs being met by the parents The infant depends on the parents, especially the mother, for food, sustenance, and comfort If these needs are met:
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (early childhood, 12-18 months to 4 years)
Can I do things myself or must I always rely on others? Child asserts independence and separation from caregivers If there is adequate balance between childs sense of independence and disciplining the child
Child will doubt his ability to accomplish things and shame for his lack of self-control
Initiative
6 years)
Am
CHILD If
supported by parents - child will develop a sense of purpose and responsibility reprimanded by parents - child will feel GUILTY and INADEQUATE about initiating activities
If
Industry
I Successful or Worthless?
Child
successful - child develops sense of competence and motivation failure - child feels inadequate and inferior
If
Identity
Adolescents
identity
Individuals
often go through an identity crisis - they often dont know who they are and who they want to be MORATORIUM is necessary - a time-out adolescent can be free to be who he or she wants
The
Intimacy "Am
I loved and wanted?" or "Shall I share my life with someone or live alone?" are ready to share themselves with others
Individual
Individuals
Cannot Float
Generativity
concern for the younger generation (+) A need to pass on or LEAVE A LEGACY
(-)
Integrity
beyond)
"Have
Individuals (+)
Develops the virtue of wisdom and readiness to face death - integrity Looks back on life with regret
(-)
Assimilation Process
of taking in new information that easily ts into an existing schema change information to t into our established schemas
ex. ex.
We
all 4-legged animals are seen as doggies all women are seen as mommies
Accommodation Process
of modifying/differentiating existing schemas to better t new information a child changes his or her schemas in response to new knowledge or experience
ex.
When
can now differentiate dogs from cats, and other 4-legged animals
Equilibrium Balance
is attained when a child learns to accommodate schemes are in accordance with the demands of the world
When
Sensorimotor Infants
Stage
understand the world through sensory experiences and physical interactions with other objects Permanence
Object The
understanding that objects continue to exist even when outside of the infants perception
OBJECT PERMANENCE
Pre-operational Child
is now able to use mental images - But is still unable to perform mental operations
Hence
Highlight: The
Centration
Childs
propensity to focus on only one aspect of a stimulus at a time young child's tendency to focus only on his or her own perspective of a specic object and a failure to understand that others may see things differently.
Inability Child
to Conserve
Cannot
INABILITY TO CONSERVE
Egocentrism Childs
inability to consider viewpoints other than his own in seeing the world through someone elses perspective
Difculty
EGOCENTRIC CONVERSATIONS
Concrete Child
Operational
Seriation Transitive
Reasoning
Classication
Seriation Ability
Transitive Can
Classication Ability
Formal
Highest
logically
Formulate
PENDULUM PROBLEM
Pre-Conventional Moral
Level
Orientation
Reward I
Conventional Moral
Level
reasoning is based on conformity to social rules and expectations levels: Boy/Good Girl Orientation
Good I
Social I
will obey the law because I wish to do my duty and help maintain social order
Post-Conventional Moral 2
Level
Morality I
will uphold the values of human life, dignity, and the rights of others of Individual Principles and Conscience
Morality I
will try to follow the laws, but in some cases I believe they are not right and I must follow conscience
In Europe, a woman was near death from cancer. One drug might save her, a form of radium that a druggist in the same town had recently discovered. The druggist was charging $2,000, ten times what the drug cost him to make. The sick womans husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money, but he could only get together about half of what it cost. He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist said, No. The husband got desperate and broke into the mans store to steal the drug for his wife. Should the husband have done that? Why?
Should Heinz steal the drug? Why or why not? If Heinz doesn't love his wife, should he steal the drug for her? Why or why not? Suppose the person dying is not his wife but a stranger. Should Heinz steal the drug for a stranger? Why or why not? Suppose it is a pet animal he loves. Should Heinz steal to save the pet animal? Why or why not? Why should people do everything they can to save another's life? 6.
It is against the law for Heinz to steal? Does that make it morally wrong? Why or why not? Why should people generally do everything they can to avoid breaking the law? How does this relate to Heinz's case?