ITT CHNG CH 07 Electronic Structure of Atoms

Quantum Theory and the Electronic Structure of Atoms
Pe U rs se o n W al IS u EL se Y on !!! ly .
Properties of Waves
Wavelength () is the distance between identical points on successive waves. Amplitude is the vertical distance from the midline of a wave to the pea or trou!h.
".#
Properties of Waves
Frequency () is the number of waves that pass throu!h a particular point in # second ($% & # cycle's). The speed (u) of the wave & (
".#
)a(well (#*"+), proposed that visible li!ht consists of electroma!netic waves.
Speed of li!ht (c) in vacuum & +.-- ( #-* m's All electroma!netic radiation (=c
Electromagnetic radiation is the emission and transmission of ener!y in the form of electroma!netic waves.
".#
".#
A photon has a fre2uency of ..- ( #-/ $%. 3onvert this fre2uency into wavelen!th (nm). 4oes this fre2uency fall in the visible re!ion5
x=c = c/ = +.-- ( #-* m's / ..- ( #-/ $% = 0.- ( #-+ m = 0.- ( #-#6 nm
1adio wave
".#
)ystery 7#, 89lac 9ody Problem: Solved by Planc in #;-Ener!y (li!ht) is emitted or absorbed in discrete units (2uantum).
E&h( Planc <s constant (h) h & ...+ ( #-=+/ >?s
".#
)ystery 76, 8Photoelectric Effect: Solved by Einstein in #;-0

@i!ht has bothA #. wave nature 6. particle nature
BE e=
Photon is a 8particle: of li!ht
h & BE C 9E BE & h = 9E
".6
E&h( E&h(c' E & ...+ ( #-=+/ (>?s) ( +.-- ( #- * (m's) ' -.#0/ ( #-=; (m) E & #.6; ( #- =#0 >
When copper is bombarded with hi!h=ener!y electrons, D rays are emitted. 3alculate the ener!y (in Eoules) associated with the photons if the wavelen!th of the D rays is -.#0/ nm.
".6
@ine Emission Spectrum of $ydro!en Atoms
".+
".+
Bohrs Model of the Atom (1913)
6. li!ht is emitted as e= moves from one ener!y level to a lower ener!y level
En & =1$ (
n (principal 2uantum number) & #,6,+,F 1$ (1ydber! constant) & 6.#* ( #-=#*>
# n6
#. e= can only have specific (2uanti%ed) ener!y values
".+
E & h E & h
".+
ni & + ni & 6
ni & +
Ephoton & E & Ef = Ei
nf & 6
# Ef & =1$ ( 6 nf # Ei & =1$ ( 6 ni # E & 1$( 6 ni
) )
# n6 f
nn &## f f&
".+
3alculate the wavelen!th (in nm) of a photon emitted by a hydro!en atom when its electron drops from the n & 0 state to the n & + state. Ephoton & E & 1$(
Ephoton & 6.#* ( #-=#* > ( (#'60 = #';) Ephoton & E & =#.00 ( #-=#; > Ephoton & h ( c ' & h ( c ' Ephoton & #6*- nm
& ...+ ( #-=+/ (>?s) ( +.-- ( #-* (m's)'#.00 ( #-=#;>

".+
# n6 i # n6 f
Why is e= ener!y 2uanti%ed5
4e 9ro!lie (#;6/) reasoned that e= is both particle and wave. 2r & n

h = mu
u & velocity of e= m & mass of e=
"./
What is the de 9ro!lie wavelen!th (in nm) associated with a 6.0 ! Pin!=Pon! ball travelin! at #0.. m's5
= h'mu
= ...+ ( #-=+/ ' (6.0 ( #-=+ ( #0..) = #." ( #-=+6 m & #." ( #-=6+ nm
h in >?s m in ! u in (m's)
"./
Chemistry in Action: Laser The !lendid Li"ht
@aser li!ht is (#) intense, (6) monoener!etic, and (+) coherent
Chemistry in Action: #lectron Microsco!y

e & -.--/ nm
TM ima"e of iron atoms on co!!er s$rface
Schrodin!er Wave E2uation
Wave function () describesA
#. ener!y of e= with a !iven
6. probability of findin! e= in a volume of space Schrodin!er<s e2uation can only be solved e(actly for the hydro!en atom. )ust appro(imate its solution for multi=electron systems.
Gn #;6. Schrodin!er wrote an e2uation that described both the particle and wave nature of the e =
".0

