A PROJECT REPORT

ON

WIMAX 2.0

Session: 2011-12

SUBMITTED TO:
Mrs. PRIYANKA GAUTAM HOD ECE

SUBMITTED BY:
MAHENDRA CHAHAR ECE-A2 (VI SEM.) 09MUBECE038

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS &COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

MEWAR UNIVERSIT Y
NH - 79 Gangrar, Chittorgarh (Rajasthan) - 312901 Ph. 01471-220881/82/83/84

CANDIDATES DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work which is being presented in this minor project entitled as WIMAX 2.0 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of B.Tech in electronics and communication submitted in the department of ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING, Mewar University, Gangrar, Chittorgarh is an authentic record of my work carried out by me in session 2011-12 under the supervision & guidance of Mrs. Priyanka Gautam (Head Of Department) in the department of ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING, Mewar University, Gangrar, Chittorgarh. The matter embodied in this minor project has not been submitted by me anywhere else for the award of any other degree or diploma. Dated: 28 May 2012 Mahendra Chahar Place: Gangrar (Candidate Name) ____________________________________________________

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my knowledge & belief.

Mrs. Deepali Gupta (Project Guide)

Mrs. Priyanka Gautam (Head of the Department)

Dated: 28 May 2012 Place: Gangrar

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to add a few heartfelt words for the people who helped me in numerous ways & gave unending support right from the stage the idea was conceived. It gives me immense pleasure to acknowledge my humble, sincere gratitude to Mrs. Priyanka Gautam, for allowing me to study and understand the concept of WIMAX 2.0. His attitude towards excellence and enthusiasm has been source of constant inspiration. I am grateful to him. He took his keen interest, tired less efforts, concentration, cool mind, patience and always bearing grotesque the feeling of my deep gratitude and sincere thanks for his untiring assistance and contributions, to bring this elaborated work in the present comprehensive from, which exceeds the limits of ordinary editorial work. I am thankful to Mrs. Priyanka Gautam, HOD, Dept. of ECE, Mewar University, Chittorgarh for providing me the opportunity for my seminar work and to all those who became the part of this seminar and helped me directly and indirectly.

Mahendra Chahar (B.Tech/VI Sem/ECE)

CONTENTS
Topic Candidates Declaration Acknowledgements Abstract 1. Introduction to WiMAX 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Necessity 1.3. Objectives 1.3.1 Flexible Architecture 1.3.2High Security 1.3.3 Multi-Level Service 1.3.4 Interoperability 1.3.5 Portability 1.3.6 Mobility 1.3.7 Cost-effective 1.3.8 Wider Coverage 1.3.9 Non-Line-of-Sight Operation 2. WiMAX 2.0 2.1 What Is WiMAX? 2.2 Why WiMAX 2.0? 2.3 Challenges 2.4 The 802.16m Standards 2.5 How WiMAX Works? 2.5.1 Mesh 2.5.2 WiMAX as A Metro-Access 2.6 Support for Smart Antenna 2.7 Spectrum 2.8 Security 2.9 Error Correction Techniques 2.10 Chip Advances 2.11 The Vendors Conclusion Bibliography Appendix Page No. 2 3 6 7 7 9 10 10 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 13 13 14 15 17 19 20 21 24 25 25 25 26 26 28 29 30

FIGURE INDEX
Figure 1.1Figure 1 Worldwide subscriber growths 1.2Figure 2 Objectives of WiMAX 2.1Figure 3: Evolution of standards 2.2Figure 4: NLOS CPE communication in WiMAX 2.3Figure 5: How WiMAX works 2.4Figure 6: Mesh networking in WiMAX 2.5Figure 7: WiMAX network topology 2.6Figure 8: WiMAX Mobility Vision Page No. 8 10 17 19 20 21 22 23

