National Heroes Most nations have heroes who are remembered for their services in the time of war

and peace. One such Hero was King Alfred. He not only saved his country from brutal enemy attacks but also brought order to nation in chaos. Under his reign England saw unprecedented development in the field of education and warfare. He was a statesman. He was the one remembered for his non heroic deeds too. It goes as after a defeat in a battle against Danes he took refuge in poor mans cottage and burned the cakes while thinking about plans to defeat enemies and slammed by the house wife in spite being the King. It was his wisdom and brevity which brought honour to his land and remember ever since for that reason by the English. distruction Title: An Illustrious Hero Trees Trees are vital for man survival. They not only provide wood and shelter but also protect him from floods. Excessive use of these precious resources by him has taken them to the verge of elimination. However, in doing all so man has forgotten that in absence of trees land would become hard and poor as a result become Barron and more prone to floods whose traces can be found historically as well. In order to protect them from exhaustion governments need to have sound system of control along with public awareness campaigns otherwise human kind would lose a friend and natural benefactor in not so distant future. Title: Trees: Lifeline of Human Radars Travel on ship and on aeroplane was not as safe in past as it is now. This is only due to marvellous scientific invention the radar which not only helped man in war but in peace as well. One can understand the working of radar. As sound travel back when one make noise in a hilly surroundings.so if one has the watch then one could calculate the time sound take to travel back but that would not have helped scientist to develop radar because sound travelled too slow to be detected in the matter of great distances. It was only possible with the help of cathode ray tube which could measure a millionth of second as wireless waves travelled at very great speed. It also has the ability to give minute details of things at great distances. Now the ship captain and a

soldier guarding the city were able to know the direction and movements of rocks and enemies planes from different direction as well. It would not be an exaggeration to say that radar has done tremendous services to mankind in civil and military fields all together. Title: Radar: A wonder of Modern Science London Underground Like most metropolitans, in London too, development of fast and efficient means of transportation held great importance because otherwise life would have been at halt. London underground was specifically developed to make commuting fast and affordable which was reinforced further when original steam engines were replaced with new effective, efficient, environment friendly electric engines later on. It has everything to facilitate commuters. At every station there are maps of all undergrounds line. Moreover names of each station are displayed in large letters to help one find destinations. Furthermore in some places it also has multiple lines in order to avoid accidents. As lines are not on the same levels commuters are also facilitated with the elevators. Indeed London underground has made commuting fast and affordable. Title: London Underground: Fast and Efficient Taxation holds important position in a modern state. On one hand taxation would help government to pay officials salaries and will also give government impetus to spend on social welfare on the other hand. In order to impose taxes one has to consider the proportion, subjects and time as well. Major chunk of tax collection goes with direct tax mostly income tax arranged in a way that rich would pay more and poor would pay nothing but where ever there is direct tax there is indirect taxes too which is levied on imported goods. Which means those who can afford will pay more in the form of higher prices and those who cannot afford wont consume such thing. Thus the best arrangement would be to have Taxation Mix in which rich would pay more and poor would pay nothing. Title: Taxation: Bloodline of Economy

Ships Ships are an important source of transportation. Although there are many exciting and thrilling stories pertaining to them but their primary use is for cargo. Ships can carry and transfer huge amount of goods from one place to another with minimum cost but bit slower. However there are certain other means of transportation too which can swiftly move goods but with certain limitation. For instance trains can move fast but cannot cross seas and oceans likewise aeroplanes cant carry huge amount of cargo. Ships can be used by the travellers as well. Journey through ships would be less expensive and more restful as compared to trains and aeroplanes. Moreover ships had played commendable role in the field of exploration throughout history. Hence it would be suffice to say that imprints of ships on human society are inevitable. Title: Ships have an important impact on human society

