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0 Marks) Q1 A. Explain the types of research? Ans: Following are the types of research
1. Pure Research a. Also called as fundamental or the theoretical research. b. Is basic and original. c. Can lead to discovery of new theory. 2. Applied Research a. Based on the concept of the pure research. b. Is problem oriented. c. Helps in finding result or solutions of real problems. d. Provide evidence of usefulness to society. e. Helps in testing empirical content of a theory. 3. Exploratory Research a. Involves exploring in a general aspect. b. Includes studying of a problem, about which nothing or very little is known. c. Follow a very formal approach of research. 4. Descriptive Research a. Simplest form of research. b. More specific in nature and working than exploratory research. c. It involves a mutual effort. 5. Diagnostic Study a. Quite similar to the descriptive research. b. Identifies the causes of the problems and the solutions for the problems. c. Related to casual relations. 6. Evolution Study a. Form of applied research. b. Studies the development project. c. Gives access to social or economical programmers. A. What is the significance of research in social and business science? Ans: According to a famous Hudson Maxim, All progress is born of inquiry. Doubt is often better than overconfidence, for it leads to inquiry, and inquiry leads to invention. It brings out the significance of research, increased amounts of which makes progress possible. Research encourages scientific and inductive thinking, besides promoting the development of logical habits of thinking and organization.
The role of research in applied economics in the context of an economy or business is greatly increasing in modern times. The increasingly complex nature of government and business has raised the use of research in solving operational problems. Research assumes significant role in formulation of economic policy, for both the government and business. It provides the basis for almost all government policies of an economic system.
Q2. What is meant by validity? How does it differ from reliability and what are its types?
Ans: Validity is a measurement scale, may be considered to be valid if it effectively measures a specific property or characteristic that it intends to measure. Reliability and validity are closely interlinked. A measuring instrument that is valid is always reliable, but the reverse is not true. That is, an instrument that is reliable is not always valid. However, an instrument that is not valid may or may not be reliable and an instrument that is not reliable is never valid. Validity may be classified into different types, as described belowA. Content validity i) Face Validity ii) Sampling Validity B. Predictive validity: C. Construct validity
organizations, research groups and voluntary organizations are a constant source of information about unpublished works in their special fields. There are many reasons why literature review is rendered as a significant part of any research or dissertation paper. Literature review is a part of the researcher as it will give the opportunity to strengthen the research. This will prove that research is not just writing about any random subject but that many others have also poured their thoughts on the topic.
un mistakable because it is not clear what is meant by the West, it can be a lot of things. 7. Punctuality The problem must be clearly specified. For example: Dont write How can prejudices against Americans be combated? if you mean: How can prejudices that live among Vietnamese students for American businessmen be combated? 8. Brevity Although your research problem should be as punctual and specific as possible, not all fencings must be placed in your research problem. It must be a brief and fluent sentence. You can specify your terms with definitions in a commentary.
b) Selecting a Significant Level The formulation of hypothesis is an important step which must be accomplished with
due care in accordance with the object and nature of the problem under consideration. It also indicates whether we should use a tailed test or a two tailed test. If H is of the type greater than, we use alone tailed test, but when H is of the type whether greater or smaller then we use a two-tailed test.
The hypothesis is tested on a pre-determined level of significance and such the same
should have specified. Generally, in practice, either 5% level or 1% level is adopted for the purpose.
The factors that affect the level of significance are: In brief, the level of significance must be adequate in the context of the purpose and nature of enquiry. c) Deciding the Distribution to Use After deciding the level of significance, the next step in hypothesis testing is to determine the appropriate sampling distribution. The choice generally remains between distribution and the t distribution. The rules for selecting the correct distribution are similar to those which we have stated earlier in the context of estimation.
single stage probability sampling methods could be used. 7. Financial resources: If the available finance is limited, it may become necessary to choose a less costly sampling plan like multistage cluster sampling or even quota sampling as a compromise. Where the finance is not a constraint, a researcher can choose the most appropriate method of sampling that fits the research objective and the nature of population. 8. Time Limitation: The time limit within which the research project should be completed restricts the choice of a sampling method. 9. Economy: It should be another criterion in choosing the sampling method. It means achieving the desired level of precision at minimum cost.