ABSTRACT
The term WIMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) has become synonymous with the IEEE 802.16 Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) air interface standard. Filling the gap between Wireless LANs and wide area networks, WIMAX-compliant systems will provide a cost-effective fixed wireless alternative to conventional wire-line DSL and cable in areas where those technologies are readily available. The WIMAX technology can provide a cost-effective broadband access solution in areas beyond the reach of DSL and cable. The ongoing evolution of IEEE 802.16 will expand the standard to address mobile applications thus enabling broadband access directly to WIMAXenabled portable devices ranging from smart phones and PDAs to notebook and laptop computers. Thus WIMAX is going to be a revolution in the world of communications. First of all, it will suppose an explosion of the wireless data networks, being not a substitute but a complement to Wi-Fi, and if technology advances enough to get a good intercity wireless link, these networks could be comparable to the internet. It will mean also revolution in the world of mobile communications, being a serious competitor with UMTS. WIMAX Forum Certified products will extend the range of Wi-Fi networks from the local area to the metropolitan area and beyond. These products will be based upon the 802.16 standard and will support distances of up to 50 kilometers far longer distances than supported by Wi-Fi products.

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Broadband wireless sits at the confluence of two of the most remarkable growth stories of the telecommunications industry in recent years. Both wireless and broadband have on their own enjoyed rapid mass-market adoption. Wireless mobile services grew from 11 million subscribers worldwide in 1990 to more than 2 billion in 2005 [4]. During the same period, the Internet grew from being a curious academic tool to having about a billion users. This staggering growth of the Internet is driving demand for higher-speed Internet-access services, leading to a parallel growth in broadband adoption. In less than a decade, broadband subscription worldwide has grown from virtually zero to over 200 million [5]. Will combining the convenience of wireless with the rich performance of broadband be the next frontier for growth in the industry? Can such a combination be technically and commercially viable? Can wireless deliver broadband applications and services that are of interest to the end-users? Many industry observers believe so. Before we delve into broadband wireless, let us review the state of broadband access today. Digital subscriber line (DSL) technology, which delivers broadband over twisted-pair telephone wires, and cable modem technology, which delivers over coaxial cable TV plant, is the predominant mass-market broadband access technologies today. Both of these technologies typically provide up to a few megabits per second of data to each user, and continuing advances are making several tens of megabits per second possible. Since their initial deployment in the late 1990s, these services have enjoyed considerable growth. The United States has more than 50 million broadband
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subscribers, including more than half of home Internet users. Worldwide, this number is more than 200 million today and is projected to grow to more than 400 million by 2010 [5]. The availability of a wireless solution for broadband could potentially accelerate this growth. What are the applications that drive this growth? Broadband users worldwide are finding that it dramatically changes how we share information, conduct business, and seek entertainment. Broadband access not only provides faster Web surfing and quicker file downloads but also enables several multimedia applications, such as real-time audio and video streaming, multimedia conferencing, and interactive gaming. Broadband connections are also being used for voice telephony using voiceover-Internet Protocol (VoIP) technology.

Figure 1.1 Worldwide subscriber growths 19902006 for mobile telephony, Internet usage, and broadband access

More advanced broadband access systems, such as fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) and very high data rate digital subscriber loop (VDSL), enable such applications as entertainment-quality video, including high-definition TV (HDTV) and video on demand (VOD). As the broadband market continues to
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grow, several new applications are likely to emerge, and it is difficult to predict which ones will succeed in the future.

1.2 NECESSITY
In many parts of the world, existing fixed-line carriers that do not own cellular, PCS, or 3G spectrums could turn to WiMAX for provisioning mobility services. As the industry moves along the path of quadruple-play service bundlesvoice, data, video, and mobilitysome service providers that do not have a mobility component in their portfolioscable operators, satellite companies, and incumbent phone companiesare likely to find WiMAX attractive[1]. For many of these companies, having a mobility plan will be not only a new revenue opportunity but also a defensive play to mitigate churn by enhancing the value of their product set. Existing mobile operators are less likely to adopt WiMAX and more likely to continue along the path of 3G evolution for higher data rate capabilities. There may be scenarios, however, in which traditional mobile operators may deploy WiMAX as an overlay solution to provide even higher data rates in targeted urban centers or metro zones. In addition to higher-speed Internet access, mobile WiMAX can be used to provide voiceover- IP services in the future. The low-latency design of mobile WiMAX makes it possible to deliver VoIP services effectively. VoIP technologies may also be leveraged to provide innovative new services, such as voice chatting, push-to-talk, and multimedia chatting. New and existing operators may also attempt to use WiMAX to offer differentiated personal broadband services, such as mobile entertainment. The flexible channel bandwidths and multiple levels of quality-ofservice (QoS) support may allow WiMAX to be used by service providers for differentiated high-bandwidth and low-latency entertainment applications. For

