International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering ISSN 0974-5904, Volume 04, No 06 SPL, October 2011, pp 913-919

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Effectiveness of using Coarse Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Concrete

Neela Deshpande Faculty of Engineering, Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology, Pune. deshpandeneela@yahoo.com S. S. Kulkarni Principal, Rajarambapu Institute of technology, Sakharale, Sangli. sushma.kulkarni@ritindia.edu Nikhil Patil Student of Engineering, Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology, Pune ABSTRACT: Concrete industry, uses 12.6 billion tons of raw materials each year, is the largest user of natural resources in the world. The environmental impact of production of raw ingredients of concrete (such as cement and coarse and fine aggregates) is considerable. The scale of the problem makes it prudent to investigate other sources of raw materials in order to reduce the consumption of energy and available natural resources. In this paper an experimental program was undertaken which contains i) a brief analysis of properties of coarse recycled aggregates and judged its effectiveness in use of concrete. Concrete mixes were designed with 28 day compressive strength as 25MPa .The concrete mixes were designed using IS 10262:2009 with i) conventionally used coarse aggregates and ii) 100% replacement of coarse recycled aggregate. With reference to the experimental results, analysis of important properties of both the types of concrete is done and the suitability of use of recycled concrete aggregate for new concrete is judged. KEY WORDS: Concrete, Recycled Aggregates, Recycled concrete aggregates INTRODUCTION Sustainable construction is a widely used concept now. It was introduced due to the growing concern about future of the planet, and it applies specifically for construction industry as, this being a huge consumer of natural resource. Concrete is the material of ea. In addition to the 1.6 billion tons (1.5 billion tones) of cement used worldwide, the concrete industry is consuming 10 billion tons of sand and rock, and 1 billion tons of mixing water annually. In short the concrete industry, which uses 12.6 billion tons of raw materials each year, is the largest user of natural resources in the world.(1). Its the worlds most widely used construction material, but at the same time it is not an environmentally friendly material too. On the outsource when a building is demolished after its use, for repairs or for deterioration it generates large amount of C &D, which conventionally and till today is used for land filling. In recent years, the recyclable potential of construction and demolition (C&D) waste has made it a target of interest and the main focus of waste management policies on encouraging minimization, reuse, recycling, and valorization of the waste as opposed to its final disposal in land fills. (2,3).The increasing trend of land filling and the scarcity of natural aggregates on other hand encourage the use of waste from the construction sites as a source for aggregate. Recycled Aggregates Recycled aggregate is generally produced by two stages crushing of demolished concrete, screening and removal of contaminants such as reinforcement, wood, plastic etc. Concrete made with such aggregates is called as Recycled aggregate Concrete. (4) RILEM Committee 121-DRG has published recommendations for the use of recycled aggregates, classifying them into three groups. Group I-Aggregates mainly from masonry rubble Group II- Aggregate obtained mainly from concrete rubble Group III-A mixture of natural aggregates (>80%) and rubble from the other two groups (with upto 10% of group I). Recycled concrete aggregates differ from the conventional aggregates mainly in two factors: a. Recycled concrete aggregates are not derived from any natural source, but are derived from construction and demolished wastes. b. Recycled concrete aggregates (when not tested) have the aggregate with attached mortar. Recycled concrete aggregates are also mortar parts from the concrete which further constitutes and can shape like aggregates. Here group III can be used for production of all types of concrete, whereas restrictions limit the applications of the other two groups. (5).Fig 1 and Fig 2 show the construction and demolition waste and Concrete rubble which are the main source of Recycled concrete aggregate. LITERATURE REVIEW The application of recycled aggregate in construction have started since end of world war-II by demolished concrete pavement as recycled aggregate source in stabilizing the base course for the road construction. (Olorusongo, F.T.1999).Many studies were carried out and being carried to know the behavior pattern of aggregates derived from C&D waste. There are many studies that prove that concrete made with these aggregates can have mechanical properties similar to those of conventional concretes and even high strength concrete is nowadays possible goal for this environmentally sound practice. (6, 7). Properties of recycled aggregate concrete are influenced by the quality of the concrete from which the recycled aggregates are generated. In recycled aggregates, mortar gets attached to it. The physical and mechanical properties of the recycled aggregates relate to the quality and quantity

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Neela Deshpande, S. S. Kulkarni, Nikhil Patil 1. 2. Impregnation with a solution of silica fume and Ultrasonic cleaning of recycled aggregate to remove the loose particles and improve the bond between the new cement paste and the recycled aggregate.