Sports and Games Sports and games are very important for one in order to be fit physically and mentally. They are of great value to those who work most of the time with their brains. Playing sports and games would make ones nervous system active and would enhance coordination among different parts of the body involved in information processing. Beside physical and mental fitness sports and games are equally beneficial for character building too. Children learn virtues at school but actual learning comes with practical experience this is where sports and games come handy. They equip one with capabilities to play positive role in society. In sports and games one learns how to perform constructive role in a team instead of being selfish fulfilling ones own interests. Title: Sports and Games: An impetus For Character Building All That Glitters is Not Gold This well-known saying is taken from Shakespeares famous play Merchant of Venice. The phrase in turn means that not everything that appears precious or true turn out to be so. Alternatively one can say that at time people pretend to be something which they are not in reality. For example pious, trustworthy, hardworking and the likes but they are not so in reality

they just do so in order to reap extra rewards from the one who can gambled through false provocations. This only happens to those who are under the command of their endless greed and lust. In life people do fall prey to the worldly pleasures and become subject to greed and extravagant activities. In doing so they become so disillusioned that they even do not distinguish between truths and falseness and thus get deceive. One has to keep this maxim in mind that beauty is not dependant on artificiality and truth does not depend on exaggeration nor there are any limits to lust and greed. Thus who are ruled by rationale and are not greedy are seldom deceived by false provocation and reap maximum joys and happiness from life. They believe in their convictions, accept everything which life gives them and never complain. While on the other hand those who are mired by lust and greed never find peace and satisfaction and are always more prone to be deceived by glitters. Thus in the end it would be suffice to say that one has to be steadfast and reasonable in matters of life. One ought not to jump on conclusions on the basis of appearance, rather one should comply on the underline beauty, which need time to be realised. For those who are governed by lust and greed this holds true as you sow, so shall you reap. Slow and Steady Wins the Race

The value of Education Education play vital role in ones life. It would make one fit for life if appropriate system of education is adopted by keeping in mind the aptitude of children instead of education for all. If vast majority of people constituting a society opt for higher education then there would be lot many people with higher qualification but fewer jobs at their disposal. This will lead to a situation where educated people will be reluctant to do perceived low work leaving whole social fabric in disarray. In order to realize true value of education one must keep in mind that education system should be such which make one fit for life according to his abilities and second one ought not be ashamed of any kind of work nor scorn anybody else doing such work.

Title: Education: A Means To an End

Slow And Steady wins the Race

This famous phrase is taken from moral of classic story of Tortoise and the Hare. In which there
starts a race between two unequal partners. Interestingly the one with utmost chances of winning the race loses due to negligence and the other through its endless efforts wins though apparently underdog. What the phrase actually implies is that if one works slowly but constantly

one will succeed better than if one work fast for a short while and do not continue. At times people think that they failed in goals achievement just because they were inherently disadvantaged without even taking into consideration the resilience and hard work. Which if anybody has can outrun apparently advantageous. There is a dilemma too with those who are bestowed with unlimited abilities and resources but lack consistency and resilience and at the end never come up to the expectations. They become proud and arrogant and forget that those who do not bow at the end torn into pieces. Nothing comes as a hurdle in the ways of those who are consistent and hard working. Who comes what may never become proud and arrogant and remain focused on their goals. It is some time easy to blame circumstances but hard to confess ones own short comings. History is full of those individuals who had turned the tide of time to their favour due to their conviction and hard work and also of those who had everything that it took but ever achieved anything. To conclude it is suggested that in life endeavours one has to be hard working, consistent and focused with firm belief on ones own capabilities. Never lose hope in any circumstances tides will ultimately turn in ones favour sooner or later.

