2.

2 Forces and Dynamics

2.2 Forces and Dynamics

Kari Eloranta 2013
Jyvskyln Lyseon lukio

February 19, 2013

Kari Eloranta 2013

2.2 Forces and Dynamics

2.2 Forces and Dynamics 2.2.4 Newtons First Law

2.2.4 Newtons First Law of Motion

Denition of Newtons First Law of Motion (Law of Inertia) An object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion continues to move at constant speed along a straight line, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. For example, a ball rolls on a oor along a straight line very easily, because the resistive forces on the ball are so small. Denition of inertial frame of reference An inertial frame of reference is a reference frame in which Newtons First Law is valid. An inertial frame of reference cannot be in accelerated motion. The laws of physics are valid as such in inertial reference frames only. Question. Is the observer in the physics class room in an inertial frame of reference?
2.2 Forces and Dynamics

2.2 Forces and Dynamics 2.2.4 Newtons Second Law

2.2.8 Newtons Second Law of Motion

Usually, several external forces act on an object. # As an example, consider a book on a table. The gravitational force G pulls the # book towards the center of the Earth, and the normal reaction force N exerted by the table on the book pushes the book up. Since the forces are equal in magnitude, but opposite in direction, they cancel each other out. # The net force F is the vector sum of the external forces acting on an object. Denition of Newtons Second Law of Motion The net force is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by its acceleration. Any force on the object is a result of an interaction between the object and its surroundings.

2.2 Forces and Dynamics

2.2 Forces and Dynamics 2.2.4 Newtons Second Law

2.2.8 Newtons Second Law of Motion

Newtons Second Law as an Equation The net force is
F = m # a

(1)

where m is the mass of the object, and # the acceleration of the object. a Newtons Second Law as an Equation The acceleration of an object is # = F = 1 # F a
m m

(2)

where m is the mass of the object, and F the net force acting on the object. The latter form of the equation emphasises that the acceleration of the object is caused by the net force is inversely proportional to the net force, and is in the direction of the net force.
2.2 Forces and Dynamics

2.2 Forces and Dynamics 2.2.4 Newtons Second Law

2.2.8 Newtons Second Law of Motion (cont.)

For the determination of the net force we rst have to nd all the forces acting on the object. Since forces are caused by interactions, we nd forces by identifying the interactions an object has with its surroundings. First, we identify distant interactions. If the object is electrically neutral, the only distant interaction is gravitational interaction. The resulting force is the force of gravity. Second, we identify contact interactions. The examples of contact forces include normal reaction force, friction, spring force, tension force and buoyant force. Forces are drawn into a force diagram as vectors whose place represent the point of action, and length the relative magnitude of a force.
2.2 Forces and Dynamics

2.2 Forces and Dynamics 2.2.14 Newtons Third Law

2.2.14 Newtons Third Law of Motion

Denition of Newtons Third Law of Motion When two bodies A and B interact, force that A exerts on B is equal and opposite to the force that B exerts on A.

F Moon on Earth

F Earth on Moon

Figure : According to Newtons Third Law of Motion, the gravitational interaction between the Earth and Moon results in the equal but opposite forces on them.
2.2 Forces and Dynamics

2.2 Forces and Dynamics 2.2.14 Newtons Third Law

2.2.14 Newtons Third Law of Motion

Both objects feel the forces simultaneously: if the force on the rst object changes, the force on the second object changes exactly at the same moment. Force applied to the rst object is always applied by the second object and vice versa. The force and reaction force act on dierent objects. Thus, they cannot cancel each other out. The force and reaction force are caused by the same interaction. For example, the weight of a book is caused by the gravitational interaction between the book and the Earth. The normal reaction force on the book is caused by the contact interaction between the book and table. As a result, the normal force cannot be the reaction force to the weight. It is a reaction force the force by which the book pushes the table.
2.2 Forces and Dynamics

2.2 Forces and Dynamics 2.2.10 Linear Momentum

2.2.10 Introduction to Linear Momentum

When two bodies interact with each other they exert equal but opposite forces on one another according to Newtons Third Law of Motion. As an example, consider two carts A and B (masses mA and mB) on a cart track, connected to each other by a spring. When the carts are pushed together, the spring exerts equal and opposite forces on the carts.