example, WiMAX could be embedded into a portable gaming device for use in a fixed and mobile environment for interactive gaming. As traditional telephone companies move into the entertainment area with IP-TV (Internet Protocol television), portable WiMAX could be used as a solution to extend applications and content beyond the home

1.3. OBJECTIVES
The WiMAX standard has been developed with many objectives in mind. These are summarized below:

Fig 1.2 Objectives of WiMAX

1.3.1 Flexible Architecture:

WiMAX supports several system architectures, including Point-to-Point, Point-to-Multipoint, and ubiquitous coverage. The WiMAX MAC (Media Access Control) supports Point-to-Multipoint and ubiquitous service by scheduling a time slot for each Subscriber Station (SS). If there is only one SS in the network, the WiMAX Base Station (BS) will communicate with the SS on a Point-to-Point basis.
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1.3.2 High Security:

WiMAX supports AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) and 3DES (Triple DES, where DES is the Data Encryption Standard). By encrypting the links between the BS and the SS, WiMAX provides subscribers with privacy (against eavesdropping) and security across the broadband wireless interface. Security also provides operators with strong protection against theft of service. WiMAX also has built-in VLAN support, which provides protection for data that is being transmitted by different users on the same BS.

1.3.3 Multi-Level Service:

The manner in which QoS is delivered is generally based on the Service Level Agreement (SLA) between the service provider and the end-user. Further, one service provider can offer different SLA s to different subscribers, or even to different users on the same SS.

1.3.4 Interoperability:
WiMAX is based on international, vendor-neutral standards, which make it easier for end-users to transport and use their SS at different locations, or with different service providers. Interoperability protects the early investment of an operator since it can select equipment from different equipment vendors, and it will continue to drive the costs of equipment down as a result of mass adoption.

1.3.5 Portability:
As with current cellular systems, once the WiMAX SS is powered up, it identifies itself, determines the characteristics of the link with the BS, as long as the SS is registered in the system database, and then negotiates its transmission characteristics accordingly.

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1.3.6 Mobility:
The IEEE 802.16e amendment has added key features in support of mobility. Improvements have been made to the OFDM and OFDMA physical layers to support devices and services in a mobile environment. These improvements, which include Scalable OFDMA, MIMO, and support for idle/sleep mode and hand-off, will allow full mobility at speeds up to 160 km/hr.

1.3.7 Cost-effective:
WiMAX is based on an open, international standard. Mass adoption of the standard, and the use of low-cost, mass-produced chipsets, will drive costs down dramatically, and the resultant competitive pricing will provide considerable cost savings for service providers and end-users.

1.3.8 Wider Coverage:

WiMAX dynamically supports multiple modulation levels, including BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM. When equipped with a high-power amplifier and operating with a low-level modulation (BPSK or QPSK, for example), WiMAX systems are able to cover a large geographic area when the path between the BS and the SS is unobstructed.

1.3.9 Non-Line-of-Sight Operation:

NLOS usually refers to a radio path with its first Fresnel zone completely blocked. WiMAX is based on OFDM technology, which has the inherent capability of handling NLOS environments. This capability helps WiMAX products deliver broad bandwidth in a NLOS environment, which other wireless product cannot do

