Solutions for Math 311 Assignment #8

(1) Let C denote the positively oriented boundary of the square whose sides lie along the lines x = 2 and y = 2. Evaluate each of these integrals zdz (a) ; C 2z + 1 cosh z (b) dz; z4 C tan(z/2) (c) dz. 2 C (z /2) Solution. (a) zdz zdz 1 = 2z + 1 2 C z (1/2) 2i i = z = . 2 z=1/2 2

(b) For 0 < r < 1, 2i cosh z dz = (cosh z)(3) 4 z 3! =0

z=0

(c) For 0 < r < 2 /2, tan(z/2) 2i dz = (tan(z/2)) 2 (z /2) 1! = 2i.

z=/2

(2) Find the value of the integral g(z) around the circle |z i| = 2 oriented counterclockwise when 1 (a) g(z) = 2 ; z +4 1 (b) g(z) = 2 . (z + 4)2 Solution. (a) 1 dz = z2 + 4 = 1 dz (z + 2i)(z 2i) =
z=2i

|zi|=2

|zi|=2

2i z + 2i
1

(b)
|zi|=2

(z 2

1 dz = + 4)2 =

1
|zi|=2

(z +

2i)2 (z

2i)2 = 16

dz

2i (z + 2i)2

z=2i

(3) Let C be a simple closed curve oriented counterclockwise and let s3 + 2s g(z) = ds. 3 C (s z) Show that g(z) = 6iz when z is inside C and that g(z) = 0 if z is outside C. Proof. When z is inside C, 2i 3 s3 + 2s dz = (s + 2s) 3 (s z) 2! = 6iz
s=z

When z is outside C, f (s) = (s3 + 2s)/(s z)3 is analytic inside C and hence s3 + 2s dz = 0 3 C (s z)

(4) Show that if f is analytic inside and on a simple closed curve C and z0 is not on C, then
C

f (z)dz = z z0

f (z)dz . (z z0 )2

Proof. When z0 is inside C,

C

f (z) dz = 2if (z0 ) z z0

and
C

2i f (z) dz = f (z0 ) = 2if (z0 ) 2 (z z0 ) 1! f (z) f (z) and z z0 (z z0 )2

by Cauchy Integral Formula. When z0 is outside C, both

are analytic inside C and hence f (z) dz = 0 C z z0 and f (z) dz = 0 2 C (z z0 ) by Cauchy Integral Theorem. Therefore, we always have f (z) f (z) dz = dz 2 C (z z0 ) C z z0

(5) Let C be the unit circle z = ei ( ). First show that for any real constant a, eaz dz = 2i. C z Then write this integral in terms of to derive the integration formula ea cos cos(a sin )d = .
0

Proof. By Cauchy Integral Formula, eaz dz = 2i(eaz ) = 2i z C z=0 On the other hand,
C

e dz = z =i

az

exp(aei ) i d(e ) ei exp(aei )d

=i

exp(a cos + ia sin )d ea cos (cos(a sin ) + i sin(a sin ))d

=i =

ea cos sin(a sin )d + i

ea cos cos(a sin )d

Therefore,

ea cos cos(a sin )d = Im

C

eaz dz z

= 2

And since ea cos cos(a sin ) is even,

e
0

a cos

1 cos(a sin )d = 2

ea cos cos(a sin )d =

(6) Suppose that f (z) is entire and Re(f (z)) M for all z and a real constant M . Show that f (z) must be a constant. Proof. Let g(z) = ef (z) . Since f (z) is entire, g(z) is entire. Since Re(f (z)) M , |g(z)| = exp(Re(f (z))) eM Therefore, |g(z)| is bounded. By Louvilles theorem, g(z) = c is a constant. Therefore, g(z) = c g (z) = 0 f (z)ef (z) = 0 f (z) = 0 and hence f (z) is a constant. (7) Let f (z) be an analytic function in a domain D. Suppose that f (z) = 0 for all z in D. Show that if |f (z)| has a minimum value in D, then f (z) must be constant in D. Proof. Let g(z) = 1/f (z). Since f (z) = 0 in D, g(z) is analytic in D. If |f (z)| achieves the minimum at z0 in D, then |f (z)| |f (z0 )| for all z D. Hence |g(z)| |g(z0 )| for all z D. That is, |g(z)| achieves the maximum at z0 . By the principle of maximum modulus, g(z) is a constant in D and hence f (z) is a constant in D. (8) Let f (z) = u(x, y)+iv(x, y) be an analytic function in a domain D, where u(x, y) = Re(f (z)) and v(x, y) = Im(f (z)). Show that if v(x, y) has a minimum value in D, then f (z) must be a constant in D. Proof. Let g(z) = exp(f (z)). Since f (z) is analytic in D, g(z) is analytic in D. Suppose that u(x, y) achieves the minimum at z0 = x0 + y0 i in D. Then u(x0 , y0 ) u(x, y) for all z = x + yi in D. Then |g(z0 )| = exp(u(x0 , y0 )) exp(u(x, y)) = |g(z)|

for all z D. That is, |g(z)| achieves the maximum at z0 . By the principle of maximum modulus, g(z) = c is a constant in D. Therefore, g(z) = c g (z) = 0 f (z)ef (z) = 0 f (z) = 0 and hence f (z) is a constant in D. (9) Let f (z) = ez and R be the rectangular region 0 x 1 and 0 y . Find the points in R where v(x, y) = Im(f (z)) reaches its maximum and minimum values. Solution. For a nonconstant analytic function f (z) in R, we see that v(x, y) = Im(f (z)) takes the maximum and minimum only on the boundary of R by applying the principle of maximum modulus to exp(if (z)) and exp(if (z)). So to nd the maximum and minimum of v(x, y) = Im(ez ) = ex sin y in R = {0 x 1, 0 y }, it suces to nd its maximum and minimum on the boundary of R. We restrict v(x, y) to the boundary of R: restricting v(x, y) to x = 0 and 0 y , we have v(0, y) = sin y and 0 v(0, y) 1; restricting v(x, y) to x = 1 and 0 y , we have v(1, y) = e sin y and 0 v(1, y) e; restricting v(x, y) to 0 x 1 and y = 0, we have v(x, 0) = 0; restricting v(x, y) to 0 x 1 and y = , we have v(x, ) = 0. In conclusion, vmax = e when z = 1 + i/2 and vmin = 0 when Im(z) = 0 or Im(z) = . (10) Use the triangle inequality |zn | |z| |zn z| to show that if limn zn = z, then limn |zn | = |z|. Proof. Since limn zn = z, limn |zn z| = 0. And since 0 |zn | |z| |zn z| we conclude
n

lim |zn | |z| = 0

by comparison theorem. Therefore, limn |zn | = |z|.

(11) Show that if

zn = S
n=1

then

zn = S.
n=1

Proof. Since

n=1 zn

= S,
n

lim

zk S = 0
k=1

Therefore,
n n n

lim

zk S = lim
k=1

zk S = 0
k=1

and hence

zn = S
n=1