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  • Lippincotts Pharmacology 5th Edition (2012)

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    Ramya Tanmayi
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    This document discusses various routes of drug administration and their advantages and disadvantages. The main routes discussed are oral, intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, transdermal, rectal, inhalation, and sublingual administration. Each route has different absorption patterns and some pros and cons, such as convenience, onset of effects, bypassing first-pass metabolism, irritation potential, and suitability for certain drug properties.

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    This document discusses various routes of drug administration and their advantages and disadvantages. The main routes discussed are oral, intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, transdermal, rectal, inhalation, and sublingual administration. Each route has different absorption patterns and some pros and cons, such as convenience, onset of effects, bypassing first-pass metabolism, irritation potential, and suitability for certain drug properties.

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    484 views1 page

    Lippincotts Pharmacology 5th Edition (2012)

    Uploaded by

    Ramya Tanmayi
    This document discusses various routes of drug administration and their advantages and disadvantages. The main routes discussed are oral, intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, transdermal, rectal, inhalation, and sublingual administration. Each route has different absorption patterns and some pros and cons, such as convenience, onset of effects, bypassing first-pass metabolism, irritation potential, and suitability for certain drug properties.

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    of 1

    II.

    Routes Of Drug Administration 5


    Figure 1.5
    The absorption pattern, advantages, and disadvantages of the most common routes of administration.
    ROUTE OF
    ADMINISTRATION
    ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
    ABSORPTION
    PATTERN
    Oral
    Intravenous
    Subcutaneous
    Intramuscular
    Transdermal
    (patch)
    Rectal
    Inhalation
    Sublingual
    - VariabIe, aected by many
    factors
    - Absorption not required
    - Depends on drug diIuents:
    Aqueous soIution: prompt
    Depot preparations:
    sIow and sustained
    - Depends on drug diIuents:
    Aqueous soIution:
    prompt
    Depot preparations:
    sIow and sustained

    - SIow and sustained
    - rratic and variabIe
    - Systemic absorption may
    occur. 7his is not aIways
    desirable
    - Depends on the drug:
    Few drugs (for exampIe,
    nitroglycerin) have rapid,
    direct systemic absorption
    Most drugs erraticaIIy or
    incompIeteIy absorbed
    - Safest and most common,
    convenient, and economicaI
    route of administration
    - Can have immediate eects
    - IdeaI if dosed in Iarge voIumes
    - SuitabIe for irritating substances
    and compIex mixtures
    - VaIuabIe in emergency situations
    - Dosage titration permissibIe
    - IdeaI for high-moIecuIar-weight
    proteins and peptide drugs
    - SuitabIe for sIow-reIease drugs
    - IdeaI for some poorIy soIubIe
    suspensions
    - SuitabIe if drug voIume is moderate
    - SuitabIe for oiIy vehicIes and certain
    irritating substances
    - PreferabIe to intravenous if patient
    must seIf administer
    - ypasses the rst-pass eect
    - Convenient and painIess
    - IdeaI for drugs that are IipophiIic,
    thus requiring proIonged administra-
    tion
    - IdeaI for drugs that are quickIy
    eIiminated from the body
    - PartiaIIy bypasses rst-pass eect
    - ypasses destruction by stomach acid
    - IdeaI if drug causes vomiting
    - IdeaI in patients who are vomiting, or
    comatose
    - Absorption is rapid, can have
    immediate eects
    - IdeaI for gases
    - ective for patients with respiratory
    problems
    - Dose can be titrated
    - LocaIized eect to target Iungs: Iower
    doses used compared to that with
    oraI or parentaI administration
    - Fewer systemic side eects
    - ypasses rst-pass eect
    - ypasses destruction by stomach
    acid
    - Drug stabiIity maintained because
    the pH of saIiva reIativeIy neutraI
    - May cause immediate pharma-
    coIogicaI eects
    - Limited absorption of some drugs
    - Food may aect absorption
    - Patient compIiance is necessary
    - Drugs may be metaboIized before
    systemic absorption
    - UnsuitabIe for oiIy or poorIy
    absorbed substances
    - oIus injection may resuIt in adverse
    eects
    - Most substances must be sIowIy
    injected
    - Strict aseptic techniques needed
    - Pain or necrosis if drug is irritating
    - UnsuitabIe for drugs administered in
    Iarge voIumes
    - Aects certain Iab tests (creatine
    kinase)
    - Can be painfuI
    - Can cause intramuscuIar
    hemorrhage (precIuded during
    anticoaguIation therapy)
    - Some patients are aIIergic to
    patches, which can cause irritation
    - Drug must be highIy IipophiIic
    - May cause deIayed deIivery of drug
    to pharmacoIogicaI site of action
    - Limited to drugs that can be
    taken in smaII daiIy doses
    - Drugs may irritate the rectaI
    mucosa
    - Not a weII-accepted route.
    - Most addictive route (drug can
    enter the brain quickIy)
    - Patient may have dimcuIty
    reguIating dose
    - Some patients may have
    dimcuIty using inhaIers
    - Limited to certain types of drugs
    - Limited to drugs that can be
    taken in smaII doses
    - May Iose part of the drug dose if
    swaIIowed

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