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CHAPTER 2

WIMAX 2.0
2.1 WHAT IS WIMAX?
WiMAX is a wireless metropolitan-area network technology that provides interoperable broadband wireless connectivity to fixed, portable and nomadic users. It provides up to 50- kilometers of service area, allows users to get broadband connectivity without the need of direct line-of-sight to the base station, and provides total data rates up to 75 Mbps enough bandwidth to simultaneously support hundreds of businesses and homes with a single base station. This white paper discusses wireless metro-access technologies: Wi-Fi with high gain antennas, Wi-Fi meshed networks and WiMAX. It explores how the technologies differ and how they can be combined to provide a total last-mile access solution now and in the future. WiMAX is the moniker used for the IEEE 802.16 wireless interface specifications promoted by the industry trade organization Forum for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access. Members of the WiMAX Forum include leading operators, equipment and component makers. The WiMAX Forum ratified the new standard for wireless broadband access at the beginning of 2003. WiMAX continues to be one of the most talked about technologies. WiMAX is a standard-based technology which will serve as a wireless extension or alternative to cable and DSL for broadband access. Particularly for end users in rural, sparsely populated areas or in areas where laying cable is difficult or uneconomical, WiMAX will provide a new broadband access path to the internet. But companies and communities along with owners notebooks will benefit from WiMAX as well if they require mobile networks
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that cover a larger area than Wi-Fi. As an industry standard, 802.16 enables equipment suppliers to build solutions that can interoperate with each other, leading to lower cost and investment risk. WiMAX is going to bring scale to the market and, ideally, create a larger market along the way. Since wireless technologies are easier to install than wire-based infrastructures, providers can use WiMAX to provide broadband access in previously under-supplied areas quickly and cost-effectively. WiMAX is not a new technology, but rather a more innovative and commercially viable adaptation of a proven technology that is delivering broadband services around the globe today. In fact, wireless broadband access systems from WiMAX Forum members are already deployed in more than 125 countries around the world. These leading equipment providers are on a migration path to WiMAX.

2.2 WHY WiMAX 2.0?

WISPs have been striving for wireless technologies that make wireless metro access possible. Access to areas that are too remote, too difficult or too expensive to reach with traditional wired infrastructures (such as fiber) require new technologies and a different approach. The three key deployment types that make up wireless metro access are backhaul, last-mile and large-area coverage (referred to as hot zones). Wireless last-mile coverage typically uses the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standard with high-gain antennas, while hot zones use modified IEEE 802.11 equipment in a mesh deployment. Open standard radio technologiesincluding 802.11, 802.16 and future standardsoffer advantages to WISPs and users. For the first time, industry-wide support and innovation are driving broadband wireless networking technologies. Network operators, service providers and users benefit from a wide array of highperformance, feature-rich and cost effective products. Wireless Fidelity
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(Wi-Fi) revolutionized the market for unlicensed client-access radios in a wide variety of applications. Starting in 2005, Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) certification of the IEEE 802.16-2004 standard for fixed-position radios will do the same for point-to-point (P2P) and pointto-multi-point (P2MP) wireless broadband equipment in both the licensed and unlicensed bands. In 2006, the IEEE 802.16e standard for portable operation is expected to be ratified, thus standardizing client radios in unlicensed and licensed bands. This certification will provide users with an alternative and allow service providers the benefit of additional tier services. To date, WISPs have capitalized on the cost and complexity associated with traditional high-speed wired broadband infrastructures by applying ingenuity to solve last-mile problems. WISPs modified existing wireless technologies, typically based on the IEEE 802.11 standard, to patch last-mile gaps. Limitations in these deployments surfaced, however. Because wired backhaul solutions can be too expensive for establishing widespread wireless access and because a standard means for deploying IEEE 802.11 into the last mile or within a hot zone has not emerged, each WISP implements longdistance IEEE 802.11 solutions differently.

