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manufactured aggregate, crushed slag, iron ore Much less expensive than portland cement Provides stability to asphalt concrete and portland cement concrete Try to use as much aggregate as possible for economy - 60-80% agg in PCC - ~90% agg in ACC
Aggregate
Dr. Kimberly Kurtis
School of Civil Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia
Aggregate Geology
Concrete Aggregates
Aggregate Geology
Concrete Aggregates
Minerals
Rocks
Minerals Quartz Opal Feldspar Mica Calcite Dolomite Gypsum Pyrite Magnetite
Rocks
Dolomite CaMg(CO3) 2, a basic constituent of sedimentary carbonate rocks (dolomites and dolomitic limestones)
Aggregate Geology
Concrete Aggregates
Aggregate Geology
Concrete Aggregates
Minerals
Rocks
(Generally composed of several minerals)
Minerals
Rocks
(Generally composed of several minerals)
Granite typically composed of quartz, feldspar, mica & a few other minerals
Aggregate Geology
Concrete Aggregates
Aggregate Geology
Concrete Aggregates
Minerals
Rocks
(Generally composed of several minerals)
Minerals
Rocks
(Generally composed of several minerals) Gneiss typically composed of feldspar and mica, and may contain minor amounts of other minerals.
Limestone typically composed of calcite, dolomite, and minor amounts of quartz, feldspar and clay
Other types of aggregate used in North America include: Crushed air-cooled blast-furnace slag Natural & manufactured lightweight aggregate Manufactured sand
Heavyweight aggregate
Recycledconcrete aggregate
Hardness/Abrasion Resistance
Abrasion resistance of aggregate Often use as a general indicator of quality Essential for heavy-duty floors or pavements Low abrasion resistance may result in breakdown of aggregate during mixing and increase in fines
Los Angeles Abrasion Test (ASTM C 131 & C 535) Aggregate sample and steel balls placed in a drum shelf in drum lifts and drops aggregate and balls Breakdown due to abrasion and impact determined by mass loss
Skid Resistance
Skid resistance of aggregate Siliceous content of fine aggregate ? 25% Siliceous content = insoluble residue after treatment with HCl acid
Shape
Shape
Texture
Flat & elongated particles Should be avoided < 15% by mass Ratio of length to width or thickness larger than 5:1
Moisture Content
Aggregate contains no moisture (pores are empty) Aggregate is saturated (pores are filled), but there is no free water on the surface
Aggregate is saturated (pores are filled), and there is an excess of water on the surface
Absorption capacity (AC) of coarse aggregate = 0.2 to 4% Absorption capacity (AC) of fine aggregate = 0.2 to 2% Moisture content (MC) of coarse aggregate = 0.5 to 2% Moisture content (MC) of fine aggregate = 2 to 6% ASTM C 70, C 127, C 128 & C 566
Aggregate contains some moisture, but is not saturated (pores are partially filled)
Bulking of Sand
Bulking is the increase in total volume of moist fine aggregate over the same mass dry
Bulking of Sand
Stockpile dry
Specific Gravity
SGagg= (mass of agg)/(mass of equal volume of water) =(density of solid part of agg)/(density of water) Because aggregates contain internal voids and are expected to contain some water-filled voids in concrete, bulk specific gravity is used. BSG is different from SG because it is based on the mass of the SSD aggregrate, rather than the mass of the mineral material only BSG = (density of agg including solids and internal voids)/(density of water) 2.4-2.9 are typical values for normal weight aggregate
Stockpile saturated
Bulk Density
Affects density of concrete and dead load of structure Also called dry rodded unit weight Agg mass/(Vol of agg + voids between), when compacted in a
standard way Void content = 30 to 45% for coarse aggregate 40 to 50% for fine aggregate Normal weight 75-110pcf Lightweight < 70pcf Heavy weight > 150 pcf
ASTM C 29 Standard Test Method for Bulk Density (Unit Weight) and Voids in Aggregate
ASTM C 127 Standard Test Method for Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate ASTM C 128 Standard Test Method for Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine Aggregate Density for aggregate, as with all materials, is: Aggregate density = relative density (S.G.) X density of wat er
Aggregate Gradation
Particle sizes of aggregate in concrete typically range from < 150 ? m (0.006 in) to > 20 mm ( in) Aggregate grading by sieve analysis
Gradation
Coarse Sieves
% Retained
0 6.0 24.9 35.8 25.9 5.0 1.4 1.2 100
% Passing
100 94.0 69.2 33.4 7.5 2.5 1.2 0
Fine Sieves
100
Sieve # % Pass 100 94.0 69.2 33.4 7.5 2.5 1.2
80 Percent Passing 60 40 20 0
#16 #8 #4
Sieve Size
Fine Aggregate
Particles which pass No. 4 (4.75mm) but are retained on
the No. 200 (75um)
Fineness modulus (FM) is a measure of how fine a sand is For a fine aggregate, FM is calculated from the cumulative
Reducing the paste content of concrete leads to: Reduced cost Reduced temperature rise Reduced shrinkage Reduced permeability
percentages of aggregate retained on sieves No.4,8, 16, 30, 50, 100 divided by 100 Typical values for concrete sand are 2.3-3.1 Masonry sand is fine, FM ~1.8
Fineness Modulus
Sieve size 9.5 mm (3/8 in.) 4.75 mm (No. 4) 2.36 mm (No. 8) 1.18 mm (No. 16) 600 ? m (No. 30) 300 ? m (No. 50) 150 ? m (No. 100) Pan Total % retained 0 2 13 20 20 24 18 3 100 Cumulative % passing 100 98 85 65 45 21 3 0 Cumulative % retained 0 2 15 35 55 79 97 283
Coarse Aggregate
Particles larger than 4.75mm (0.2), retained on No. 4 sieve Typical size range 4.75-50mm (0.2-2)
Fineness modulus, FM =
283 100
= 2. 83
MSA
D max ? clear cover to steel D max ? clear space between bars D max ? 1/5 distance between forms D max ? 1/3 thickness of slab D max ? 1/3 hose diameter or 40 mm (1 in)
For high strength concrete typically ? 70 MPa (10,000 psi): Use smaller maximum aggregate sizes Use crushed-stone aggregate
Grading Adjustments
Optimized Grading
30 25 Percent Retained 20 15 10 5 0
#100 #50 #30 #16 #8 #4 3/8 in 3/4 in 1.5 in 1/2 in 1 i n 2 in
Grading Adjustments
Reject oversize and/or fines Combine aggregate
Grading: ? ?v f) i (Pw) i =V fT Pw,ave =(1)Pw,ave Specific Gravity: SGave = [? ( Pw) i ]/{[? (Pw) i / SGi ]}
Sieve Size
Deleterious Substances
Components of Concrete
Aggregate - coarse and fine Water Cement Supplementary cementing materials (SCMs ) Chemical admixtures
Water
Cement paste - cement and water, possibly with SCMs and/or chemical admixtures Mortar - cement paste and sand, sometimes with lime (CaO) added to the cement