= fn(n, l, ml, ms) principal 2uantum number n n & #, 6, +, /, F.
distance of e= from the nucleus
n&#
n&6 n&+
"..
Where ;-H of the e= density is found for the #s orbital
"..

& fn(n, l, ml, ms) an!ular momentum 2uantum number l for a !iven value of n, l & -, #, 6, +, F n=# l&l&# l&6 l&+ s orbital p orbital d orbital f orbital
n & #, l = 0 n & 6, l & - or # n & +, l & -, #, or 6
Shape of the 8volume: of space that the e = occupies

"..
l & - (s orbitals)
l & # (p orbitals)
"..
l & 6 (d orbitals)
"..
if l & # (p orbital), ml & =#, -, or # if l & 6 (d orbital), ml & =6, =#, -, #, or 6 orientation of the orbital in space
"..
for a !iven value of l ml & =l, F., -, F. Cl
& fn(n, l, ml, ms)
ma!netic 2uantum number ml
ml & =#
ml & ml & =# ml & ml & #
ml & #
ml & =6
ml & 6
"..

& fn(n, l, ml, ms)
spin 2uantum number ms ms & CI or =I
ms & CI
ms & =I
"..

& fn(n, l, ml, ms) E(istence (and ener!y) of electron in atom is described by its unique wave function . Pauli exclusion principle = no two electrons in an atom can have the same four 2uantum numbers.
Each seat is uni2uely identified (E, 1#6, S*) Each seat can hold only one individual at a time
"..
"..

& fn(n, l, ml, ms) Shell J electrons with the same value of n Subshell J electrons with the same values of n and l Krbital J electrons with the same values of n, l, and ml
$ow many electrons can an orbital hold5 Gf n, l, and ml are fi(ed, then ms & I or = I
An orbital can hold 6 electrons
& (n, l, ml, I) or & (n, l, ml, =I)

"..
$ow many 6p orbitals are there in an atom5 n&6 6p l&# Gf l & #, then ml & =#, -, or C# + orbitals
$ow many electrons can be placed in the +d subshell5 n&+ +d Gf l & 6, then ml & =6, =#, -, C#, or C6 0 orbitals which can hold a total of #- e=
"..
l&6
Ener!y of orbitals in a single electron atom

Ener!y only depends on principal 2uantum number n
n&6 n&#
n&+
En & =1$ (
# n6
"."
Ener!y of orbitals in a multi=electron atom

Ener!y depends on n and l
n&+ l & n&+ l & # n&6 l & # n&6 l & n&# l & -
n&+ l & 6
"."
8Lill up: electrons in lowest ener!y orbitals (Aufbau principle)
55 $ #6 electron $e electrons
#6 $e $ #s #s
9e @i 9 30 + ./ electrons electrons 6 66 6 #6 # 9 9e @i #s #s #s 6s 6s 6s 6p
".;
The most stable arran!ement of electrons in subshells is the one with the !reatest number of parallel spins (Hunds rule).
K L M 3; Me " . *#electrons electrons electrons 6 66 6 66 0 6 + /. Me 3 M K L #s #s 6s 6s 6p 6p
"."
Krder of orbitals (fillin!) in multi=electron atom
#s N 6s N 6p N +s N +p N /s N +d N /p N 0s N /d N 0p N .s
"."
principal 2uantum number n
#s#
rbital diagram
$ #s#
Electron configuration is how the electrons are distributed amon! the various atomic orbitals in an atom.
number of electrons in the orbital or subshell an!ular momentum 2uantum number l
".*
What is the electron confi!uration of )!5 )! #6 electrons #s66s66p.+s6 #s N 6s N 6p N +s N +p N /s
Abbreviated as OMeP+s6
What are the possible 2uantum numbers for the last (outermost) electron in 3l5 3l #" electrons #s N 6s N 6p N +s N +p N /s 6 C 6 C . C 6 C 0 & #" electrons #s66s66p.+s6+p0
@ast electron added to +p orbital n&+ l&# ml & =#, -, or C# ms & I or =I