2.3 CHALLENGES
Typical modified IEEE 802.11 network topologies associated with last-mile and hot-zone coverage use either directional antennas or a mesh-network topology. Wi-Fi provides the certification for IEEE 802.11 client-to-access point (AP) communications. However, implementations of AP-to-AP and APto-service providers (that is, backhaul applications) that are typically needed for wireless last-mile and hot-zone coverage are still proprietary, thus providing little or no interoperability. Because the IEEE 802.11 standards were

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designed for unwiring the local area network (LAN), metro-access applications are facing the following challenges: Non-standard wireless inter-AP communication. Today, wireless links used to connect 802.11 APs for inter-AP communication in mesh networking are vendor-specific. The proposed IEEE 802.11s standard, estimated to be ratified in 2007, will standardize Wi-Fi mesh networking. Providing quality of service (QoS). QoS refers to the ability of the network to provide better service to selected network traffic over various technologies. The goal of QoS technologies is to provide priority (including dedicated bandwidth to control jitter and latency) that is required by some real-time and interactive traffic, while making sure that in so doing the traffic on the other paths does not fail. In general, unlicensed bands can be subject to QoS issues because deployment is open to anyone. Expensive backhaul costs. Backhaul refers both to the connection from the AP back to the provider and to the connection from the provider to the core network. To extend wireless access nodes, providers still rely on wires for long distance coverage. Most providers find wiring large areas too expensive. Limited services. Without QoS, applications such as voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) may reduce a calls quality, thus limiting the providers ability to tier services and obtain additional revenue streams. Current Wi-Fi last-mile and large-coverage solutions offer excellent data transfers. Some vendors offer proprietary QoS. Despite the challenges, wireless metro-access solutions are continuously sought after for the following reasons:

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 Wireless metro-access solutions available today, such as mesh networking implementations, are more cost-effective and flexible than their wired counterparts. These solutions provide a standards-based connection from AP-tomobile users for hot-zone coverage. WISPs can offer broadband services to geographically challenged areas (such as rural towns). Local governments can provide free access for businesses or emergency services (such as police and fire fighters). Educational institutions can broaden learning through online

collaboration between students and faculty on and off campus. Enterprises and large private networks can communicate and monitor supply-chain activities in near real time.

2.4 THE 802.16m STANDARD

In early December 2001, the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) approved the 802.16 standard, which defines radio systems with point-to-multipoint architectures in frequency bands between 10 and 66 GHz, which require a line-of-sight between sender and receiver for transmitting data.

Figure 2.1: Evolution of standards

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As the complexity of applications increases, quality of service becomes a critical factor. For example, video streams can be transmitted only when low latency is ensured. The 802.16 standard therefore includes a so-called request/grant scheme that can used to prioritize particular data streams. The transmission priorities are divided into five stages from continuous grant to best effort. In addition, the physical layer in 802.16d will be defined in such a way that it is usable by a multitude of frequency bands. 802.16c provides detailed system profiles for the specification 802.16-2001 for the frequency range between 10 GHz and 66 GHz. To make the 802.16 specification more readable the specifications 802.162001, 802.16a-2003 and 802.16c-2003 have been combined in a 802.16REVd revision now called 802.16-2004. The 802.16-2004 standard will be for fixed wireless services such as delivering broadband to the home, while a new amendment 802.16e will allow portable WiMAX devices to send and receive data over broadband wireless networks while moving from base station to base station. Most likely 802.16e-capable devices will be mainly used by nomadic users, meaning that like nomads they change locations, but always stay for a while. Without the 802.16e amendment data can only be received in a single cell. As soon as the user leaves the cell, the connection is lost. Therefore, the standards committee has decided to include hand-over functions in 802.16e capable to serve moving notebook or PDA users with a speed of up to 120 km/h. Depending of frequency range and technical implementation details a WiMAX radio cell according to 802.16m may have a diameter of six to seven kilometers This expansion is currently still under development and will most likely be ratified in mid-2012.

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2.5 HOW WiMAX WORKS?

It will not be out of place to have a quick glance at the working of the WiMAX. The WiMAX actually can provide two forms of wireless service: There is the non-line-of-sight, Wi-Fi sort of service, where a small antenna on a computer connects to the tower. In this mode, WiMAX uses a lower frequency range - 2 GHz to 11 GHz (similar to Wi-Fi). Lower-wavelength transmissions are not as easily disrupted by physical obstructions - they are better able to diffract, or bend, around obstacles.