Man is Born Free but Found Everywhere in chains

This famous quote is taken from Thomas Hobbs philosophical book Leviathan. At his time France was mired with acute political upheavals which not only hampered social life but also put individual freedom in jeopardy. Respectively amazingly relentlessly epitome quagmire advantageous minimum maximum blister alternatively abash believe admit believe extreme around procrastination glitters amazingly acutely utterly tremendously terror terrorism travelling sovereignty nefarious inculcate beggars Shakespeare Abraham Lincoln extreme longevity scarce contours debacle debris venerate innervate demilitarisation delimitation courage gorgeous elegant eloquent orator narrator repercussion abomination blasphemy impetus jingoism yeoman literary programme thy theology theocratic theocracy banana republic plutocracy john Brannon Chuck Hegel David Petrous Eiffel Tower dangerous gorgeous inevitable invariably likelihood neighbour siege chaos beheaded admiration Heathrow Manchester Barcelona Venice Merchant charming damn damnation demanding deflation inflation monitory policy whether weather exists existence adjudication judge justice injunctions alms alma matter media modern by chance hard work extremely. Adjective. objective resolution procrastination clandestine vigil vigilant admired adobe debacle dodge interestingly impetus vigil ambassador, blasphemy, abomination pieces. rotten tomatoes. pea pivot pixel, Shakespeare stark confusion confess chronic desk soldier plethora besiege behead behave blame game rhetoric sceptical scepticism favour favourite future different difficult damn well known hard working quagmire quarrel diligent delegation dilemma paradox plethora plague epidemic endemic volcano magma lava larva exothermic endothermic Jupiter Venus Pluto Plato Shakespeare, George Arvil dangerously sophistication sphere programme social fabric indigenous native appalling bemoan abruptly admittedly proxy allay front line war and peace emblem arrogant dismay disarray arrange management minister congress league perspective dichotomy geopolitical economic interdependence rouge aesthetic carbonated synthetic synthesis thesis antithesis admire cholera malicious heinous auspicious successful succeed symptom symposium colonel blessing in disguise disgusting ferocious veracity ironically irony sweet will diligent baggers choosers losers fewer among contemporary constitute constituency electorate electoral rolls election commission committee secretariat secretary foreign sovereign debt book keeping embezzlement

forgery bogus fraud fright freight merchant Venice consignment coffin coffee cousin marriage myth fallacy facilitate axillary obsession beautiful beautifully beneficent beneficial wax waxing cushion token conscious subconscious thoughts venerate honour honourable honorary guts solitude attitude etiquette attempts arrangements disgrace dishonour honour killing fragile fragility unlikely incarnation manifestation manuscript transcript telescope microwave ionic covalent covet avert transgress aggression trickle down equality equally important conifers assertion fiasco bonanza tremendous exaggeration steadfast way farrier destitute downtrodden apathy lethargic abysmal terrible awful paradigm umbrella handkerchief shudhi sangathan Stanley Wollpert consolidate conspire conspiracy theory awful lovely eternal annihilate conquer overwhelm whether weather wither vanity Abraham Lincoln regarded reference conclusion recommendation bibliography suggestions vendetta vengeance embargo arbitration mediation administrative federating federal confederation respectively resistance annihilation vanity headache tribal terror exile vigil rape rap rapper bully ferocious linger lingering latter later transcript sculpture administration admin ad hoc primarily repercussion infiltration iota minute minutes me radium execution conscious liberate liberation Libya Mali Vietnam China Japan overwhelm overwhelming vehemently heinous suspicious apprehension compensation gratuity gradual slowly differently difficult obnoxious coma abhorrent detestable loathsome repugnant shocking Embryo nucleus nap napping villain Heroin wayfarer believe benevolent abiding unthinkable dependency recommendation conclusion innervate venerate achieving achievement sufficiently effluents crucial pharmaceutical petrochemical tanning excreta gastroenteritis aquifers Travelling cheaply Brains like, hearts go, where they are appreciated All living creatures in one way or the other tilt their selves to the corner from where they are appreciated for what reason that may be. Love, affection, warmth and appreciation are all rejuvenating factors and are a pivot in inculcating constructive behaviour. As human beings are governed by reason and rationale in their almost every endeavour there somewhere too lies humans heart which abides no reason, no rationale just follows blindly those who appreciate it. Appreciation puts profound impact not only on humans hearts but also attracts humans brains. Nothing in the world can strive without due appreciation and encouragement. It is necessary to