".*
6 C 6 C . C 6 & #6 electrons OMeP #s66s66p.
Kutermost subshell bein! filled with electrons
".*
".*
Paramagnetic unpaired electrons 6p
!iamagnetic all electrons paired 6p

".*
Chemistry Mystery: %isco&ery of 'eli$m
Gn #*;0, William 1amsey discovered helium in a mineral of uranium (from alpha decay).
Gn #*.*, Pierre >anssen detected a new dar line in the solar emission spectrum that did not match nown emission lines )ystery element was named $elium

ITT CHNG CH 07 Electronic Structure of Atoms

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ITT CHNG CH 07 Electronic Structure of Atoms

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Quantum Theory and the Electronic Structure of Atoms

)a(well (#*"+), proposed that visible li!ht consists of electroma!netic waves.

E&h( Planc <s constant (h) h & ...+ ( #-=+/ >?s

)ystery 76, 8Photoelectric Effect: Solved by Einstein in #;-0

Photon is a 8particle: of li!ht

@ine Emission Spectrum of $ydro!en Atoms

Bohrs Model of the Atom (1913)

#. e= can only have specific (2uanti%ed) ener!y values

Ephoton & E & Ef = Ei

# Ef & =1$ ( 6 nf # Ei & =1$ ( 6 ni # E & 1$( 6 ni

& ...+ ( #-=+/ (>?s) ( +.-- ( #-* (m's)'#.00 ( #-=#;>

Why is e= ener!y 2uanti%ed5

4e 9ro!lie (#;6/) reasoned that e= is both particle and wave. 2r & n

u & velocity of e= m & mass of e=

Chemistry in Action: Laser The !lendid Li"ht

@aser li!ht is (#) intense, (6) monoener!etic, and (+) coherent

Chemistry in Action: #lectron Microsco!y

TM ima"e of iron atoms on co!!er s$rface

Schrodin!er Wave E2uation

Wave function () describesA

#. ener!y of e= with a !iven

Schrodin!er Wave E2uation

distance of e= from the nucleus

Where ;-H of the e= density is found for the #s orbital

Schrodin!er Wave E2uation

n & #, l = 0 n & 6, l & - or # n & +, l & -, #, or 6

Shape of the 8volume: of space that the e = occupies

Schrodin!er Wave E2uation

& fn(n, l, ml, ms)

ma!netic 2uantum number ml

Schrodin!er Wave E2uation

spin 2uantum number ms ms & CI or =I

Schrodin!er Wave E2uation

Schrodin!er Wave E2uation

An orbital can hold 6 electrons

& (n, l, ml, I) or & (n, l, ml, =I)

Ener!y of orbitals in a single electron atom

Ener!y of orbitals in a multi=electron atom

8Lill up: electrons in lowest ener!y orbitals (Aufbau principle)

K L M 3; Me " . *#electrons electrons electrons 6 66 6 66 0 6 + /. Me 3 M K L #s #s 6s 6s 6p 6p

Krder of orbitals (fillin!) in multi=electron atom

principal 2uantum number n

What is the electron confi!uration of )!5 )! #6 electrons #s66s66p.+s6 #s N 6s N 6p N +s N +p N /s

@ast electron added to +p orbital n&+ l&# ml & =#, -, or C# ms & I or =I

6 C 6 C . C 6 & #6 electrons OMeP #s66s66p.

Kutermost subshell bein! filled with electrons

Paramagnetic unpaired electrons 6p

!iamagnetic all electrons paired 6p

Chemistry Mystery: %isco&ery of 'eli$m

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