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weakest link.
1.
2.
According to the type of internal forces the connections are expected to transmit
Shear (semi rigid, simple) connections
Moment (rigid) connections
3.
4.
Riveted Connections
bolted connection.
CONNECTIONS IN STEEL STRUCTURES
LengthClamping Force.
CONNECTIONS IN STEEL STRUCTURES
Threads of bolts:
Excluded
Included
CONNECTIONS IN STEEL STRUCTURES
strength
Included - Relatively
Decreased stregth.
CONNECTIONS IN STEEL STRUCTURES
Black Bolts
Ordinary, unfinished, rough,
or common bolts.
Least Expensive Primarily - Light structures under static load such
Turned Bolts
Similar to unfinished bolts. Shanks - Hexagonal Rods
Connections
CONNECTIONS IN STEEL STRUCTURES
Ribbed Bolts
Round head similar to Rivets. Raised ribs parallel to the shank.
Actual Diameter - slightly Larger than the hole
surfaces. Friction between plates Prevents relative slip Higher Shear Resistance. External Force increases than friction between plates Slip Occurs reserve strength due to bolt.
Advantages
Bolting operation is Silent. Cold Process - No Risk of fire
Quicker process than riveting Less Man power needed.
Disadvantages
When Subjected to vibratory loads loosened
reduction of strength
Thread area at root is less less strength Unfinished bolts lesser strength less diameter.
Type of Joints
Butt Lap
Corner Tee
Welding Notations were developed by American Welding Society (AWS). Requires Highly Skilled Labors
CONNECTIONS IN STEEL STRUCTURES
Advantages
Economical Cost of materials and labors. Efficiency is 100% as compared to rivets (75-90%) Fabrication of Complex Structures Easy like
Joints.
CONNECTIONS IN STEEL STRUCTURES
Disadvantages
No provision for expansion or contraction
Welded Bolted
Purpose - used to connect the members which are required to rotate relative to each other. Pins are cylindrical in shape, made of structural carbon steel, forged and machined to accurate dimensions
CONNECTIONS IN STEEL STRUCTURES
Advantages
Easy Analysis Moment is Zero at pin. Free to rotate to allow for elastic deformations.
Allow for Thermal Contraction and Expansion Secondary Stresses Eliminated to some extent.
Disadvantages
Lacks rigidity - noisy joints. E,g bridge under
Part of the connection remains stiff in shear - little restraint to motion perpendicular to its plane.
Designed to resist both Moment and Shear. Often referred - rigid or fully restrained connections - provide full continuity between the connected members - designed to carry the full factored moments. Principal Reason - buildings has to resist the effect of lateral forces such as wind and earthquake.
CONNECTIONS IN STEEL STRUCTURES
Uses
Between main beams and columns, creating a
rigid frame.
Principally to resist lateral loads, however, vertical
Beam)
The angle or plate will be bolted or welded after erection of the beam.
column).
Generally used for lesser moments where heavy loads are not acting
CONNECTIONS IN STEEL STRUCTURES
Generally used in case of shear connections. A seating angle - at bottom of secondary beam - shop welded to the primary member.
and
Beam Splice.
Beam Splice
CONNECTIONS IN STEEL STRUCTURES
sizes.
Splices - designed for both moment and shearunless intended to utilize the splices as internal
hinges.
CONNECTIONS IN STEEL STRUCTURES
Beams are normally attached using two or more bolts through the web.
bolts pair.
CONNECTIONS IN STEEL STRUCTURES
Steel plates placed at the bottom of Columns. Function - to transmit column loads to the concrete pedestal.
A layer of grout should be placed between the base plate and its support for the purpose of leveling. Anchor bolts should be provided to stabilize the column during erection or to prevent uplift.
Usually cost of fabrication and erection constitute as high as 50% of the total cost of steel structures, per tones of material used