Figure 2.2: NLOS CPE communication in WiMAX

There is line-of-sight service, where a fixed dish antenna points straight at the WiMAX tower from a rooftop or pole. The line-of-sight connection is stronger and more stable, so it's able to send a lot of data with fewer errors. Line-of-sight transmissions use higher frequencies, with ranges reaching a possible 66 GHz. At higher frequencies, there is less interference and lots more bandwidth. Wi-Fi style access will be limited to a 4-to-6 mile radius (perhaps 25 square miles or 65 square km of coverage, which is similar in range to a cell-phone zone). Through the stronger line-of-sight antennas, the WiMAX transmitting station would send data to WiMAX-enabled computers or routers
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set up within the transmitter's 30-mile radius (3,600 square miles or 9,300 square km of coverage). This is what allows WiMAX to achieve its maximum range.

WiMAX equipment is currently deployed in Scott County. Ft. Wayne, South Bend, and Sullivan County have all established pockets of wide-area data network coverage using equipment which a forerunner to the WiMAX standard.

Figure 2.3: How WiMAX works

2.5.1 Mesh:
Mesh Mode is an optional topology for subscriber-to-subscriber communication in non-line of sight 802.16a. It is included in the standard to allow overlapping, ad hoc networks in the unlicensed spectrum and extend the edges of the WMANs range at low cost. Mesh support has recently been extended into the licensed bands too.
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Figure 2.4: Mesh networking in WiMAX

Although it has highly complex topology and messaging, mesh is a good alternative to the usual NLOS, as it scales well and addresses license exempt interference. It allows a community to be densely seeded with WiMAX connections at low cost, with robust communications as there are multiple paths for traffic to take.

2.5.2 WiMAX as a metro-access deployment option:

WiMAX is a worldwide certification addressing interoperability across IEEE 802.16 standards-based products. The IEEE 802.16 standard with specific revisions addresses two usage models:

Fixed Portable

Fixed
The IEEE 802.16-2004 standard (which revises and replaces IEEE 802.16a and 802.16REVd versions) is designed for fixed-access usage models. This standard may be referred to as fixed wireless because it uses a mounted antenna at the subscribers site.

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The antenna is mounted to a roof or mast, similar to a satellite television dish. IEEE 802.162004 also addresses indoor installations, in which case it may not be as robust as in outdoor installations. The 802.16-2004 standard is a wireless solution for fixed broadband Internet access that provides an interoperable, carrier-class solution for the last mile. The Intel WiMAX solution for fixed access operates in the licensed 2.5-GHz, 3.5-GHz and license-exempt 5.8-GHz bands. This technology provides a wireless alternative to the cable modem, digital subscriber lines of any type (xDSL), transmit/exchange (Tx/Ex) circuits and optical carrier level (OC-x) circuits.

Figure 2.5: WiMAX network topology.

Portable The IEEE 802.16e standard is an amendment to the 802.1fication and targets the mobile market by adding portability and the ability for mobile clients with IEEE 802.16e adapters to connect directly to the WiMAX network to the standard. The 802.16e standard is expected to be ratified in early 2005. The 802.16e standard uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), which is similar to OFDM (see page XXX) in that it divides the carriers into multiple subcarriers. OFDMA (see page XXX), however, goes a step further by then grouping multiple subcarriers into sub-channels. A single
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client or subscriber station might transmit using all of the sub-channels within the carrier space, or multiple clients might transmit with each using a portion of the total number of sub-channels simultaneously. The IEEE 802.16-2004 standard improves last-mile delivery in several key aspects: Multi-path interference Delay spread Robustness

Figure 2.6: WiMAX Mobility Vision

Multi-path interference and delay spread improve performance in situations where there is not a direct line-of-sight path between the base station and the subscriber station. The portable species may be further divided into two as portable (partial mobility) and full mobility. The difference is quite simple: pretty much the same between a cordless phone and a cellular phone.

