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Valence electrons are the outer shell electrons of an atom. The valence electrons are the electrons that particpate in chemical bonding.
$roup 1A 2A 3A A !A "A #A
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e& configuration ns1 ns2 ns2np1 ns2np2 ns2np3 ns2np ns2np!
% of valence e& 1 2 3
! " #
9.1
Lewis Dot Symbols for the Representative Elements & Noble Gases
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9.1
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1s22s1 1s22s22p! 'i ) e (
&
'i( (
) &
'i( ) &
9.2
0 8 ; Q(Qr
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cmpd 4g)2 4g5 'i) 'iCl
Q& is the charge on the anion r is the distance bet<een the ions lattice energ. 29!# 28 (29&1 3936 28 (29&2 173" r )& : r Cl& 6!3
9.3
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9.3
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9.3
?odium Chloride
4ining ?alt
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Chemistry In Action:
A covalent bond is a chemical bond in <hich t<o or more electrons are shared b. t<o atoms. @h. should t<o atoms share electronsA ) ( ) ) )
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#e& #e& 6e& 6e& 'e<is structure of )2
lone pairs
lone pairs
lone pairs
) )
lone pairs
9.
or
Triple bond B t<o atoms share three pairs of electrons - & triple bond 6e&6e or -
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double bonds
triple bond 9.
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Bond 'engths
9.
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9.
Polar covalent bond or polar bond is a covalent bond <ith greater electron densit. around one of the t<o atoms
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electron rich region
e& poor
e& rich
+ (
) &
9.!
Electronegativity is the abilit. of an atom to attract to<ard itself the electrons in a chemical bond. 0lectron Affinit. & measurable9 Cl is highest
C /g) + eC&/g)
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9.!
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9.!
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9.!
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7 2 7 : and :2 Dolar Covalent partial transfer of e&
>ifference
Classif. the follo<ing bonds as ionic9 polar covalent9 or covalent: The bond in CsClE the bond in +2?E and the -- bond in +2--+2. Cs B 7.# + B 2.1 - B 3.7
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Cl B 3.7 ? B 2.! 3.7 B 7.# 8 2.3 2.! B 2.1 8 7. 3.7 B 3.7 8 7 - B 3.7
9.!
2. Count total number of valence e&. Add 1 for each negative charge. ?ubtract 1 for each positive charge. 3. Complete an octet for all atoms except h.drogen . If structure contains too man. electrons9 form double and triple bonds on central atom as needed.
9."
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1. >ra< s;eletal structure of compound sho<ing <hat atoms are bonded to each other. Dut least electronegative element in the center.
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)
9."
?tep 3 B >ra< single bonds bet<een C and 5 atoms and complete octet on C and 5 atoms. ?tep & Chec;9 are % of e& in structure e=ual to number of valence e& A 3 single bonds /3F21 ( 17 lone pairs /17F21 8 2" valence electrons ?tep ! & Too man. electrons9 form double bond and re&chec; % of e & 2 single bonds /2F21 8 1 double bond 8 6 lone pairs /6F21 8 1" Total 8 2 9."
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5
An atomGs formal charge is the difference bet<een the number of valence electrons in an isolated atom and the number of electrons assigned to that atom in a 'e<is structure.
formal charge on an atom in a 'e<is structure
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total number of valence electrons in the free atom total number of nonbonding electrons
&
&
1 2
The sum of the formal charges of the atoms in a molecule or ion must e=ual the charge on the molecule or ion.
9.#
&1 + C
(1 5 +
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total number of valence electrons in the free atom total number of nonbonding electrons
&
&
1 2
9.#
+ +
7 C
7 5
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total number of valence electrons in the free atom total number of nonbonding electrons
&
&
1 2
formal charge on C
& 7 &H F 6 8 7 87
formal charge on 5
9.#
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C + +
A resonance structure is one of t<o or more 'e<is structures for a single molecule that cannot be represented accuratel. b. onl. one 'e<is structure.
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5 ( 5 & & 5 ( 5 & 5 C 5 &
&
C 5
&
C 5 &
&
9.6
Be+2
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Be B 2e& 2+ B 2F1e& e& + ) B ) )
Be
B)3
9.9
-5
?)"
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- B !e& 5 B "e& 11e& 5 ) ) ? ) ) )
9.9
-2 /g1 ( 52 /g1
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2-5 /g1
The enthalp. change re=uired to brea; a particular bond in one mole of gaseous molecules is the bond energy. +2 /g1 Cl2 /g1 +Cl /g1 52 / g 1 -2 /g1
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+ /g1 ( + /g1 Cl /g1 ( Cl /g1 +7 8 2 2.# ;K + /g1 ( Cl /g1 +7 8 31.9 ;K 5 /g1 ( 5 /g1 +7 8 96.# ;K - /g1 ( - /g1 +7 8 9 1. ;K Bond 0nergies
5 -
5 -
Average bond energy in pol.atomic molecules +25 /g1 5+ /g1 + /g1 ( 5+ /g1 +7 8 !72 ;K + /g1 ( 5 /g1 +7 8 2# ;K
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9.17
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9.17
2+Cl /g1
2+25 /g1
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9.17
Lse bond energies to calculate the enthalp. change for: +2 /g1 ( )2 /g1 2+) /g1
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-umber of bonds bro;en Bond energ. /;K3mol1
+7 8 B0/reactants1 B B0/products1
0nerg. change /;K1
+ )
+ )
1 1
3". 1!".9
3". 1!".9
0nerg. change /;K1
!"6.2
113".