of mortar adhered to the aggregates. The quality of the adhered mortar depends on the w/c ratio employed in original concrete and the quantity of adhered mortar influences the strength of concrete, size and crushing procedure adopted (8,9).It is most notable that the finer the aggregate, the higher the percentage of paste content (9). Excessive paste content due to high AC of recycled aggregates will cause poor workability and large slump loss of concrete. Such poor quality further hinders the strength development of the resulting concrete. (10) The strength characteristics of concrete was not affected by the quality of recycled aggregate at higher water cement ratio, it was only affected when the water cement ratio is low. (11, 12)The higher the water cement ratio, the less is reduction in compressive strength (13, 25). An experimental study to use fine recycled aggregate as partial or global replacement of natural fine aggregates in concrete concluded that compressive strength does not seem to be affected by the fine aggregate replacement ratio at least upto 30%.The same study showed that both tensile splitting and modulus of elasticity is reduced with increase in the replacement ratio. The abrasion resistance seems to increase with the replacement of fine natural with fine recycled concrete aggregate. (14) The increase absorption of recycled aggregate means that concrete made with recycled coarse aggregate and natural sand typically needs 5% more water than the conventional concrete in order to maintain same workability. If recycled aggregate is used in dry condition the concretes workability is greatly reduced due to their absorption capacity. However some researches do argue that the aggregates can be saturated before use (15, 16). Many studies demonstrate the feasibility of the use of crushed concrete as coarse aggregates, its use being already accounted for in the regulations of many countries. In Italy, the use of 30% recycled concrete instead of virgin aggregate is definitively allowed for producing concretes (C30/37 class) since July 2009(17). Many of the researchers also suggested some treatment methods for improved performance of properties of Recycled concrete aggregates and/or recycled aggregates concrete. Some notable findings are: The distinctive difference between the properties of the RCA and natural aggregates is on water absorption, being high in the RCA due to the presence of the porous cement mortar. The presence of cracks and the porous nature of the old cement mortar affects the bond between the RCA and cement paste when used in new concrete. (15) The various techniques which are developed can be expected to consolidate the adhering mortar layer and reduce the porosity of RCA, thereby improving the interfacial bond between RCA and new cement paste in the new concrete. (19) Amnon Katz, in his study over treatment on recycled aggregates proposed two methods:

The results showed that silica fume improves the properties of new concrete made from recycled aggregates in two ways a) By improving the interface between the Raggregate and the new cement matrix. b) By strengthing the structure of the old paste that is still adhered to the R-Aggregate,which cracked during the crushing process.10% by weight of solution of silica fume resulted in increase of 2333% and 15% in the compressive strength at ages 7 and 28 days respectively. Ultrasonic cleaning of recycled aggregates yielded a moderate increase of 7%, with no clear difference between early and late ages. (20)

Nobuaki Ostsuki et al in their study over interfacial zone suggested a Double mixing method to improve the ITZ of normal concrete (Tazawa et al). This method devised to coat recycled aggregate with mortar of a lower water binder ratio than the rest of mortar matrix. Improvements in strength, chloride penetration and carbonation resistance of recycled aggregate concrete can be achieved by using this double mix method in case of higher water- binder ratio concrete. (21). Enough information and awareness is not generated towards the properties of recycled aggregates and recycled aggregate concrete in India. In such situation it is very essential to study the basic properties of recycled aggregates-Fine and Coarse and properties of concrete with recycled aggregates. The aim of this paper is to focus on basic important properties of Recycled concrete aggregates and Recycled aggregate concrete and compare the same with conventional concrete typically used and manufactured in Maharashtra, India. To achieve this, fresh and hardened state properties of concrete are measured to ensure that fundamental parameters needed in the design are evaluated (such as slump, compressive and tensile strength) EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH PROGRAMME: An experimental program was undertaken which consisted of testing recycled coarse aggregates and fresh and hardened concrete specimens. The aggregate tests included basic physical and mechanical tests. The hardened concrete tests consisted of testing 150 mm x150mm cubes to know the compressive strength of concrete. A 300 mm concrete cylindrical specimens at the age of 28 days in accordance with the relevant BIS standards while, the tensile strength test was conducted following BIS. Curing and testing of the concrete specimens were performed as per BIS guidelines

