Pap smear result

Sometimes it may be difficult to understand a Pap smear result for an ordinary person. Pap smear is aimed to evaluate cervical cells state and to reveal the presence of abnormal cell changes that may be suggestive of different problems. This test consists of scraping the cervical surface to get a sample of cells and microscopic examination of the obtained material. Different systems may be used for classification of Pap smear results. Sometimes Pap smear is unsatisfactory for evaluation. This Pap smear result means that it is difficult to analyze the sample because not enough cells were taken or the cells are mixed with blood or for some other reasons. In this case it is recommended to repeat the Pap smear in a few months. A normal Pap smear result means it is negative for abnormalities. In this case there are no abnormal changes found during examination. In some cases a Pap smear result indicates the presence of an inflammation or irritation caused by some viral or bacterial infection. Usually the Pap smear returns to normal after the problem is treated. If there were found some changed cells, but there is no disease obviously present, the Pap smear result is classified as ASCUS. It is difficult to clearly identify these cells as normal or abnormal. In this case it is recommended to repeat the Pap smear and if ASCUS persists, it may be necessary to undergo colposcopy. An abnormal Pap smear result may be related to different problems: condyloma, cervical dysplasia or cancer. Women having such a Pap smear result are often referred to additional diagnostic procedures. It will help to determine the causes of abnormal cell changes. If dysplasia is found, depending on its stage, the Pap smear result may be classified as LSIL (low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion) or HSIL (high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion). High-grade lesions are more likely to progress into cancer and often require a surgical removal. Pap smear is one of the most effective tools to prevent cervical cancer and it helps to significantly decrease incidence and mortality rates of this disease. There are more chances to cure cervical lesions which can lead to cancer if they are detected early. Pap smear result helps the doctor to assess the risk for cervical cancer development and determine an appropriate management of patients with abnormal results. http://health-science-report.com/research/pap-smear-result.shtml

Women's Knowledge of Pap Smear Test and Human Papillomavirus: Acceptance of HPV Vaccination to Themselves and Their Daughters in an Islamic Society
Objective: Cancer of cervix uteri is the second most common cancer among women, and it has been shown to be caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in more than 99% of cases. We surveyed Muslim Turkish women, who mostly accept talking about sex as a taboo, to examine their knowledge about Papanicolaou (Pap) smear test, HPV, HPV vaccine, and their attitude toward vaccination to themselves and their daughters. Methods: We surveyed 525 women aged between 19 and 53 years to examine their knowledge about cervical cancer screening Pap smear test, HPV, HPV vaccine, and their attitude toward vaccination to themselves and their daughters with a questionnaire that is consisted of 5 parts with a total of 31 items. Results: The knowledge of cervical screening was high (70%), and 51% of the subjects were at least once had a Pap smear test, but most respondents (56%) had never heard of HPV. For most women, recommendations from health workers (67%) were the major influences in deciding to get vaccinated. Conclusions: The importance of successful introduction on the vaccine by the drug providers and health care professionals in Turkey was shown in this present study with a high rate of awareness of cervical cancer vaccine. "Early-age vaccination knowledge" before any sexual contact is probably due to the correct education of mothers by health care professionals. The professionals should be educated and trained about HPV, vaccination, and its relation with cervical cancer to increase the knowledge about it. http://journals.lww.com/ijgc/Abstract/2010/08000/Women_s_Knowledge_of_Pap_Smear_Test_and_Hu man.24.aspx

With CPR, two bystanders are better than one: study

When somebody suffers cardiac arrest in a public place, the odds of survival are better when more than one bystander comes to the rescue, according to a Japanese study. But the researchers, whose report appeared in the journal Resuscitation, said that there was no survival advantage to having multiple rescuers for cardiac arrests suffered at home, which is where most take place. "An increased number of rescuers improves the outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests," wrote study leader Hideo Inaba of Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine. "However, this beneficial effect is absent in out-of-hospital cardiac arrests that occur at home." The American Heart Association (AHA) and other groups say that everyone should learn cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or CPR, which generally means "hands-only," or just chest compressions without any mouth-to-mouth breathing. Studies have shown this is just as effective as the traditional way when it comes to helping adult cardiac arrest victims. The Japanese study found that among more than 5,000 adults who went into cardiac arrest outside of a hospital, the odds of surviving were up to two-times higher when more than one person tried to help. Six percent of victims were alive one year later when three or more "rescuers" were there, versus 3% when only one person came to their aid. When two people responded, the survival rate was 4%. The researchers did not know if all of those rescuers performed CPR. Some may just have tried to help in some way, the researchers noted. Still, the findings do show that the more bystanders who jump into action, the better, said Michael Sayre, an associate professor of emergency medicine at Ohio State University in Columbus, who is also a spokesman for the AHA. "The study confirms the importance of bystanders responding to cardiac arrest, and the importance of early CPR," he told Reuters Heatlh.

Inaba's team found no clear reason why there was no survival advantage to having multiple rescuers when a cardiac arrest occurred at home, and Sayre agreed that many factors could be at work. Among others, those who are out and about when cardiac arrest strikes may be relatively healthier. Cardiac arrests in the elderly and frail are very likely to happen at home. CPR alone cannot restart the heart when it stops, but it can keep the flow of blood and oxygen moving until medical help arrives. So along with performing CPR, bystanders need to immediately call for emergency help. According to the AHA, more than 380,000 people in the United States go into cardiac arrest outside a hospital each year, but most people have either not learned CPR at all or their training has lapsed. "Hands only" CPR is easily learned, with or without a class, Sayre said. The AHA website has a teaching video at: bit.ly/LhVoQl. The basic instruction is to give strong, steady chest compressions at a rate of 100 per minute. Experts have pointed out that humming the Bee Gees' 1970s disco song "Stayin' Alive" will help rescuers find the 100-beat-per-minute rhythm. "Learning CPR is something people often feel that they can put off," Sayre said. "But you never know when you'll be called upon to act." http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/lifestyle/07/05/12/cpr-two-bystanders-are-better-one-study