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2.6 SUPPORT FOR SMART ANTENNA

Smart antenna mechanisms are one of the most important methods of improving spectral efficiency in non-cellular wireless networks. 802.16 standards allow vendors to support a variety of these mechanisms, which can be a key performance differentiator. Because of performance and technology, the 802.16-2004 standards support several adaptive smart antenna types, including: Receive spatial diversity antennas- entails more than one antenna receiving the signal. The antennas need to be placed at least half a wavelength apart to operate effectively. Maintaining this minimum distance ensures that the antennas are incoherent, that is, they will be impacted differently by the additive/subtractive effects of signals arriving by means of multiple paths. Simple diversity antennas- detect the signal strength of the multiple (two or more) antennas attached and switch that antenna into the receiver. The more incoherent antennas to choose from, the higher the likelihood of getting a strong signal. Beam-steering antennas- shape the antenna array pattern to produce high gains in the useful signal direction or notches that reject interference. High antenna gain increases the signal, noise and rate. The directional pattern attenuates the interference out of the main beam. Selective fading can be mitigated if multi-path components arrive with a sufficient angular separation. Beam-forming antennas- allow the area around a base station to be divided into sectors, allowing additional frequency reuse among sectors. The number of sectors can range from as few as four to as many as 24.

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2.7 SPECTRUM
WiMAX uses both licensed and license-exempt spectrum between frequency range 2-11 GHz. It ensures future support for up to 66 GHz. There is a wider choice of deployment options based on geography, population density. Licensed: 2.5GHz, 3.5Ghz depending upon national rules Unlicensed: 5.8GHz worldwide Rural deployment Emerging market deployment Large campus private deployment

2.8 SECURITY
WiMAX introduces a higher range of security for the network .WiMAX when released will be secure. WiMAX introduces enhanced encryption for: Confidentiality Access control Data integrity 802.16 also include measures for privacy and encryption: authentication with x.509 certificates and data encryption using DES in CBC (cipher block chaining) mode with hooks defined for stronger algorithms like AES.

2.9 ERROR CORRECTION TECHNIQUES

Error correction techniques have been incorporated into WiMAX to reduce the system signal to noise ratio requirements. Strong Reed Solomon FEC, convolutional encoding, and interleaving algorithms are used to detect and
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correct errors to improve throughput. These robust error correction techniques help to recover error frames that may have been lost due to frequency selective fading or burst errors. Automatic repeat request (ARQ) is used to correct errors that cannot be corrected by the FEC, by having the error information resent. This significantly improves the bit error rate (BER) performance for a similar threshold level.

2.10 CHIP ADVANCES

The main obstacles to long distance wireless are limitations on battery power and power efficiency. Regulations keep power levels low and the range of WiFi signals short to avoid overcrowding of airwaves. But advances in fast digital signal processors mean that weak, jumbled signals can be deciphered, lengthening the distance that is practical for a transmission, as well as improving distance and speed potential. Battery improvements will also be vital to make a WiMAX cell phone a practicality. Nokia is working on battery and handset chip designs to this end, citing two years as the likely timescale, while Intel is increasingly involved in next generation battery and processing power for mobile devices, including digital radios that can intelligently move to the most efficient available network cellular, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, WiMAX or UWB. Currently, it looks as if Intel will entirely dominate the WiMAX chip market.

2.11 THE VENDORS

Recently, a much publicized article in The Wall Street Journal pointed out how Wi-Fi has already slipped out of the hands of the start-ups. Unlike in other technology booms, none of those start-ups looks set to grow up to be a dominant player; instead, the established giants have sidestepped to take control of the new sector, Intel and Cisco in particular. The same process is

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likely to happen in WiMAX, certainly at the chip and hardware level. Similarly, as WiMAX becomes a mainstream option for last mile and rural BWA, it is likely to attract the attention of large operators looking for new revenue streams and some of the alternative and niche operators may be pushed out too. As well as Intel, these are some players who are trying to produce some firsts in WiMAX: Florian, the Cisco-backed last mile player, which has a trial running in South Korea of wireless broadband gear using its smart antenna technology and supporting 802.16m. Korea is seen as the territory where wireless broadband is adopted most rapidly. Fujitsu Microelectronics will be first with silicon. It is developing an 802.16m device that integrates the physical and media access control layers, which will include an ARM9 processor and will be ready later this year. The chip will cost about $300. Taiwan-based Gen-WAN Technology has launched broadband wireless network equipment using 802.16m, offering base stations, fixed and mobile terminals, repeaters and network management systems. It will market its system, called BWIA, initially for public safety and military purposes, where WiMAX offers more reliable signals than cellular in emergency situations. The first Intel technology partners from the BWA arena, which will use the upcoming Intel products in their previously proprietary base stations, are Alvarion and Aperto Networks. Alvarion has an important contract to supply China Unicom with WiMAX equipment for its initial roll-out in six cities.