International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering ISSN 0974-5904, Volume 04, No 06 SPL, October 2011, pp 913-919

Effectiveness of using Coarse Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Concrete Materials Conventional materials- Cement, fine aggregates and Coarse aggregates were purchased from the local vendors. a. The main source of recycled concrete aggregate was demolished parking structure mainly the columns and foundation which was free from any reinforcement or other contaminants, and cubes casted and tested in the laboratory. The local crushing plants were not able to crush the concrete waste and thus the crushing and sieving had to be done manually. The concrete rubble remains (Fig 1) were broken initially manually and then sieving was done using IS sieves. The process generated, Fine recycled concrete aggregate, recycled concrete aggregate-10mm and recycled concrete aggregate-20mm. Fig:2 shows how the concrete cubes were crushed manually and the Fig:3 shows the heap of all in one aggregates which were further classified through sieving.

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PROPERRTIES OF MATERIALS Surface texture and Shape Recycled Concrete Aggregates have a irregular and granular structure, due to the adhered mortar which can be a point of concern as it is a factor which contributes toward higher water absorption, workability and ultimately the strength characteristics of the concrete made using RCA.The structure of RCA mainly depends upon the parent source of concrete rubble. RCA from poorly compacted concrete are of irregular shape and the adhered mortar is not dense and thus exhibits weak bond between the mortar and the aggregate. While aggregates derived from concrete cubes yields aggregates with irregular shape and better bond between mortar and aggregate. Flakiness and elongation index Test procedure followed as per IS:2386(Part I)-1963 to find the flakiness and elongation index of RCA-10 and 20mm, resulted as, RCA-10mm the flakiness index was 6.9% and RCA-20mm was 6.2%. The elongation index for RCA10mm was 34.5%, for RCA-20mm was 26.8% . Thus, as per the results obtained, the RCA-10mm and RCA-20mm can be suitably used for making concrete. Grading of Aggregate Minimum voids and Minimum cement content can affect the term workable. Proper grading of aggregates can contribute for the same. In the sample selected sieve analysis was carried out as per IS: 2386(Part I)-1963. The fineness modulus, which is the indication of coarseness or fineness of a sample, of NFA and RFCA was found which yielded the results as 2.748 and 3.983 respectively. The results indicate that RCFA is much coarser with FM as 3.98 and will not be a suitable material for producing concrete. RFCA contains more amounts of fine aggregates which have mortar and cement paste as fine aggregates. The smaller mortar remains cannot disintegrate easily and thus contribute towards higher FM. However the remains of cement contribute towards finer materials. The comparison of grading of Aggregates for fine aggregate and coarse aggregate is as shown in the Fig 6 and Fig 7 respectively. The table 1 shows abstract results of sieve analysis and also the IS limits for RCA-10mm and RCA-20mm .The results indicate that RCA-20mm can be considered to be used in concrete however RCA-10mm has limitation ,thus a mixed gradation of aggregates is required to be considered for producing workable concrete with economy. Table 1 Properties of NFA and RFCA
Property of Aggregate NFA RFCA

Fig 1:Concrete Rubble

Fig:2 Manual crushing of Concrete rubble

Fig:3 Crushed All in one aggregates After sieving the all in one aggregate through IS set of sieves, following are the aggregates derived

Fig:4 Recycled fine Aggregate

Fig:5 Recycled Coarse Aggregate-20mm

Nomenclature of Materials used Natural Fine aggregate NFA 1. Cement OPC Birla Super 53 Grade C 2. Conventional Fine Aggregates - CFA 3. Conventional coarse aggregate-20mm - NA-20mm 4. Recycled fine concrete Aggregate - RFCA 5. Recycled Concrete aggregate-10mm RCA-10mm 6. Recycled Concrete Aggregate-20mm- RCA-20mm

Specific Gravity Fineness Modulus Moisture Content Loose Bulk Density Water Absorption Material finer than 75

2.75 2.748 2.83 1.48kg/lit 3.18% 2.35%

2.29 3.983 3.18 1.43kg/lit 8.52% 3.60%

International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering ISSN 0974-5904, Volume 04, No 06 SPL, October 2011, pp 913-919

