Professional Documents
Culture Documents
AIDS SECTION
Navigational Aid
A navigational aid (also known as aid to navigation, ATON, or navaid) is any sort of marker which aids the traveler in navigation; the term is most commonly used to refer to nautical or aviation travel. Common types of such aids include lighthouses, buoys, fog signals, and day beacons. According to the glossary of terms in the United States Coast Guard Light list, an Aid to Navigation is any device external to a vessel or aircraft specifically intended to assist navigators in determining their position or safe course, or to warn them of dangers or obstructions to navigation.
Radio-navigation aids must keep a certain degree of accuracy (set by international standards of CAST/ICAO); to assure this is the case, flight inspection organizations periodically check critical parameters with properly equipped aircraft to calibrate and certify ILS precision.
Localizer
In aviation, a localizer (LOC) is one of the components of an Instrument Landing System (ILS), and it provides runway centerline guidance to aircraft. In some cases, a course projected by localizer is at an angle to the runway (usually due to obstructions around the airport). It is then called a Localizer Type Directional Aid (LDA). Localizers also exist in stand-alone instrument approach installations and are not always part of an ILS. The localizer is placed about 1,000 feet from the far end of the approached runway. Its useful volume extends to 18 NM for the path up to 10 degrees either side of the course. For an angle of 35 degrees either side of the course the useful volume of the localizer extends up to 10 NM. Horizontal guidance gets more accurate the closer you fly to the localizer station. Localizer approaches have their specific weather minimums found on approach plates.
GLIDE SLOPE
A glide slope (GS) or glide path (GP) antenna array is sited to one side of the runway touchdown zone. The GP signal is transmitted on a carrier frequency between 328.6 and 335.4 MHz using a technique similar to that of the localizer. The centerline of the glide slope signal is arranged to define a glide slope of approximately 3 above horizontal (ground level). The beam is 1.4 deep; 0.7 below the glideslope centerline and 0.7 above the glideslope centerline.
Terminal DME
A terminal DME, referred to as a TDME in navigational charts, is a DME that is designed to provide a 0 reading at the threshold point of the runway, regardless of the physical location of the equipment. It is typically associated with ILSor other instrument approach.
Marker beacon
A marker beacon is a particular type of VHF radio beacon used in aviation, usually in conjunction with an instrument landing system (ILS), to give pilots a means to determine position along an established route to a destination such as a runway. From the 1930s until the 1950s, markers were used extensively along airways to provide an indication of an aircraft's specific position along the route, but from the 1960s they have become increasingly limited to ILS approachinstallations. They are now very gradually being phased out of service,
especially in more developed parts of the world, as GPS and other technologies have made marker beacons increasingly obsolete.There are three types of marker beacons that may be installed as part of their most common application, an Instrument Landing System:
Outer marker
The Outer Marker, which normally identifies the final approach fix (FAF), is situated on the same course/track as the localizer and the runway centerline, 4 to 7 nautical miles[citation needed] before the runway threshold. It is typically located about 1 NM (2 km) inside the point where the glideslope intercepts the intermediate altitude and transmits a 400 Hz tone signal on a low-powered (3 watts), 75MHz carrier frequency. Its antenna is highly directional, and is pointed straight up. The valid signal area is a 2,400 ft (730 m) 4,200 ft (1,280 m) ellipse.When the aircraft passes over the outer marker antenna, its marker beacon receiver detects the signal. The system gives the pilot a visual (blinking blue outer marker light) and aural (continuous series of audio tone morse code-like 'dashes') indication. Some countries, such as Canada, have abandoned marker beacons completely, replacing the outer marker with a non-directional beacon (NDB), and more recently with GPS fixes. In the United States, the outer marker has often been combined with an NDB to make a Locator Outer Marker (LOM). Some ILS approaches have no navigation aid at all situated at the final approach fix, but use other means, such as VOR radial intersections, distance measuring equipment (DME), GPS, or radar fixes, to identify the position.
Middle marker
A middle marker works on the same principle as an outer marker. It is normally positioned 0.5 to 0.8 nautical miles (1 km) before the runway threshold. When the aircraft is above the middle marker, the receivers amber middle marker light starts blinking, and a repeating pattern of audible morse code-like dot-dashes at a frequency of 1,300 Hz in the headset. This alerts the pilot that the CAT Imissed approach point (typically 200 feet (60 m) above
the ground level on the glideslope) has been passed and should have already initiated the missed approach if one of several visual cues has not been spotted.
