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ABSTRACT
ZigBee is a wireless network protocol specifically designed for low rate sensor and control networks. There are a number of applications that can benefit from the ZigBee protocol. Building automation networks, home security systems, industrial control networks, remote metering and PC peripherals are some of the many possible applications. Compared to other wireless protocols, the ZigBee wireless protocol offers low complexity, reduced resource requirements and most importantly, a standard set of specifications. It also offers three frequency bands of operation along with a number of network configurations and optional security capability.
2. INTRODUCTION
ZigBee is a new wireless technology developed by the ZigBee Alliance to overcome the limitations of BLUETOOTH and Wi-Fi. ZigBee is developed on the top of IEEE 802.15.4 standard. It is designed for low-power consumption allowing batteries to essentially last forever. Though we have couple of methods for multimedia applications, till now nothing has been developed for sensor networking and control machines which require longer battery life and continuous working without human intervention. ZigBee devices allow
batteries to last up to years using primary cells (low cost) without any chargers (low cost and easy installation).
The low rate WPANs (IEEE 802.15.4/LR-WPAN) is intended to serve a set of industrial, residential and medical applications with very low power consumption, with relaxed needs for data rate and QoS. The low data rate enables the LR-WPAN to consume very little power. This feature allows small, power-efficient, inexpensive solutions to be implemented for a wide range of devices.
telephones, hand-held digital assistants, sensors and controls located within a few meters of each other. Thus, ZigBee technology is a low data rate, low power consumption, low cost; wireless networking protocol targeted towards automation and remote control applications.
3. DESCRIPTION
3.1 General Description
A LR-WPAN is a simple, low-cost communication network that allows wireless connectivity in applications with limited power and relaxed throughput requirements. The main objectives of an LR-WPAN are ease of installation, reliable data transfer, short range operation, extremely low cost, and a reasonable battery life, while maintaining a simple and flexible protocol. The three license-free frequencies of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard include sixteen channels at 2.4 GHz, ten channels at 915 MHz, and one channel at 868 MHz, to support global or regional deployment. The maximum data rates for each band are 250 kbps, 40 kbps and 20 kbps, respectively. The air interface is direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) using binary phase shift keying (BPSK) for 868 MHz and 915 MHz and offset-quadrature phase shift keying (OQPSK) for 2.4 GHz. Other features of the IEEE 802.15.4 PHY include receiver energy detection, link quality indication and clear channel assessment. Both contention-based and contention-free channel access methods are supported. Maximum packet size is 128 bytes, including a variable payload of up to 104 bytes. IEEE 802.15.4 employs 64-bit IEEE and 16-bit short addresses, which supports over 65,000 nodes per network. The IEEE 802.15.4 MAC also enables network association and disassociation, has an optional super frame structure with beacons for time synchronization, and a guaranteed time slot (GTS) mechanism for high priority communications. The access method iscarrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA-CA). Network routing schemes are designed to ensure power conservation, and low latency through guaranteed time slots. A unique feature of ZigBee network layer is communication redundancy eliminating single point of failure in mesh networks. IEEE and ZigBee Alliance have been working closely to specify the entire protocol stack.
IEEE 802.15.4 focuses on the specification of the lower two layers of the protocol (physical and data link layer). On the other hand, ZigBee Alliance aims to provide the upper layers of the protocol stack (from network to the application layer) for interoperable data networking, security services and a range of wireless home and building control solutions.
Energy detection (ED). Link quality indication (LQI). Multiple topologies : star, peer-to-peer, mesh topologies
The ZigBee (PAN) coordinator node: The most capable device, the coordinator forms the root of the network tree and might bridge to other networks. It is able to store information about the network. There is one, and only one, ZigBee coordinator in each network to act as the router to other network. It also acts as the repository for security keys.
The Full Function Device (FFD): The FFD is an intermediary router transmitting data from other devices. It needs lesser memory than the ZigBee coordinator node, and entails lesser manufacturing costs. It can operate in all topologies and can act as a coordinator.
The Reduced Function Device (RFD): This device is just capable of talking in the network; it cannot relay data from other devices. Requiring even less memory, (no flash, very little ROM and RAM), an RFD will thus be cheaper than an FFD. This device talks only to a network coordinator and can be implemented very simply in star topology. An FFD can talk to RFDs or other FFDs, while an RFD can talk only to an FFD. An RFD is intended for applications that are extremely simple, such as a light switch or a passive infrared sensor; they do not have the need to send large amounts of data and may only associate with a single FFD at a time. Consequently, the RFD can be implemented using minimal resources and memory capacity.