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CONCLUSION
The latest developments in the IEEE 802.16 group are driving a broadband wireless access revolution thanks to a standard with unique technical characteristics. In parallel, the WiMAX forum, backed by industry leaders, helps the widespread adoption of broadband wireless access by establishing a brand for the technology. Initially, WiMAX will bridge the digital divide and thanks to competitive equipment prices, the scope of WiMAX deployment will broaden to cover markets where the low POTS penetration, high DSL unbundling costs, or poor copper quality have acted as a brake on extensive high-speed Internet and voice over broadband. WiMAX will reach its peak by making Portable Internet a reality.

When WiMAX chipsets are integrated into laptops and other portable devices, it will provide high-speed data services on the move, extending today's limited coverage of public WLAN to metropolitan areas. Integrated into new generation networks with seamless roaming between various accesses, it will enable end-users to enjoy an "Always Best Connected" experience. The combination of these capabilities makes WiMAX attractive for a wide diversity of people: fixed operators, mobile operators and wireless ISPs, but also for many vertical markets and local authorities. Alcatel, the worldwide broadband market leader with a market share in excess of 37%, is committed to offer complete support across the entire investment and operational cycle required for successful deployment of WiMAX services.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] Intel Corp., IEEE 802.16* and WiMAX: Broadband Wireless Access for Everyone, 2003 www.intel.com/ebusiness/pdf/wireless/intel/80216_WiMAX.pdf [2] [3] WiMAX Forum, IEEE 802.16a Standard and WiMAX-Igniting Broadband Wireless Access WiMAX Forum, WiMAXs Technical Advantage for Coverage in LOS and NLOS Conditions, Aug. 2004 www.WiMAXforum.org/news/downloads/WiMAXNLOSgeneralversionaug04.pdf [4] [5] Paul Sargent, Senior Manager, Alternative Access Networks, MOTOROLA, The Promise of WiMAX SR TELECOM, Montreal, QC, H4S 1M5, Canada, WHITE PAPER 033-100596-001, ISSUE 1. [6] [7] [8] [9] SIEMENS AG 2004, Backgrounder for the Press WiMAX, WiMAX Forum: http://www.WiMAXforum.org/ WiMAX technology overview: http://www.intel.com/netcomms/technologies/WiMAX/ WiMAX World Conference & Exposition: http://www.WiMAXworld.com/ [10] Tropos Networks: http://www.tropos.com/ [11] TECHNOLOGY REV IEW Magazine, November 2004 [12] IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks: http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11/index.html

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APPENDIX
ATM: BRAS: BS: BWA: CDMA: CPE: DHCP: DSL: DSLAM: EIRP: ETSI: EUL: FDD: GPRS: GSM: HSPA: HSDPA: HSUPA: IEEE: IMT-2000: IMS: IP: ITU: LOS: MAC: MAN: Asynchronous Transfer Mode Broadband Remote Access Server Base Station Broadband Wireless Access. Code Division Multiple Access Customer Premises Equipment Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Digital Subscriber Line DSL Access Multiplexer Effective Isotropic Radiated Power European Telecommunications Standards Institute Enhanced Up Link, Frequency Division Duplex General Packet Radio Service Global System for Mobile communication High Speed Packet Access, High Speed Downlink Packet Access High Speed Uplink Packet Access, same as EUL Institution for Electrical and Electronics Engineers. International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) IP Multimedia Subsystem Internet Protocol International Telecommunication Union. Line-Of-Sight Medium Access Control Metropolitan Area Network

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