Inner marker
Similar to the outer and middle markers; located at the beginning (threshold) of the runway on some ILS approach systems (usually Category II and III) having decision heights of less than 200 feet (60 m) AGL. Triggers a flashing white light on the same marker beacon receiver used for the outer and middle markers; also a series of audio tone 'dots' at a frequency of 3,000 Hz in the headset.
Non-directional beacon
Fixes
NDBs have long been used by aircraft navigators, and previously mariners, to help obtain a fix of their geographic location on the surface of the Earth. Fixes are computed by extending lines through known navigational reference points until they intersect. For visual reference points, the angles of these lines can be determined by compass; the bearings of NDB radio signals are found using RDF equipment.
antenna spins, such that when the antenna is 90 degrees from north, the signal is 90 degrees out of phase of the master. By comparing the phase of the secondary signal to the master, the angle (bearing) to the station can be determined. This bearing is then displayed in the cockpit of the aircraft, and can be used to take a fix as in earlier radio direction finding (RDF) systems, although it is, in theory, easier to use and more accurate. This line of position is called the "radial" from the VOR. The intersection of two radials from different VOR stations on a chart provides the position of the aircraft. VOR stations are fairly short range, the signals have a range of about 200 miles.VOR stations broadcast a VHF radio composite signal including the station's identifier, voice (if equipped), and navigation signal. The identifier is typically a two- or three-letter string in Morse code. The voice signal, if used, is usually the station name, in-flight recorded advisories, or live flight service broadcasts. The navigation signal allows the airborne receiving equipment to determine a magnetic bearing from the station to the aircraft (direction from the VOR station in relation to the Earth's magnetic North at the time of installation). VOR stations in areas of magnetic
CVOR
The conventional signal encodes the station identifier, i(t), optional voice a(t), and navigation reference signal in, c(t), the isotropic(i.e. omnidirectional) component. The reference signal is encoded on an F3 subcarrier (color). The navigation variable signal is encoded by mechanically or electrically rotating a directional, g(A,t), antenna to produce A3 modulation (grayscale) Receivers (paired color and grayscale trace) in different directions from the station paint a different alignment of F3 and A3 demodulated signal.
DVOR
The doppler signal encodes the station identifier, i(t), optional voice, a(t), and navigation variable signal in, c(t), an isotropic (i.e. omnidirectional) component. The navigation variable signal is A3 modulated (grayscale). The navigation reference signal is delayed, t+, t-, by electrically revolving a pair of transmitters. The cyclic blue shift, and corresponding red shift, as a transmitter closes on and recedes from the receiver results in F3 modulation (color). The pairing of transmitters offset equally high and low of the isotropic carrier frequency produce the upper and lower sidebands. Closing and receding equally on opposite sides of the same circle around the isotropic transmitter produce F3 subcarrier modulation, g(A,t).
VHF/UHF SECTION
GENERAL ELECTONICS
General Electronics is basically all about general electronic systems which is used in CAA.These include various equipment which make communication possible from ground to air and voice versa.Some of the major equipments are as follows:
HISTORY OF VLS
The original voice logging system was a large analog taperecorder developed in 1950 by MAGNASYNC.In 1953 MAGNASYNC corp. sold 300 voice loggers to US airforce.In 1980 the first digital voice logging system were developed and shrank to the size of large pc.The original computerized system were designed and manufactured by EVENTIDE,Eyretel and dictathone.in 1996 mercom systems which was purchased by VERINT in July 2006 , introduced audio log the first window based voice logging system.
PA Systems
The public address systems(PA systems)is an electronic amplification system with microphones, pre amplifiers and signal routers which allow variation in sound levels, amplifiers to increase the sound level and intensity.Loud speakers are placed in convenient locations around the broadcasting area.The user speaks in the microphone and the sound is transmitted to the amplifier then cables and finally to the loudspeaker. General Electronics is basically all about general electronic systems which is used in CAA.These include various equipment which make communication possible from ground to air and voice versa.Some of the major equipments are as follows:
TELECOM SECTION
Telecommunication
Telecommunication is the transmission of information over significant distances to communicate. In earlier times, telecommunications involved the use of visual signals, such as beacons, smoke signals, semaphore telegraphs, signal flags, and optical heliographs, or audio messages such as coded drumbeats, lung-blown horns, and loud whistles. In modern times, telecommunications involves the use of electrical devices such as the telegraph, telephone, and teleprinter, as well as the use of radio and microwave communications, as well as fiber optics and their associated electronics, plus the use of the orbiting satellites and the Internet. A revolution in wireless telecommunications began in the 1900s (decade) with pioneering developments in wireless radio communications by Nikola Tesla and Guglielmo Marconi. Marconi won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1909 for
his efforts. Other highly notable pioneering inventors and developers in the field of electrical and electronic telecommunications include Charles Wheatstone and Samuel Morse (telegraph), Alexander Graham Bell (telephone), Edwin Armstrong, and Lee de Forest (radio), as well as John Logie Baird and Philo Farnsworth (television).