Figure 1.1 3.4.2 Peer-to-peer Topology In peer-to-peer topology, there is also one PAN coordinator. In contrast to star topology, any device can communicate with any other device as long as they are in range of one another. A peer-to-peer network can be ad hoc, self-organizing and self-healing. Applications such as industrial control and monitoring, wireless sensor networks, asset and inventory tracking would benefit from such a topology. It also allows multiple hops to route messages from any device to any other device in the network. It can provide reliability by multipath routing.
3.4.3 Cluster-tree Topology Cluster-tree network is a special case of a peer-to-peer network in which most devices are FFDs and an RFD may connect to a cluster-tree network as a leave node at the end of a branch. Any of the FFD can act as a coordinator and provide synchronization services to other devices and coordinators. Only one of these coordinators however is the PAN coordinator. The PAN coordinator forms the first cluster by establishing itself as the cluster head (CLH) with a cluster identifier (CID) of zero, choosing an unused PAN identifier, and broadcasting beacon frames to neighboring devices. A candidate device receiving a beacon frame may request to join the network at the CLH. If the PAN coordinator permits the device to join, it will add this new device as a child device in its neighbor list. The newly joined device will add the CLH as its
parent in its neighbor list and begin transmitting periodic beacons such that other candidate devices may then join the network at that device. Once application or network requirements are met, the PAN coordinator may instruct a device to become the CLH of a new cluster adjacent to the first one. The advantage of this clustered structure is the increased coverage area at the cost of increased message latency.
4. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
The LR-WPAN architecture is defined in terms of a number of blocks in order to simplify the standard. These blocks are called layers. Each layer is responsible for one part of the standard and offers services to the higher layers. The layout of the blocks is based on the open systems interconnection (OSI) seven-layer model. The interfaces between the layers serve to define the logical links between layers. The LR-WPAN architecture can be implemented either as embedded devices or as devices requiring the support of an external device such as a PC. An LR-WPAN device comprises a PHY, which contains the radio frequency (RF) transceiver along with its low-level control mechanism, and a MAC sub layer that provides access to the physical channel for all types of transfer.
5. APPLICATIONS
The Zigbee Alliance targets applications "across consumer, commercial, industrial and government markets worldwide". Unwired applications are highly sought after in many
networks that are characterized by numerous nodes consuming minimum power and enjoying long battery lives. ZigBee technology is designed to best suit these applications, for the reason that it enables reduced costs of development, very fast market adoption, and rapid ROI. With ZigBee designed to enable two-way communications, not only will the consumer be able to monitor and keep track of domestic utilities usage, but also feed it to a computer system for data analysis. A recent analyst report issued by West Technology Research Solutions estimates that by the year 2008, "annual shipments for ZigBee chipsets into the home automation segment alone will exceed 339 million units," and will show up in "light switches, fire and smoke detectors, thermostats, appliances in the kitchen, video and audio remote controls, landscaping, and security systems."
Futurists are sure to hold ZigBee up and say, "See, I told you so". The ZigBee Alliance is nearly 200 strong and growing, with more OEM's signing up. This means that more and more products and even later, all devices and their controls will be based on this standard. Since Wireless personal Area Networking applies not only to household devices, but also to individualized office automation applications, ZigBee is here to stay. It is more thanlikely the basis of future home-networking solutions. The technology is designed to be simpler and cheaper than other WPANs such as Bluetooth. The most capable ZigBee node type is said to require only about 10% of the software of a typical Bluetooth or Wireless Internet node, while the simplest nodes areabout 2%. ZigBee is aimed at applications with low data rates and low power consumption.
6. FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS
Futurists are sure to hold ZigBee up and say, "See, I told you so". The ZigBee Alliance is nearly 200 strong and growing, with more OEM's signing up. This means that more and more products and even later, all devices and their controls will be based on this standard. Since Wireless personal Area Networking applies not only to household devices, but also to individualized office automation applications, ZigBee is here to stay. It is more than likely the basis of future home-networking solutions
7. CONCLUSION
The ZigBee Standard enables the broad-based deployment of reliable wireless networks with low complexity, low cost solutions and provides the ability for a product to run for years on inexpensive primary batteries (for a typical monitoring application). It is also, of course, capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh networking technologies ZigBee is all set to provide the consumers with ultimate flexibility, mobility, and ease of use by building wireless intelligence and capabilities into every day devices. The mission of the ZigBee Working Group is to bring about the existence of a broad range of interoperable consumer devices by establishing open industry specifications for unlicensed, untethered peripheral, control and entertainment devices requiring the lowest cost and lowest power consumption communications between compliant devices anywhere in and around the home.
8. REFERENCES
1. William stalling ,wirless communication and netwoks,Fourth edition pearson publication limited,2004 2. Andrew S. Tenenbaum, Computer Networks, Fourth Edition Pearson Publication, Limited, 2003 3. Behrouz A. Frouzan, Data Communication, Third Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing , company Limitted, 2004 4. http://www.zigbee.org/en/documents/zigbeeoverview4.pdf