F 12

F 21

Figure : As the spring is compressed, it exerts a force on each cart. The force exerted by the # # spring on cart 1, F 12, is equal in magnitude to the force exerted by the spring on cart 2, F 21.
2.2 Forces and Dynamics

2.2 Forces and Dynamics 2.2.10 Linear Momentum

2.2.10 Introduction to Linear Momentum

When the carts are released they acquire velocities #A and #B, respectively. v v Performing several experiments with dierent springs, and varying the masses of the carts, show that the speed v of a cart is always inversely proportional to the inertial mass m of the cart, that is, v m 1. For example, if the mass of cart A is twice the mass of cart B (mA = 2mB), the speed of cart A is half the speed of cart B (v A = 1 v B). 2 The relation between the velocities of two interacting objects A and B is expressed mathematically as
mA v B = m A v A = m B v B, (3) mB v A where v A is the speed of object A, and v B is the speed of object B immediately after the interaction. The product mv is called the magnitude of linear

momentum.
2.2 Forces and Dynamics

2.2 Forces and Dynamics 2.2.10 Linear Momentum

2.2.10 Linear Momentum

Denition of Linear Momentum Linear momentum is the product of mass and velocity. Linear Momentum # p As an equation linear momentum is expressed as # = m # p v where m is the mass of the object, and # is the velocity of the object. v Linear momentum is a vector quantity. The unit of linear momentum is [p] = [m][v] = kg m s1 = N s (newton second). It does not have any special name. Since mass m is a positive scalar quantity, and velocity # a vector, linear v momentum # is a vector quantity in the direction of the velocity of the moving p object.
2.2 Forces and Dynamics

(4)

2.2 Forces and Dynamics 2.2.10 Linear Momentum

2.2 Newtons Second Law and Linear Momentum

# = # is v In uniformly accelerated motion, the acceleration of an object a t constant. From Newtons Second Law of Motion, it follows that the equation of a net force can be expressed as
v # m # # = m v = F = m a t t

(5)

where m # = m #2 m #1 = #2 #1 = # is the change in the linear v v v p p p momentum of the object. # is the nal linear momentum, # initial linear momentum, # initial p2 p1 v1 velocity, # nal velocity, and t time elapsed. v
2
2.2 Forces and Dynamics

2.2 Forces and Dynamics 2.2.10 Linear Momentum

2.2.8 Newtons Second Law in Terms of Linear Momentum

Now we are ready to state the denition of a net force. Denition of Net Force The net force is the rate of change of linear momentum with time. Newtons Second Law As an equation the net force is expressed as
# p F = t

(6)

where

# p t

is the rate of change of linear momentum with time.

# From the equation we see that the net force F points in the direction of the change in linear momentum #. p In the Data Booklet, the equation is expressed as F = p . t
2.2 Forces and Dynamics

2.2 Forces and Dynamics 2.2.10 Impulse of Force

2.2 Derivation of Impulse of Force

Solving for the change in linear momentum from Equation 6 gives # = #t . p F The right hand side of the equation is called the impulse of net force.

(7)

2.2 Forces and Dynamics

2.2 Forces and Dynamics 2.2.10 Impulse of Force

2.2.10 Impulse of Force I

Denition of Impulse of Force The impulse of a force is the change in linear momentum. This IB denition is not precise, because usually several forces act on the system. It would be better to say The impulse of a net force is the change in linear momentum. If a force acts on an object, it exerts an impulse on it. The impulse is proportional to the force and duration of the interaction. # Impulse I of Force F # # If a constant force F acts on an object during time interval t , the impulse I of the force is # # I = F t . (8)
2.2 Forces and Dynamics

2.2 Forces and Dynamics 2.2.10 Impulse of Force

2.2.10 Impulse of Force

The unit of impulse is [I ] = [F ][t ] = N s = kg m s1, which is the unit of linear momentum. Impulse of a force is a vector quantity. Impulse I of Net Force F # # If a net force F acts on an object during time interval t , the impulse I of the net force is # # I = F t = # = #2 #1. p p p (9) where # is the change in the linear momentum, #1 the linear momentum of the p p object at the beginning of time interval, and # the linear momentum of the p
2

object at the end of the time interval. From the equation of the impulse we see that the impulse I is in the direction of the change in linear momentum #. p
2.2 Forces and Dynamics