Gases

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Elements that exist as gases at 25
0
C and 1 atmosphere
5.1
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5.1
P
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Gases assume the volume and shape of their containers.

Gases are the most compressible state of matter.

Gases will mix evenl and completel when confined to

the same container.

Gases have much lower densities than li!uids and solids.

5.1
"hsical Characteristics of Gases
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#nits of "ressure
1 pascal $"a% & 1 '(m
2
1 atm & )*0 mm+g & )*0 torr
1 atm & 101,-25 "a
5.2
.arometer
"ressure &
/orce
0rea
$force & mass x acceleration%
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Sea level 1 atm
4 miles 0.5 atm
10 miles 0.2 atm
5.2
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5.2
Manometers Used to Measure Gas Pressures
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5.-
0s P $h% increases V decreases
Apparatus for Studying the elationship !et"een
Pressure and #olume of a Gas
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P 1(V
P x V & constant
P
1
x V
1
& P
2
x V
2
5.-
.ole1s 2aw
Constant temperature
Constant amount of gas
P
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0 sample of chlorine gas occupies a volume of 34* m2
at a pressure of )2* mm+g. 5hat is the pressure of
the gas $in mm+g% if the volume is reduced at constant
temperature to 154 m26
P
1
x V
1
& P
2
x V
2
P
1
& )2* mm+g
V
1
& 34* m2
P
2
& 6
V
2
& 154 m2
P
2
&
P
1
x V
1
V
2
)2* mm+g x 34* m2
154 m2
& & 44*0 mm+g
5.-
P x V & constant
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0s T increases V increases
5.-
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7ariation of gas volume with temperature
at constant pressure.
5.-
V T
V & constant x T
V
1
(T
1
& V
2
(T
2
T $8% & t $
0
C% 9 2)-.15
Charles1 :
Ga;2ussac1s
2aw
<emperature must be
in 8elvin
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!
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0 sample of carbon monoxide gas occupies -.20 2 at
125
0
C. 0t what temperature will the gas occup a
volume of 1.54 2 if the pressure remains constant6
V
1
& -.20 2
T
1
& -3=.15 8
V
2
& 1.54 2
T
2
& 6
T
2
&
V
2
x T
1
V
1
1.54 2 x -3=.15 8
-.20 2
& & 132 8
5.-
V
1
(T
1
& V
2
(T
2
T
1
& 125 $
0
C% 9 2)-.15 $8% & -3=.15 8
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0vogadro1s 2aw
V number of moles $n%
V & constant x n
V
1
( n
1
& V
2
( n
2
5.-
Constant temperature
Constant pressure
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0mmonia burns in oxgen to form nitric oxide $'>% and
water vapor. +ow man volumes of '> are obtained
from one volume of ammonia at the same temperature
and pressure6
4'+
-
9 5>
2
4'> 9 *+
2
>
1 mole '+
-
1 mole '>
0t constant T and P
1 volume '+
-
1 volume '>
5.-
P
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5.-
P
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!
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5.-
P
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o
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!
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5.-
P
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?deal Gas E!uation
5.4
Charles1 law@ V T $at constant n and P%
0vogadro1s law@ 7 n $at constant P and T%
.ole1s law@ 7 $at constant n and T%
1
P
V
nT
P
V & constant x & R
nT
P
nT
P
R is the gas $onstant
PV & nRT
P
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<he conditions 0
0
C and 1 atm are called standard
temperature and pressure %S&P'.
PV = nRT
R =
PV
nT
&
$1 atm%$22.4142%
$1 mol%$2)-.15 8%
R & 0.0=205) 2 atm ( $mol 8%
5.4
Experiments show that at A<", 1 mole of an ideal
gas occupies 22.414 2.
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5hat is the volume $in liters% occupied b 43.= g of +Cl
at A<"6
PV = nRT
V =
nRT
P
T & 0
0
C & 2)-.15 8
P = 1 atm
n & 43.= g x
1 mol +Cl
-*.45 g +Cl
& 1.-) mol
V &
1 atm
1.-) mol x 0.0=21 x 2)-.15 8
2atm
mol8
V & -0.* 2
5.4
P
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!
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0rgon is an inert gas used in lightbulbs to retard the
vaporiBation of the filament. 0 certain lightbulb
containing argon at 1.20 atm and 1=
0
C is heated to
=5
0
C at constant volume. 5hat is the final pressure of
argon in the lightbulb $in atm%6
PV & nRT n, V and R are $onstant
nR
V
&
P
T
& constant
P
1
T
1
P
2
T
2
&
P
1
& 1.20 atm
T
1
= 231 8
P
2
& 6
T
2
= -5= 8
P
2
& P
1
x
T
2
T
1
& 1.20 atm x
-5= 8
231 8
& 1.4= atm
5.4
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Censit $d% Calculations
d =
m
V
&
PM
RT
m is the mass of the gas in g
M is the molar mass of the gas
Dolar Dass $M % of a Gaseous Aubstance
dRT
P
M &
d is the densit of the gas in g(2
5.4
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0 2.10;2 vessel contains 4.*5 g of a gas at 1.00 atm
and 2).0
0
C. 5hat is the molar mass of the gas6
5.4
dRT
P
M &
d =
m
V
4.*5 g
2.10 2
& & 2.21
g
2
M &
2.21
g
2
1 atm
x 0.0=21 x -00.15 8
2atm
mol8
M &
54.* g(mol
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!
!
!