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Neela Deshpande, S. S. Kulkarni, Nikhil Patil Bulk density, Crushing and Impact values: Test for bulk density carried out using IS: 2386 (Part III) 1963, resulted in less loose Bulk density of the Recycled aggregate sample for RFCA and RCA-20mm as compared to NFA and NA-20mm.The lesser value of loose bulk density of recycled aggregate is attributed to the adhered mortar on aggregate which increases the size of the aggregate and will have better interlocking which in turn reduces the voids in rodded condition and the higher porosity than that of natural aggregates. The crushing value of Recycled aggregate is less due to the adhered mortars on the surface of aggregate makes the RCA weaker towards impact resistance and crushing. It can disintegrate and fall apart from aggregate with impact. The results in this sample (Table: 1 ) show higher values for RCA than NA for Impact and crushing .Thus this can restrict the use of RCA only for low grade applications. PROPORTTION OF MIX FOR CONCRETE Proportioning of mix Designing of proportions to make a suitable Concrete is an interesting task. Behavior of Concrete, in fresh state or hardened state depends on many things ranging from properties of materials used to method of mixing, to method of compaction, method of curing etc. In order to compare results objectively, a control mix made from natural coarse aggregate is needed to benchmark the results. Concrete mixes with 28-days target strengths as 25Mpa was considered. Various mixes which were designed are as follows: a. Concrete with Conventional materials (i.e Cement, Convetional Fine and Coarse aggregates) - Mix 1 b. Concrete with materials: Cement, conventional fine aggregate, recycled coarse aggregate - Mix 2 c. Concrete with materials: Cement, Recycled fine aggregate Conventional Coarse aggregates - Mix 3 d. Concrete with materials: Cement, Recycled fine aggregate, Recycled coarse aggregate - Mix 4 All concrete mixes were proportioned for a 75 mm slump. Admixtures were not used in the different concrete mixes. Table 3 shows a summary of the mix proportions for the different proportions of materials for target strength. To achieve the same slump, concrete made with recycled aggregate required about 10% more water than that made with natural aggregate due to its higher porosity. The Table 3 shows different materials used and their respective proportions. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The Table 3 below shows the results of testing of the designed mixes. The design of mixes was done using IS: 10262:2009. The designing of mixes were done to arrive at appropriate proportions of materials to be used in Concrete. The properties of materials especially the aggregates contributed majorly towards the proportions. Recycled Concrete aggregates are aggregates derived from demolished waste and thus the properties of them are

Fig 6 Comparison of Grading of aggregates NFA and RFCA Table 2 Properties of NCA-20mm and RCA-20mm Property of Aggregate Specific Gravity Elongation Index Flakiness Index Loose Bulk Density Water Absorption Impact Value Crushing Value NCA-20mm 2.86 34.82% 14.7% 1.41kg/lit 1.99% 16.22% 21.67% RCA20mm 2.50 26.8% 6.2% 1.17kg/lit 5.61% 32.19% 29.8%

Fig 7 Comparison of Grading of aggregates NA 20mm and RA-20mm Specific gravity and water absorption Test on respective aggregates with reference to IS: 2386 (Part III)-1963 resulted in Specific gravity of NFA and RCFA are 2.75 and 2.29 respectively. Specific gravity for NA-20mm and RCA-20mm is 2.86 and 2.85 respectively. This indicates that recycled concrete aggregates are lighter than that of natural aggregates. The main reason for this is existence of loose paste in the demolished wastes. Due to the adhered mortar to the aggregates the water absorption increases substantially for the recycled concrete aggregates. In the present study (conducted using IS: 2386(Part III)-1963) as compared to NFA, RFCA has an 5.34% increase in water absorption and for RCA-20mm as 3.62% as compared to NA-20mm.Table 1 & 2

International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering ISSN 0974-5904, Volume 04, No 06 SPL, October 2011, pp 913-919

Effectiveness of using Coarse Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Concrete governed by the parent source. Change in cement content is attributed towards the assumed W/C ratio. The water quantity and ratio mentioned in the table 3 is arrived after the required water corrections. Observation shows that there is good bonding between recycled concrete aggregate and surrounding cement paste.

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This is because of the angularity of the coarse aggregate and the residual cementation on the surface of recycled aggregate. Table 3 shows the compressive strength of different mixes at 3, 7 and 28 days.