enhance productivity and also for relaxation as every over stretched effort needs invigoration. In its absence both hearts and mind become alienated alike and search for a place where they get their due appreciation and encouragement. This is a dilemma with third word countries that the most precious thing in their socio-economic uplift, the educated, the professionals and the brain power dont get their due appreciation and as a result gradually find their self disenchanted. This phenomenon thus leads them to leave their native country in pursuit of better opportunities abroad where they progress and prosper without any doubt. Rampant corruption, weak institutions, lack of socio-economic facilities and absence of infrastructures are some primary distractions which deprive home countries from much needed human capital and as a result mother countries never come out of vicious circles of poverty and miseries. Social scientists call this phenomenon Brain Drain which is considered as a modern form of imperialism exercised by developed countries over third word nations. That is one of the many sources of disparity and disequilibrium between two worlds. It is not suggested that the able one and qualified should not opt for leaving their miserable nations in order to have progressive life abroad but for a piece of thought one must realise that motherland too has some rights on its sons of land which should be respected. Reconstruction and development of home land precedes any other endeavour. One might not end absolute disparity between developed and developing world through his contribution but one can surely improve the situation relatively by living in his own country instead of leaving it.

Beggars cant be Chooser Honour, integrity, equal treatment and freedom of choice are few intangible sanctions which every individual desires but very few get it in actuality. They do so by virtue of their hard work, conscience and independence. Beggars on the other hand only get what they are given. They can not argue nor can they negotiate. Neither they posses such qualities on the basis of which they can get equal treatment and respect nor they have moral grounds to ask for such blessings. It is due to their lethargic notion that they are always exploited by their benefactors. One can get out of clutches of grinding conditions only by standing on ones own feet otherwise not.

There do prevail disparity among nations in todays world. Some are extremely wealthy while others are extremely poor. It is not so that poor nations are also poor in resources. They are only so just because of poor management, rampant corruption, absent will and self interested leaders. As a result third world countries fall prey to foreign aid and loans from International Financial Institutions like International Monitory Fund and World Bank. As there is no free lunch in this world foreign aid and loans are not free of hidden strings. They rather effect recipient nations adversely, force them to the clutches of endless dependence and undermining their sovereignty. As there are strings attached to the loans and aids the third world countries are virtually exploited by the world powers in every respect. Dictations in policy making whether internal or external, back frequent military takeovers and breach of Sovereignty of the dependent countries are some tools used by the imperial powers just to cater their own vested interests. To conclude it should be kept in mind that respect dignity and honour are not given but rather earned. Exploitation and victimization of poor and needy will continue until and unless they themselves change their attitude and become independent, stand on their own feet. If winter comes can spring be far behind This verse is taken from P.B.Shelleys famous poem Ode to the West Wind. In which he asserts that humans life rests on the phenomenon of change. Every human being has to pass his life through different phases. What he faces at one point in time he might not come to face similar situation the next time. Change will follow suit. So in this way man has an impetus to live his life in hope of something better to come later on. Winter is always followed by spring. As winter is to hopelessness and quagmire spring denotes life, rejuvenation and bonanza. Man has to remain firm and focused in appalling conditions in hope of something better to come sooner or later. Resilience, relentlessness and iron will is needed in testing times. If man has what it takes he would succeed in his life for sure. Paul Kennedy in his book Rise and Fall of Great Powers also propounds same maxim. He opines that great power at one point in time might not remain so after hundred years. Down fall of one power is an indication of rise of another. Those who are at the bottom of the wheel would come to the zenith later on provided they have willingness, capabilities and firmness. Dynamism is the jest of mans struggle in his life. For that reason one has to wait and see the tides of the time

when not in favour one has to take advantage of that time and should acquire skills, capabilities and knowledge in order to materialise them later on. Disappointment and disenchantment in testing times would exacerbate the situation. One would not be able to turn the tides in ones own favour if one loses hope. In order to be out of the clutches of testing time one has to be hopeful and pragmatic otherwise one would find oneself trapped in vicious circles of endless agonies and pain. Frome the above discussion it is hence clear that change in the only constant phenomenon in ones life. One should live ones life in hope of better future otherwise life would be living hell and there would be nothing to cherish about. It would become stagnant and one would lose inducement to live as a result.