Gas Atoichiometr
5hat is the volume of C>
2
produced at -)
0
C and 1.00
atm when 5.*0 g of glucose are used up in the reaction@
C
*
+
12
>
*
$s% 9 *>
2
$g% *C>
2
$g% 9 *+
2
> $l%
g C
*
+
12
>
*
mol C
*
+
12
>
*
mol C>
2
V C>
2
5.*0 g C
*
+
12
>
*
1 mol C
*
+
12
>
*
1=0 g C
*
+
12
>
*
x
* mol C>
2
1 mol C
*
+
12
>
*
x & 0.1=) mol C>
2
V &
nRT
P
0.1=) mol x 0.0=21 x -10.15 8
2atm
mol8
1.00 atm
& & 4.)* 2
5.5
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!
!

Calton1s 2aw of "artial "ressures
V and T
are
$onstant
P
1
P
2
P
total
= P
1
9 P
2
5.*
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!
!
!

Consider a case in which two gases, 0 and ., are in a
container of volume 7.
P
0
&
n
A
E<
V
P
.
&
n
B
E<
V
n
0
is the number of moles of 0
n
.
is the number of moles of .
P
<
& P
0
9 P
.
X
0
&
n
0
n
0
9 n
.
X
.
&
n
.
n
0
9 n
.
P
0
& X
0
P
<
P
.
& X
.
P
<
P
i
& X
i
P
<
5.*
mole fraction (X
i
) =
n
i
n
T
P
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!
!
!

0 sample of natural gas contains =.24 moles of C+
4
,
0.421 moles of C
2
+
*
, and 0.11* moles of C
-
+
=
. ?f the
total pressure of the gases is 1.-) atm, what is the
partial pressure of propane $C
-
+
=
%6
P
i
& X
i
P
<
X
propane
&
0.11*
=.24 9 0.421 9 0.11*
P
<
& 1.-) atm
& 0.01-2
P
propane
& 0.01-2 x 1.-) atm & 0.01=1 atm
5.*
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!
!
!

28Cl>
-
$s% 28Cl $s% 9 ->
2
$g%
!ottle full of o(ygen
gas and "ater vapor
P
<
& P
>
9 P
+ >
2 2
5.*
P
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5.*
P
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!
!
!

)hemistry in A$tion*
Acuba Civing and the Gas 2aws
" 7
Cepth $ft% "ressure
$atm%
0 1
-- 2
** -
5.*
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!
!

8inetic Dolecular <heor of Gases
1. 0 gas is composed of molecules that are separated from
each other b distances far greater than their own
dimensions. <he molecules can be considered to be pointsF
that is, the possess mass but have negligible volume.
2. Gas molecules are in constant motion in random directions,
and the fre!uentl collide with one another. Collisions
among molecules are perfectl elastic.
-. Gas molecules exert neither attractive nor repulsive forces
on one another.
4. <he average Ginetic energ of the molecules is proportional
to the temperature of the gas in Gelvins. 0n two gases at
the same temperature will have the same average Ginetic
energ
5.)
8E & H mu
2
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!
!
!

8inetic theor of gases and I

Compressibilit of Gases

.ole1s 2aw
P collision rate with wall
Collision rate number densit
'umber densit 1(V
P 1(V

Charles1 2aw
P collision rate with wall
Collision rate average Ginetic energ of gas molecules
0verage Ginetic energ T
P T
5.)
P
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!
!

8inetic theor of gases and I

0vogadro1s 2aw
P collision rate with wall
Collision rate number densit
'umber densit n
P n

Calton1s 2aw of "artial "ressures

Dolecules do not attract or repel one another
P exerted b one tpe of molecule is unaffected b the
presence of another gas
P
total
& P
i
5.)
P
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!
!
!

0pparatus for studing molecular speed distribution
5.)
P
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!
!
!

<he distribution of speeds
for nitrogen gas molecules
at three different temperatures
<he distribution of speeds
of three different gases
at the same temperature
5.)
u
rms
&
-RT
M

P
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!
!
!

)hemistry in A$tion* Super )old Atoms
Gaseous Eb 0toms
1.) x 10
;)
8
.ose;Einstein Condensate
P
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!
!
!

Gas diffusion is the gradual mixing of molecules of one gas
with molecules of another b virtue of their Ginetic properties.
5.)
'+
-
1) g(mol
+Cl
-* g(mol
'+
4
Cl
r
1
r
2
M
2
M
1

&
P
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!
!
!

Gas effusion is the is the process b which gas under
pressure escapes from one compartment of a container to
another b passing through a small opening.
5.)
r
1
r
2
t
2
t
1
M
2
M
1

& &
'icGel forms a gaseous compound of the formula
'i$C>%
x
5hat is the value of x given that under the same
conditions methane $C+
4
% effuses -.- times faster than
the compound6
r
1
& -.- x r
2
M
1
& 1* g(mol
M
2
&
r
1
r
2
$ %
2
x M
1
& $-.-%
2
x 1* & 1)4.2
5=.) 9 x 2= & 1)4.2 x & 4.1 J 4
P
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!
!
!

Ceviations from ?deal .ehavior
1 mole of ideal gas
PV & nRT
n =
PV
RT
& 1.0
5.=
Eepulsive /orces
0ttractive /orces
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!
!
!

Effect of intermolecular forces on the pressure exerted b a gas.
5.=
P
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!
!
!

5.=
Van der Waals equation
nonideal gas
P 9 $V K nb% & nRT
an
2
V
2
$ %
L
corrected
pressure
L
corrected
volume
P
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!
!
!