STATISTICS FOR EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

TOPIC 4: HYPOTHESIS TESTING

Learning Outcomes

Explain the difference between null and alternative hypothesis and their use in research. Differentiate between Type 1 and Type 2 errors. Explain when the two-tailed and one-tailed test is used.

What is a Hypothesis

A hypothesis is a tentative statement that explains a particular phenomenon which is testable.

Example:

Children who go for tuition tend to perform better in mathematics. The discovery method of teaching may enhance the creative thinking skills of students. Children who attend kindergarten are more likely to have higher reading scores.

What is a Hypothesis

Two or > measurable variables. An independent and dependent variable Relationship between 2 or more variables. A possible prediction

What is a Hypothesis

Types of hypotheses

Null Hypothesis
You do not expect the groups to be different. You do not expect the variables to be related.

Alternative Hypothesis
Opposite the Ho Terms => Different, higher, lower.

Types of hypotheses
EXAMPLE: Ha:
There is a significant difference in critical thinking skills between male and female undergraduates.

Ho:
There is no significant difference in critical thinking skills between male and female undergraduates.

Type I and Type II Error

Hypotheses:
Hypothesis testing => use sample data to test a claim about a population, whether a population proportion/population mean equals to some values. Aim =>Make decision.

Type I and Type II Error

Type 1 error =>

Reject a Ho when it is TRUE When there is nothing happen but you said there is something happen.

Type 2 error =>

Reject a Ho when it is FALSE When there is something happen but you said there is nothing happen.

Type I and Type II Error

Four Possible Situations in Testing a Hypothesis

The Fact Your Decision

FALSE

TRUE

Do Not REJECT Correct decision Risk committing Ho (Say it is (no problem) (type 2 error) TRUE) REJECT Ho (Say it is FALSE) Risk committing Correct decision (type 1 error) (no problem)

Two-tailed and One-tailed Test

2 tailed
Ha : 1 = 2

1 tailed
Ha: 1 < 2
Left tailed test

Ha: 1 > 2
Right tailed test

Two-tailed Test

In your study, you want to determine if there is a difference in spatial thinking between males and females; i.e.
null hypothesis alternative hypothesis is

A hypothesis test whose alternative hypothesis has this form is called a TWOTAILED TEST.

One-tailed Test

In your study, you want to determine if females are inferior in spatial thinking compared to males; i.e.
null hypothesis is still But, the alternative hypothesis is

A hypothesis test whose alternative hypothesis has this form is called a LEFT TAILED TEST.

One-tailed Test

In your study, you want to determine if females are better in spatial thinking compared to males; i.e.
null hypothesis is still Alternative hypothesis is

A hypothesis test whose alternative hypothesis has this form is called a RIGHT TAILED TEST.

ACTIVITY

THANK YOU