If A Window of Opportunity Opens Dont Pull Down the Shade This statement implies that one should avail every single opportunity in ones life as it comes. Otherwise opportunity lost would never knock ones door again. Neither one should expect a single opportunity in ones life nor should one forgo any. Instead one should remain vigilant enough to grab whenever any window of opportunity opens in order to be successful. In todays world man is exposed to tremendous challenges. Unemployment, starvation, poverty, population explosion, famine, droughts, illiteracy and drug abuse are few obstacles that are hampering mans progress. So deep are these manifestations that if one gets trapped one might not get out of their clutches. Thus whenever one get an opportunity in any field one must grab it instantly. Opportunity lost would never come again as there is already cut throat competition out there. Any unnoticed opportunity would only leave one to regret for rest of ones life. Nature has bestowed man with endless riches. Whole universe was created to cater mans needs. There is no limit to the blessing of nature. All one need is that one must be cautious and prepared to avail any opportunity to be successful. However, one must not take illegitimate course of actions in pursuit of success nor one should harm any other individual. Successful individuals dont miss any window of opportunity and those who miss never succeed in their life.

Hence one can deduce that opportunity comes once in a life time. Never let any opportunity to go unnoticed. Be prepared, vigilant and adopt only legitimate course of actions in pursuit of success. God help those who help themselves. The Impossible is Often Untried This maxim throws light on reality of mans life. Things remain impossible until tried. Nothing in this world seems simple at first glance but things take dramatic turn when mans unshakeable determination comes into play. Nature has bestowed man with superior skills. Man can do that which other beings can not. All that it takes is a try. When mans genius is applied unthinkable and attainable can be done away with. Mans history is full of such miracles that seemed impossible at the beginning. For instance mans travel into space looked distant dream for centuries but it did not remain so when man brought rationale, reason and knowledge into play. Man since then not only succeeded in inventing Space Ships but also discovered vast uninhabited and unknown horizons in outer world. It was man who laid his feet on Moon and Mars. Nobody of any kind did that in past nor would do in future. Such is the power of determination and will that can make possible the impossible. Similarly those nations which are at the lower echelons of power and prestige can change their destiny and can become what they are not. All what they would need are determination, will and hard work. Tides would definitely turn into their way provided they would give it a try otherwise nothing would change. They would remain what they are and would be push further toward walls by imperial powers in years to come. As man is a master of his own fate hence we can say that nothing in this world is unattainable for him. Man has in past and would in future do whatever appears impossible only due to his determination and will.

It is excelent to have a giants streanght but it is tyrinical to use it like a giant. This quotation endorses man struggle to acquire wealth and power on one hand and suggests restraints on its use on the other. it is man instinct to acquire wealth, power and prestige. There is no harm in doing this all but there are certain moral restrains on the use of power and wealth.

Unchecked would lead toward tyranny and chaos while on the other hand unregulated economic activities by individuals would lead toward wealth accumulation in few hands that would leave many in starvation. In modern times man has wrecked wonders in every single field of knowledge. Since Englands Industrial Revolution man has never looked back in commerce, science and technology and succeeded in transforming the world into an emblem of modernity, sophistication and welfare without any doubt. However in his struggle to progress and prosper man has indulged himself

Sectarian violence Democracy Institutional clashes Pakistan Economy Children's rights National integration Freedom of speech Corruption Climate change

Essay on State of Democracy in Pakistan Democracy is the system of government in which there prevails accountability, transparency, majority will and rule of law in all political, social and economic affairs of the state. Moreover, in essence it aims to eradicate discrimination, deprivation and disenchantment among masses at grass root level. Furthermore democracy intends to empower destitute and downtrodden in decision making through elected representative. If adopted in letter and sprit democracy would make nations thrive not only in national sphere but international as well.