Table 3: Proportion of mixes and strength details ID Mix proportions (M25) Kg/cu.m C 390.97 CFA731.56 CA-20mm 1193.27 Water 195.67 Lit W/C 0.5 C 383.16 CFA737.587 CA-20mm 1004.234 Water 230.967 Lit W/C 0.6 C- 383.16 RFA-648.74 CA-20mm1154.42 Water-211.35 W/C- 0.55 C-348.27 RFCA-676.19 RCA-20mm 1029.55 Water 358 W//c 1.02 Target strength N/mm2 Slump mm Average Compressive Strength N/mm2 3 Days 7 Days 28 Days Split tensile strength At 28 days N/mm2 Density Kg/m3

Mix 1

31.6

70

18.15

25.49

36.41

2.10

2660.74

Mix 2

31.6

70

13.82

21.15

31.21

1.64

2571.85

Mix 3

31.6

60

16.29

28.38

38.08

2415.8

Mix 4

31.6

70

6.57

16.82

19.38

1.29

2340.93

The results in table 3 shows that M25 grade of concrete can be made using Recycled aggregates. However 100% replacement of conventional coarse and fine aggregates by Recycled coarse-20mm and fine aggregates could not meet the Concrete grade requirements. There is an approximate decrease of 6.12 % of compressive strength than the target strength.100% replacement by RCA-20mm resulted in approximately the same target strength, but 14.28% decrease in compressive strength as compared to concrete with conventional materials. However this decrease can be attributed towards less cement content which is a result of increase in w/c ratio. The lesser value of slump in recycled

coarse and fine aggregate concrete is attributed towards higher water absorption of this aggregates.100% replacement of RFA in concrete increased the compressive strength of concrete by 20%. The design of the mix however has less amount of RFA in concrete as compared to other mixes. The water requirement in this mix is more than other mixes and is the result due to more water absorption of the Recycled fine aggregates. An appropriate design of mixes using Recycled fine aggregate can achieve the target strength. All the mixes have an average of 70mm slump. However as mentioned appropriate W/C ratio need to be adopted for satisfactory workability.

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Neela Deshpande, S. S. Kulkarni, Nikhil Patil properties of Recycled Concrete Aggregates are governed by the Parent source. Due to higher water absorption of recycled aggregates, more is the water requirement for appropriate workability. The adjustments in water content can be done during designing which increases the water demand, however appropriate percentage of admixture can be used to increase the workability. Compressive strength of Concrete with aggregates RFCA and RFA shows a decrease in compressive strength and thus cannot be recommended. However further studies with use of admixtures can make the concrete effective for lower grade applications. Using Recycled fine aggregates in concrete can prove to be better however in less quantity and can be recommended for lower grade applications.

Beside water, the texture and angular shape of RA are also recognized as a factor for lower workability of RAC (Ridzual et. Al., 2001). The identified that irregularity of RA surface contributed to lower workability of RAC (Batayaneh, M., Marie, I., Asi, I, 2006).Increase of water absorption is a factor which is a result of increase amount of mortar adhered to the aggregate. Increase in replacement of recycled aggregates contributed towards more water demand. It is believed that if admixtures were used to increase workability, while maintaining the same amount of water in the two concretes, then the recycled concrete would have had higher strength than observed. Two important observations were noted during mixing of concrete. a. b. During mixing of concrete manually some of the Recycled concrete aggregates which were just mortar remains were disintegrating. During Compacting manually, using a tamping rod, some of the mortar remain which was a part of recycled concrete aggregate were getting disintegrated.

3.

4.

5.

REFERENCES [1] Mehta. P. K, (Oct 2001)Reducing the environmental impact of concrete, Concrete International, Vol: 23, No : 10, pp-61-66. [2] Esin T, Cosgun N, (2007)A study conducted to Reduce construction waste generation in Turkey. Build Evironment, vol: 42; pp-1667-74. [3] Solis-Guzman J.Marreno M, Montes-Deigado, M V, Ramirez-de-arellano A.A, (2009)Spanish model for quantification and management of construction waste.Waste Management, Vol: 29, pp-2542-2548. [4] M. Chakradhara Rao, S. K. Bhattacharyya ,S. V. Barai (April 2010), Influence of field recycled coarse aggregate on properties of concrete ,Materials and Structures, DOI 10.1617/s11527-010-9620-x [5] Amnon Katz (2003),Properties of concrete made with recycled aggregate from partially hydrated old concrete, Cement and concrete Research, Vol: 33, pp703-711. [6] Ajdukiewiez A,Kliszczewicz A,(2002),Influence of recycled aggregates on mechanical properties of HS/HPC. Cement and Concrete Composites,vol:24, pp-269-279 [7] Khatib JM,(2005)Properties of concrete incorporating fine recycled aggregate. Cement Concrete Research, Vol: 35(4); pg-763-769. [8] Hansen TC, Boegh E (1985) Elasticity and drying shrinkage of recycled aggregate concrete. J ACI 82(5) : 648652 [9] T.C.Hansen,H.Narud(1983), Strength of recycled concrete made from crushed concrete coarse aggregates, Concrete International, vol:5, No:1, pp-7983, pp-120-135. [10] Tsung-Yueh, Yuen-Yeun Chen, Chao-Lung Hwang(2006), Properties of HPC with recycled aggregates, Cement and Concrete Research, vol:36, pp943-950.