High frequency
The ionosphere often refracts HF radio waves quite well. This phenomenon is known as skywave propagation. Because of these characteristics this range is extensively used for medium and long range radio communication. However, suitability of this portion of the spectrum for such communication varies greatly with a complex combination of factors Sunlight/darkness at site of transmission and reception Transmitter/receiver proximity to terminator Season Sunspot cycle Solar activity Polar aurora
These and other factors contribute, at each point in time for a given communication path, to a Maximum usable frequency (MUF) Lowest usable high frequency (LUF) and a Frequency of optimum transmission (FOT)
The maximum usable frequency regularly drops below 10 MHz in darkness during the winter months, while in summer during daylight it can easily surpass 30 MHz. It depends on the angle of incidence of the waves; it is lowest when the waves are directed straight upwards, and is higher with less acute angles. This means that at longer distances, where the waves graze the ionosphere at a very blunt angle, the MUF may be much higher. The lowest usable frequency depends on the absorption in the lower layer of the ionosphere (the D-layer). This absorption is
stronger at low frequencies and is also stronger with increased solar activity (for example in daylight); total absorption often occurs at frequencies below 5 MHz during daytime. The result of these two factors is that the usable spectrum shifts towards the lower frequencies and into the Medium Frequency (MF) range during winter nights, while on a day in full summer the higher frequencies tend to be more usable, often into the lower VHF range.
HF BAND CHART
CHANNELS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. BAND A 3997.0 5132.0 7738.0 8090.0 10565.0 11580.0 --------------------------------BAND B 2514.0 3825.0 6840.0 3297.5 5252.5 8172.5 6903.0 ------------------------BAND C 2815.0 5027.5 7425.0 2727.5 3960.0 8567.0 3181.0 5022.0 7415.0 --------BAND D 2923.0 2601.0 ----------------------------------------------------------------HF/RI intl. 2923.0 3467.0 5601.0 5658.0 10018.0 13288.0 ---------------------------------
Radar
Radar is an object-detection system which uses radio waves to determine the range, altitude, direction, or speed of objects. It can be used to detect aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles,motor vehicles, weather formations, and
terrain. The radar dish or antenna transmits pulses of radio waves or microwaves which bounce off any object in their path. The object returns a tiny part of the wave's energy to a dish or antenna which is usually located at the same site as the transmitter. Radar was secretly developed by several nations before and during World War II. The term RADAR was coined in 1941 by the United States Navy as an acronym for RAdio Detection AndRanging.[1][2] The term radar has since entered English and other languages as the common noun radar, losing all capitalization. The modern uses of radar are highly diverse, including air traffic control, radar astronomy, air-defense systems, antimissile systems; marine radars to locate landmarks and other ships; aircraft anticollision systems; ocean surveillance systems, outer space surveillance and rendezvous systems; meteorological precipitation monitoring; altimetry and flight control systems; guided missile target locating systems; and ground-penetrating radar for geological observations. High tech radar systems are associated with digital signal processing and are capable of extracting objects from very high noise levels.
10. Combinational system S-645 11. Curved tracer 12. EPROM programmer uniside 13. Text bench of RICS-TXm-4200 14. ABI linear master compact 15. ABI chip master compact 16. Component analyzer 17. Relative humidity & temp. tester 18. ROBIN microwave leakage tester 19. BK precision cap. Meter 20. BK precision inductance meter 21. Fluke scope meter 22. Fluke multimeter 23. Tool kit xcellite 24. Soldering station 25. Huntron protrack-I 26. DATAMAN universal EPROM programmer 27. Disordering station 28. HUNTON scanner 29. Digital oscilloscope 30. Battery capacity tester 31. TRISCO-Digital battery load tester 32. Spectrum analyzer 33. ERSA infrared rework station 34. ERSA solder/fumes extractors.