In sixty four years of its history Pakistan struggled to become a truly democratic state. Successive military takeovers, political upheavals, economic turmoil, secession movements were among few bumps that hampered its journey toward literal democracy. Although founded on the very basis it took nascent state of Pakistan twenty three years to hold first general elections. Had Pakistan been successful in establishing true democratic institution at inception there would not have been such menaces like rampant corruption, nepotism, favouritism, extremism, regionalism, and terrorism prevalent today. The sorry state of affairs in Pakistan today can be attributed to the absence of democracy from national: social, political and economic landscapes otherwise Pakistan would not have been what it is today. Adoption and implementation of true democratic values in letter and spirit in every national affair are the key measures to be reckoned with if Pakistan really intends to play its due part in the world of today. By fostering democratic norms and values Pakistan can solve its domestic problems effectively on one hand and can also become role model to other deprived nations on the other. It is never too late. What it needs is a will of political elite; if existent then that day is not far when Pakistan would be among prestigious group of nations, advanced and prosperous. As per P.B.Shelley If winter comes can spring be far behind. The term democracy originates from Greek (demokratia) rule of people. Which was coined from
(demos) people and (Kratos) power

in 5th century BCE to denote the system of government in

then Greek city-states notably Athens. So one can say that the idea of democracy was at first developed and implemented in ancient Greek city-states Historically Greeks were the champions of democracy. The term "democracy" first appeared in ancient Greek political and philosophical thought in the city-state of Athens. Led by Cleisthenes, Athenians established what is generally held as the first democracy in 508-507 BCE. Cleisthenes is referred to as "the father of Athenian democracy. Latter in the middle ages in 1215 A.D the compromise between the then King and the parliament resulted into the signature of Magna Carta which is referred as the first written document in support of democracy and source of English legal system. Furthermore Englands Glorious Revolution paved the way for the development of parliamentary democracy in its true sense. Lastly in modern era especially since Enlightenment and the likes of john Lock and Thomas Hobbs democracy has never looked back.

Democratic system of government can be Representative: parliamentary, presidential, constitutional, Hybrid, Variant: Republic, Constitutional Monarchy, Socialist, Anarchist, Demarchy, Consensus and Supranational. It wont be true to say that each and every kind of democracy the way it is existed as a default, rather nations and countries strived tremendously to attain its current status. For instance British Parliamentary democracy at beginning was not the way it is today same is the case with American Presidential Democracy. Generations rather ages have been gone in order to make system of government vibrant and without any shortcomings. In essence democracy is a culture rather than a process with its own manifestations and evolves with time. In nut shell democracy thrives when people participate in democratic process. Participation and involvement in political system by masses is the premise on which lays whole democratic structure. It is through democratic process that people from every walk of life are represented in the echelons of power and decision making. Taking away freedom of speech and free movement from masses would be like taking away soul from the body. Accountability and transparency can only be insured when basic human rights are guaranteed and people are aware about their rights and duties. Thus, those democracies work and deliver better in which participation of masses is highest and vise versa. Democratic system took its renewed sprit in Pakistan after yet another despotic nine years rule of General Musharaf in 2008. But this time state of Pakistan was not the same as it used to be in the reign of last civil government. Acute energy crisis, War on terrorism, declining foreign reserves, flight of capital, regionalism, civil dissent in the form of Lawyers movement and rising institutional decay met incumbent coalition. Without dynamic and visionary leadership present government only second in the sixty four years of countrys history is about to complete it five years mandate but performed dismal in service delivery and dispute resolution on one hand and failed to address acute problems facing this pity nation on the other. Rampant corruption, despotism, lethargic government response in critical matters and poor management are legacies now left behind to be reckoned with. Clash of Institutions and policy failures are order of the day paving once again grounds for another adventurism by uniform men. However, democracy received setbacks on political and economic fronts in Pakistan but the system would not derail thats for sure. As judiciary is free and impartial, Media is free, vibrant and thriving, civil society is active and vocal and army busy in ongoing war on terrorism chances of coup dentate are