These two observations contribute towards better packing properties in concrete and further decrease in pores. This is a factor which contributes towards increase of compressive strength. Meanwhile, the more angular shape of RA and its rougher surface texture are what contribute to a better interfacial bond and thus higher compressive strength in recycled aggregate concrete (Ridzual et. al., 2001). An angular shape and rough texture in RA leads to better bonds and a higher strength value of concrete. RAC can also have a higher compressive strength when RA is oven dried, due to the interfacial bond between cement paste and aggregate particles (Poon, C. S., Shui, Z. H., Lam, L., Kou, S. C., 2004).(26). Density of concrete is another important factor. The results above indicate that all the concrete mixes with recycled aggregate have less density as compared to Concrete with conventional materials. However the reduction in density for Recycled concrete is 12% as compared to the conventional concrete. The split tensile strength of concrete with Conventional materials is better with a increase of 22% as compared to Concrete with 100% replacement of conventional aggregates by RCA-20mm.The split tensile strength of concrete with 100% replacement by RFCA and RFA shows less results as compared to Mix-1 and Mix -2. CONCLUSION 1. 28 days compressive strength of concrete with various percentage replacements by Recycled concrete aggregates can be achieved, even though the compressive strength of concrete with Recycled Concrete aggregate is less than that of Concrete with Conventional aggregates. 2. The physical and Mechanical properties of Recycled Concrete aggregates are important factors governing the strength characteristics of the concrete. And the

International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering ISSN 0974-5904, Volume 04, No 06 SPL, October 2011, pp 913-919

Effectiveness of using Coarse Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Concrete [11] J.S.Ryu, (2002),An experimental study on the effect of recycled aggregate on concrete properties, Mag. Concr. Res, Vol:54 (1), pp-7-12 [12] A. K. Padmimi, K. Ramamurthy, M. S. Matthews (2002), Relative moisture movement through recycled aggregate concrete, Cement Concrete Research, vol: 54(5), pp-377-384 [13] J. M. Khatib (2005), Properties of concrete incorporating fine recycled aggregate, Cement and Concrete Research, vol: 35, pp-763-769 [14] L. Evangelista & J.de Brito, (2007) Mechanical behavior of concrete made with fine recycled concrete aggregates, Cement & Concrete Composites, Vol: 29, pg: 397-401. [15] S. Hasaba, M. Kawamura, K. Torik, K. Takemoto (1981), Drying Shrinkage and durability of the concrete made of recycled concrete aggregate, Transactions of the Japan Concrete Institute, Vol 3, pp55-60. [16] M. Etxeberria, E Vazquez, A Maria, M. Barra (2007), Influence of amount of recycled coarse aggregates and production process on properties of recycled aggregate concrete, Cement and Concrete Research, vol: 37, pp735-742

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[17] NTC 2008,Norme Tecniche per le construzioni, D.M.14/01/2008 [18] Gomez-Soberon JMV. (2002)Porosity of recycled concrete with substitution of recycled concrete aggregate an experimental study. Cement Concrete Res Vol: 32, pp 130111. [19] M. Etxeberria, E Vazquez, A Maria, M. Barra (2007), Influence of amount of recycled coarse aggregates and production process on properties of recycled aggregate concrete, Cement and Concrete Research, vol: 37, pp735-742 [20] Nelson Shing Chai (2004), High strength structural concrete with recycled aggregate, B.E Dissertation, Faculty of Engineering and Surveying, University of Sourthen Quinceland [21] Ismail Abdul Rahman, Hasrudin Hamdam, Ahmad Mujahid Ahmad Zaidi, (Oct 2009) Assessment of Recycled Aggregate Concrete, Modern applied Science, Vol 3, No:10, pp-47-54

International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering ISSN 0974-5904, Volume 04, No 06 SPL, October 2011, pp 913-919