obscure. Moreover, certain constitutional reforms in the form of 18th, 19th and 20th constitutional amendments are healthy signs for federation on one hand and for democratic process on the other. There is still very long ways to go in order to achieve ideal democratic status. The state of democracy of todays Pakistan if compared with the ideals of democracy portrays stark contrast in one way or the other. For instance in ideal democracy any citizen of state if not convicted and fulfills other qualification enshrined in constitution can contest for parliaments membership but here in our country criteria to become member of legislative assembly is wealth and power, dynasty and creed instead. In sprit elected members represent thumping majority but here in our part of the world vast majority did not participate in electoral process at first. Moreover, in ideal democracy there is institutional role clarity but here it overlaps. Such is the state of apathetic democratic system in Pakistan. We the Pakistanis take democracy for granted. We criticize governments and its policies for the sake of criticism not the other way around. Political awareness and mobilization at gross root level is non existent. Pakistans democratic system wont thrive until and unless reformed from within are taken and that would be non other then the masses themselves, otherwise Pakistanis would constantly lament and status quo would prevail. No system whether democratic, political, economic, social and ideological is perfect. Every system has shortcomings. There is no harm in identifying loopholes in a given system rather knowing shortcoming would help one to correct them in due course of time in order to make very system efficient and effective. Firstly political parties of Pakistan chant only hallow slogans of democracy. Lack of democracy in political parties is the great hurdle or shortcoming of our system. Secondly party tickets are given on the basis of patronage instead of meritocracy. Thirdly lack of issue based manifestoes. Fourthly extravagance and use of public fund are not curtailed. Fifthly undue political pressure put upon public servants due to which institutional integrity is jeopardized. Sixthly opposition role is non existent. Seventhly prevalence of rampant corruption and favoritism undermine merit and hence lower institutional efficiency. Eighthly mass participation is lacking and mushroom growth of political parties. Ninthly weak election commission without any man power and sufficient funds is a grave point of concern. Lastly lack of morality and political farsightedness are the shortcomings of Pakistans democracy.

Having identified shortcomings of Pakistans democracy, now we turn our attention towards western concept of the very notion. According to former U.S president Abraham Lincoln democracy is the government of the people, by the people and for the people. It was his conviction due which America became champion of liberal democracy latter on. Proclamation of bill of rights, abolition of slavery and emancipation from tyrannical British rule saw beginning of new dawn in the world in general and in America particularly. Mass mobilization, informed public opinion and inclusive political system are the ultimate outcomes of true democracy. However, road to the democracy in west was not as simple as it might appear. It took west almost centuries to liberate itself from the clutches of clergy and despotic monarchs. West had been through the periods of dark ages to the enlightenment and ultimately to the modernity in its struggle to attain liberty and democracy. English Glorious Revolution of 1668, French Revolution of 1779 and victory of allies in Great world wars eventually paved the way for strong democratic institutions. The road was messy, bloody and savage but west did it without hesitation. In doing all so west has also succeeded in setting up democratic standards for generations to come. Presently western liberal democracies lay huge stress on people empowerment through ballot. Freedom of speech and assembly is enshrined in majority of the countries under the auspicious of fundamental human rights. Good governance in ensured through transparency, accountability, rule of law, meritocracy and equal opportunities in economic and political spheres. To the west democratic institutions derive and apply their powers through and upon people not the other way around. Separation of power and parliamentary supremacy are the hallmarks of western democratic political systems that have lead them to the glory of welfare states. Representative governments, vibrant media, independent judiciary, vocal and informed civil society and right groups are the products of uninterrupted western democratic process and standards on which democracy is judged world over. Assessments of different western observers and watchdogs regarding current state of democracy in Pakistan are not so encouraging. If different reports of Human Rights Commission, UNICEF, Transparency and Amnesty International are taken into consideration Pakistan performed abysmally on many key democratic indicators. Rampant corruption, dismal law and order situation, poor governance, under development, acute human rights violation like enforced

disappearance, lack of political consensus, poor service delivery, sectarian violence, humanitarian crisis and brinkmanship remained the highlights of major international reports and findings. Even it was declared failed state by many foreign diplomats not to mention. Realistically speaking democracy has never been flourished sorry to say in Pakistan historically as well as currently. Domestic and international observers alike are now unanimous and demand that Pakistani authorities should at least pay attention to few fundamentals of democracy in order to strengthen democratic process. Politicians as well as establishment are hereby required to ensure transparency, accountability, civil liberties in the form of freedom of speech and assembly, speedy and just judicial system, access to information, religious tolerance and fundamental shift in national security paradigm, otherwise appalling scenario would prevail and would exacerbate the problems instead of resolution. It is not true that Pakistanis lack democratic sprit altogether rather it is due to successive distortions that put this pitiable nation on to the road of folly. The far most role in this regard is played by the rapid military takeovers. Had there been no such adventures in Pakistans political history, democracy would have been thriving in this very state. The utmost failure of democracy and institutional decay is due to military takeovers Apart from that Pakistan had been mired with political instability as well. Lack of political consensus raised its head at the very birth of this country that ultimately led it to the disintegration on one hand and everlasting secession struggle in another province on the other hand. Moreover, mushroom growth of political parties added fuel to the already dangerous situation because the nation was politically divided which resulted into lack of political consensus and instability. Another reason of failure of democracy is emergence of chaos. Turf war, sectarian violence, ethnic cleansing, war on terrorism, extremism and religious intolerance exacerbated the problem facing this country and effected adversely to the democracy as a result. Pakistan domestic turmoil and upheaval never went unnoticed globally. Gigantic economic sanctions and embargos had been imposed upon by international community that deprived millions of Pakistanis on one hand and pushed further the country into social and political turmoil on the other. Earning international wrath was a result of failure of democracy in Pakistan.

There was a time when on one hand Pakistan was a front line allay of western world in its struggle against war on terror and victim of social, political and economic decay on the other at that point in time amid crisis foreign diplomats declared it a failed state instead of encouragement this poor nation faced a heavy blow on diplomatic front by non other than its own allies which can be attributed to the failure of democracy otherwise situation would have been different. Sorry state of affairs in this very country had not only victimized the poor but also endangered the lives of political personalities as well. A lot many had been perished already and many more are still vulnerable to such atrocities. Former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, Bashir Ahmed Bilour and Governor Salman Taseer are few to mention in this regard who became victim of suicide bomb blasts. Had Pakistan been a truly democratic and welfare state these lives would have been saved. Furthermore, egoistic attitude of leaders, development of corruption, economic set backs, deterioration of society and political violence are some other factors that left no stone unturned in aggravation the of sorry state of affairs of the country on one hand and failure of democracy on the other. Given the opaque picture of failure of democracy in the country efforts should be made into adoption and implementation of democracy in letter and spirit. If democracy is adopted, Pakistan would earn tremendous benefits from it. On one hand democracy would help this nation in national issues and also help to rebuild it torn image internationally on the other. It is dire need of the hour that Pakistanis political elite as well as masses should give democracy a serious thought in order to live a better live in years to come. Calculation of national and international benefits is as under. Firstly democracy would be of great help in incorporation of public opinion in matters of supreme national importance. So far this phenomenon is not in sight as nation is highly polarized on different grounds. Given democracy a chance inclusivity and consensus would be the order of the day. Secondly national disintegration that is widespread today would vanish from the horizon and would turn into national integration if democracy is given chance. As mass participation and majority will are the essence of democracy the objective of achieving national integration would become easy and long lasting.

Thirdly, when democracy would be adopted in its true sense economic development will follow suit. There are numbers of success stories of sustainable economic developments in democratic countries world over. So would be the case with Pakistan. Corruption would disappear which would make ground for meritocracy and better management of scarce resources efficient. As a result the country would thrive economically. Lastly, democracy would help Pakistan in building solid institutions and would help nurture sense of security among masses. Lack of Institutional capacity and sense of security are two fundamental problems that mired this country for so long. Pakistans road to success lies only into adoption of democracy in letter and sprit.

Outline Introduction: a). What is Democracy:

b). Issue of democracy in Pakistan: c). Thesis Statement covering entire issue: (B). Idea Of Democracy: a) Meaning of democracy:

b). Historical Perspective of democracy: c). Its Kinds and Evolution: d) General Idea of Democracy: