CHNG ST: NGUYN NHN - GII PHP CHNG ST - THIT B CHNG ST

A. NGUYN NHN HNH THNH ST 1/ Nguyn nhn hnh thnh st : Trong nhng nm qua, c mi khi ma ma n, ngoi vic chun b cc bin php phng chng bo lt chng ta cn phi quan tm n mt hin tng thin nhin khc c tc hi nghim trng n c s vt cht v con ngi - l dng st. C th hiu nm na rng st l s phng in gia m my dng v mt im no trn mt t khi in trng kh quyn t n mt gi tr ti hn. Vit Nam thuc vng kh hu nhit i nn dng in st thng rt ln khong 30kA, do nu mt cng trnh no b st nh th phn kin trc ca cng trnh c th b ph v do nh hng ca p sut v nhit pht tn cao, cc thit b in trong cng trnh c th b hng do trng in t ca dng st cm ng v con ngi c th b tn thng nu gn im phng in st. Trong thc t xy ra nhiu trng hp mt cn phng in st lm cho hng chc ngi b thng v cht (xy ra x Hip Thnh - Bc Liu) cn nhng v st lm cht ngi hng nm th xy ra lin tc khp ni nht l cc vng trng im nh i Ru, Bu Sm, Bo Vinh ....thuc Huyn Long Khnh - ng Nai, cc x vng su thuc Huyn c Linh, Hm Tn - Bnh Thun, hoc mt s x thuc cc tnh ng bng sng Cu Long, ngay ti TpHCM nm no cng xy ra vi trng hp t vong do phng in st. C ch hnh thnh mt cn st ni chung kh phc tp, c nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v qu trnh nhim in ca mt m my dng cng nh c ch pht trin ca tia st hng xung t, ngoi ra cng cn nhiu vn khc lin quan n st v chng ti mong rng s c dp c trnh by chi tit hn trong cc bi bo khc, y chng ti ch xin cp n mt gi thuyt ph bin nht gii thch nguyn nhn to dng st nh sau : Dng l hin tng kh quyn lin quan vi s pht trin mnh m ca i lu nhit v cc nhiu ng kh quyn, n thng xy ra vo ma h l thi im m s trao i nhit gia mt t v khng kh rt ln. Nhng lung khng kh nng mang theo hi nc bay ln n mt cao no y v ngui dn, lc hi nc to thnh nhng git nc nh hay gi l tinh th bng chng tch t trong khng gian di dng nhng m my. Tri t cng b nng th khng kh nng cng bay ln cao hn, my cng dy hn n mt lc no th cc tinh th bng trong my s ln dn v ri xung thnh ma. My cng dy th mu ca n cng en hn. S va chm ca cc lung kh nng i ln v cc tinh th bng i xung trong m my s lm xut hin cc in tch m ta gi l m my b phn cc in hay m my tch in. Cc phn t in tch m c khi lng ln nn nm di y m my cn cc phn t in tch dng nh hn nn b y ln phn trn ca m my. Nh vy trong bn thn m my hnh thnh mt in trng cc b ca mt lng cc in v di tc dng ca in trng cc b ny cc phn t s di chuyn nhanh hn, in tch c to ra nhiu hn v in trng cng mnh hn. Qu trnh ny tip din cho n lc in trng t gi tr ti hn v gy ra phng in ni b trong m my m ta gi l chp. Ngoi ra khong khng gian bn di m my thng c mt lp in tch dng gi l in tch khng gian v vy gia phn y m my mang in m v lp in tch dng ny li hnh thnh mt in trng ring v chnh in trng ny lm pht sinh mt tia st ban u gi l dng tin o di chuyn xung t vi tc khong 150km/s. Trong qu trnh pht trin xung t, dng tin o mang theo mt in th rt ln s ion ho lp khng kh trn ng i ca n, ni no c cch in khng kh yu th dng tin o s pht trin v hng v vy ta thy dng tia st i xung khng phi l ng thng m thng c dng ngon ngoo, phn nhnh. Ngoi ra do hiu ng cm ng in nn phn mt t nm bn di m my dng s mang mt lng in dng. Lng in ny s phn b trn cc vt c kh nng dn in nh nh ca, cy ci, cng trnh, tr in, thp anten......, vt no dn in cng tt th in tch phn b trn vt cng ln v in trng ca n cng mnh so vi cc vt xung quanh. V vy, khi dng tin o pht trin xung gn mt t th n s chn vt c in trng mnh nht nh vo m ta gi l phng in st, ni tip xc ca chng gi l knh st. y l thi im trao i in tch gia m my v mt t c gi l giai on trung ho in tch, dng in trong knh st lc ny rt ln c th n 200kA nn b nng ln rt mnh khong 20.000oC v do ta thy n sng chi ln (cng c gi l chp). Di tc dng ca nhit ny, lp khng kh chung quanh

knh st b gin n mnh gy ra ting n ln m ta gi l sm. Do nh sng c vn tc ln hng triu ln so vi m thanh nn ta thy nh chp trc ri sau mt lc mi nghe thy ting sm.

2/ Mt s bin php phng trnh st thng dng v hiu qu : y chng ta cn phn bit cc loi st khc nhau nh st nh trc tip, st nh gin tip, st cm ng. - St nh trc tip l st nh thng vo nh ca cng trnh hoc nh vo bn nc kim loi hay tr anten nm trn cng trnh , nh vo cy ci, nh vo ngi ang di chuyn khi ang c dng .....y l loi st nguy him nht v n c th gy thit hi nng n cho cng trnh hoc gy cht ngi. - St nh gin tip l st nh vo ng dy in thoi, ng dy ti in cao th hoc h th mt ni no ri theo ng dy truyn vo cng trnh lm h hng thit b in ang s dng. Chng ta thng thy hin tng bng n, in thoi, TV, t lnh .... b chy hoc ngi ang gi in thoi b in git mnh sau mt cn dng st tt c l do nh hng ca loi st ny. - St cm ng bao gm cm ng tnh in v cm ng in t. St cm ng tnh in thng ch nguy him cho cc cng trnh c cha cht d chy n nh xng du, kh t do tc ng ca phng in th cp cn st cm ng in t ch nguy him i vi cc thit b hin i dng cc linh kin in t nhy vi xung in trong cc cng trnh bu in, vin thng, pht thanh truyn hnh. Mt h thng chng st hon chnh phi th hin y cc ni dung chng st ni trn, tuy nhin i vi a s cc h gia nh ngi ta thng ch quan tm n vic chng st nh trc tip. C nhiu bin php k thut phng chng st nhng cho ti nay th cha c mt thit b hoc h thng chng st no t c hiu qu tuyt i. Mt m hnh chng st thng dng c cng nhn l c hiu qu trong mt phm vi gii hn nht nh vn cn c s dng rng ri nhiu ni trn th gii l h thng dng kim thu st c in Franklin v n chng minh kh nng bo v vi mt tin cy cho php tn ti hng trm nm qua. Kim thu st Franklin l mt thanh kim loi c u nhn di khong 3m c lp ti ni cao nht trong khu vc cn bo

v, n hot ng theo nguyn l phng in im, ngha l trong in trng kh quyn ca dng bo, kim thu st ny s lin tc nh in tch vo vng khng gian do quanh u kim thu st s c in trng cc b mnh so vi cc im xung quanh v hnh thnh mt tia la in mi (dng mi) nn n d dng thu ht dng st tin o t my i xung, dng in st ny s truyn t kim qua h thng dy dn i xung t v tn nhanh trong t nh bi tip a tn st. Nh vy h thng chng st s to ra mt phm vi an ton cho cng trnh m n bo v . Tuy nhin trong thc t vn c hin tng st nh vo cng trnh c h thng chng st m ngi ta gi l st nh vng, do m bo an ton chng ta khng nn t lp ly h thng chng st m phi nh n chuyn vin k thut tnh ton thit k sao cho h thng m bo cc thng s k thut nh phm vi bo v, in tr tn st, kh nng st nh vng, kh nng phng in th cp ....., c nh th th h thng chng st mi hon thnh tt nhim v ca n. Trong trng hp ngc li th chnh h thng l nguyn nhn dn n cc tai ho cho cng trnh v nhng ngi sng trong cng trnh . 3/ La chn u thu st : Theo tin b ca khoa hc k thut, ngi ta nghin cu ch to cc loi kim thu st tch cc (thay cho loi kim thu st c in th ng nu trn) ch ng bt st khng cho n nh vo cng trnh cn bo v. Hin trn th trng Vit Nam c gn mt chc loi kim ch ng ca cc nc khc nhau nh M, Php, Uc, ..... Cc loi kim thu st ny hot ng da trn cc nguyn l lm vic khc nhau nhng ni chung c th chia lm hai loi chnh : a/ Loi phng in sm: l cc loi kim thu st c c tnh pht ra dng mi kh sm khi in trng kh quyn cha t n tr s ti hn ngha l n ch ng n bt dng phng in st mt im no trong khng gian cch xa cng trnh m n bo v. Chng ta c th hnh dung l khi hot ng th kim thu st nh c ko di ra mt on gp hng chc ln chiu di thc ca chng, on ny c gi l cao o ca kim thu st v nh th chng c phm vi bo v ln hn rt nhiu so vi kim thu st c in cng mt cao. b/ Loi phn tn in tch: l cc loi kim thu st c c tnh to ra mt lp in tch khng gian mang in dng trong vng kh quyn nm bn trn u kim da trn nguyn l phng in im . Trng tnh in my dng cng mnh th dng phng in cng mnh v lp in tch khng gian cng nhiu, n tc dng nh mt mn chn tnh in lm cho in trng gia m my dng v t yu i ngha l loi b nguy c phng in st. Ngoi ra cn mt dng kt hp ca hai loi trn to thnh mt h thng chng st khc gi l loi phng in tr hon. Loi ny c u im lm tng phm vi bo v nhng li rt tn km so vi hai loi trn. Trong gn 20 nm qua, chng ti nghin cu c tnh k thut ca trn 20 loi kim thu st khc nhau gm c nhng loi cha c mt th trng Vit Nam v cng thit k thi cng hng trm h thng chng st cho nhiu chng loi cng trnh khc nhau, ni chung v nguyn l lm vic th chng c hiu qu cao hn nhiu so vi loi kim thu st c in v mi loi c nhng u khuyt im khc nhau. Hn na, do cc loi kim thu st ch ng ch mi pht trin mnh ti Vit Nam trong vng 5 nm tr li nn phi cn c thm thi gian theo di v nh gi xem loi kim no t yu cu v cht lng, bn v hiu qu trong vic bo v cng trnh trong iu kin kh hu nhit i nh nc ta, ngoi ra gi c cng l mt yu t cn quan tm v chng khng ph hp lm i vi a s cc h gia nh mun lp mt h thng chng st ring cho nh ca mnh. Tm li nh trnh by trn, mt h thng chng st ngoi kim thu st cn c phn dn st v bi tip a tn dng st trong t m y l cc phn khng d dng lp t nht l i vi nh ca cng trnh thuc cc khu th . Dy dn st c tc dng chuyn ti dng st xung t d dng, n phi chu c nhit pht nng cc b khng b bin dng . Bi tip a c nhim v tn nhanh dng st trong t trnh in p cao tn ti trn h thng chng st tc l phng trnh hin tng phng in th cp v nh hng ca in p bc, l cc yu t nguy him c th lm h hng cng trnh v gy cht ngi. Do ta thy rng mt khi h thng chng st khng t cht lng k thut th tht l tai ho cho chng ta khi c st nh vo cng trnh. V vy nu cc bn c yu cu lp t h thng chng st th c th lin h vi chng ti c hng dn c th bng cch da vo c im thc t ti cng trnh ca bn nh in tr sut t, c tnh a l ca vng, v tr lp t v cu trc bi tip a, khong cch an ton trong

khng kh v trong t ...... hu t c mt h thng chng st pht huy ht kh nng ca chng trong vic bo v an ton cho cng trnh v nhng ngi sng trong cng trnh . Ngun: Phn Vin Nghin Cu Khoa Hc

B. GII PHP H THNG CHNG ST PHN LOI CC DNG CHNG ST A/ CHNG ST NH THNG : 1. Chng st nh thng bng cng ngh kim c in . Cu hnh ca loi ny gm c 3 phn : a) Cc u kim thu st: Thng lm bng thp m ng , ng thau c hoc bng inox. La chn chiu di ca kim cn ph thuc vo cu trc ca cng trnh cn c bo v . b) Dy dn st: Dng dn dng st t cc u kim thu n h thng tip t. Thng lm bng ng l hoc cp ng trn, tit din ca dy dn c quy nh theo tiu chn quc t ( NFC 17 102 ca Php ) t 50mm2 n 75mm2. c) H thng tip t: Dng tn dng in st trong t. Cu hnh ca h thng tip t ny gm : - Cc cc tip t : thng di t 2,4 mt n 3 mt . ng knh ngoi thng l 14 16mm . c chn thng ng & cch mt t t 0,5 n 1 mt . Khong cch cc vi cc t 3 n 15 mt . - Dy tip t : thng l cp ng trn c tit din t 50 n 75mm2 dng lin kt cc cc tip t ny li vi nhau . Cp ny nm m di mt t t 0,5 n 1 mt . - c sit cp hoc mi hn ho nhit CADWELD : dng lin kt dy tip t & cc cc tip t vi nhau. 2. Chng st nh thng bng cng ngh tiu tn m my in tch khng cho hnh thnh tia tin o st (dissipation array system). Cng ngh ny hin nay Vit Nam rt t s dng v gi thnh cao, ch c ng dng vo mt s cng trnh cn thit. Cc hng sn xut nh: LEC USA, LIGHTNING PREVECTION SYSTEM USA . Cu hnh ca loi ny gm c 3 phn: a) Cc u pht ion dng: Thng lm bng thp m ng hoc bng inox . Cc u pht ion dng c dng qu cu nhiu gai, dng ci d nhiu gai , hoc dng cnh di nhiu gai b) Dy dn st: Dng dn dng ion dng t mt t i ln cc thit b pht ion dng . Thng lm bng cp ng trn, tit din ca dy dn c quy nh theo tiu chn quc t ( nfc 17 102 ca php ) t 50mm2 n 75mm2 . c) H thng tip t: Dng tn dng in st trong t. Cu hnh ca h thng tip t ny gm: - Cc cc tip t: thng di t 2,4 mt n 3 mt . ng knh ngoi thng l 14 16mm. c chn thng ng & cch mt t t 0,5 n 1 mt . Khong cch gia cc vi cc t 3 n 15 mt . - Dy tip t : thng l cp ng trn c tit din t 50 n 75mm2 dng lin kt cc cc tip t ny li vi nhau. Cp ny nm m di mt t t 0,5 n 1 mt . Yu cu dy cp tip t ny phi c ni thnh mt mch vng kn trc khi ni vi dy dn st. - c sit cp hoc mi hn ho nhit cadweld: dng lin kt dy tip t & cc cc tip t vi nhau. 3. Chng st nh thng bng cng ngh pht tia tin o sm (Early Streamer Emission) . Cc hng sn xut : INDELEC PHP, SATELIT PHP, HELITA PHP, POUYET PHP, PARATONNORRES PHP, ERICO C. INGESCO TY BAN NHA. Cu hnh ca loi ny gm c 3 phn : a) u thu li: Dng pht tia tin o i ln thu ht st v n. u thu li c gn trn tr c cao trung bnh l 5 mt so vi nh ca cng trnh cn c bo v.

b) Dy dn st: Dng dn dng st t u thu li n h thng tip t . Thng lm bng ng l hoc cp ng trn, tit din ca dy dn c quy nh theo tiu chn quc t (nfc 17 102 ca php) t 50mm2 n 75mm2. c) H thng tip t: Dng tn dng in st trong t. Cu hnh ca h thng tip t ny gm: - Cc cc tip t: thng di t 2,4 mt n 3 mt. ng knh ngoi thng l 14 16mm. c chn thng ng & cch mt t t 0,5 n 1 mt . Khong cch cc vi cc t 3 n 15 mt. - Dy tip t: thng l cp ng trn c tit din t 50 n 75mm2 dng lin kt cc cc tip t ny li vi nhau. Cp ny nm m di mt t t 0,5 n 1 mt. - c sit cp hoc mi hn ho nhit cadweld: dng lin kt dy tip t & cc cc tip t vi nhau. B/ CHNG ST LAN TRUYN : I. Chng st lan truyn cho trm bin p 1000v (1kv) : 1. Dng chng st Van La (Lightning Arrester) lp ti u ng dy vo trm bin p ct xung in st xung t. - Dng chng st van s cp ( gi l thit b ct st ngun 3 pha hoc 1 pha ), lp song song vi ngun in ct gim xung in st ln xung t. Cu hnh ca loi ny gm c 3 phn : a) Van ct st : Dng ct x xung in st lan truyn trn li h th xung t , trc khi n c th theo ngun in i vo ph ti . b) Dy dn st : Dng dn dng st t im nt mng n van ct st & t van ct st n h thng tip t . c) H thng tip t : Dng tn dng in st trong t . Cu hnh ca h thng tip t ny gm : - Cc cc tip t : thng di t 2,4 mt n 3 mt . ng knh ngoi thng l 14 16mm . c chn thng ng & cch mt t t 0,5 n 1 mt . Khong cch cc vi cc t 3 n 15 mt . - Dy tip t : thng l cp ng trn c tit din t 50 n 75mm2 dng lin kt cc cc tip t ny li vi nhau . Cp ny nm m di mt t t 0,5 n 1 mt . - Oc sit cp hoc mi hn ho nhit CADWELD : dng lin kt dy tip t & cc cc tip t vi nhau. d) Cu to ca van ct st : Van ct st c ch to t xt kim loi (metal oxide varristor mov) thng l xt km . c im ca loi vt liu ny l ch c th dn in in p cao & s tr thnh vt cch in in p thp , in p cng cao th dng in thng mch cng ln v in p cng gim th dng thng mch cng gim v z r ( cn gi l khi in tr phi tuyn) e) Nguyn l lm vic ca van ct st : Khi st nh trc tip vo ng dy in h th 3 pha 220/380vac 50hz , hoc st nh vo cc vng ln cn ri cm ng vo ng dy h th ri lan truyn vo van ct st trc khi n n ph ti ( cc thit b dng in ) . Xung in st ny c bin in p ln lm cho in tr phi tuyn ca van ct st ngng dn , lc ny n s m mch cho dng in st i qua n xung t . Khi xung in st gim thp n di gi tr in p ngng ca van ct st th in tr phi tuyn ca van ct st s tng nhanh ngt dng ct xung st . 2. Dng thit b ct lc st (thng l lp ni tip vi ph ti) va ct xung in st , va lc c cc loi sng hi , cc nhiu tn s cao ca st : a) Cu hnh: loi ny gm c 3 phn : Thit b ct lc st : Dng ct x xung in st lan truyn trn li h th xung t & lc cc sng hi cc nhiu tn s cao trc khi chng c th theo ngun in i vo ph ti . Dy dn st : Dng dn dng st t thit b ct lc st st n h thng tip t . H thng tip t : Dng tn dng in st trong t . Cu hnh ca h thng tip t ny gm : - Cc cc tip t : thng di t 2,4 mt n 3 mt . ng knh ngoi thng l 14 16mm . c chn thng ng & cch mt t t 0,5 n 1 mt . Khong cch cc vi cc t 3 n 15 mt . - Dy tip t : thng l cp ng trn c tit din t 50 n 75mm2 dng lin kt cc cc tip t ny li vi nhau . Cp ny nm m di mt t t 0,5 n 1 mt .

- c sit cp hoc mi hn ho nhit cadweld : dng lin kt dy tip t & cc cc tip t vi nhau. b) Cu to ca thit b ct lc st thng bao gm : Van ct st s cp (nm pha trc) - B lc sng hi & nhiu (nm gia) - Van ct st th cp (nm pha sau) Van ct st s cp & th cp c ch to t xt kim loi (metal oxide varristor mov) thng l xt km. c im ca loi vt liu ny l ch c th dn in in p cao & s tr thnh vt cch in in p thp , in p cng cao th dng in thng mch cng ln v in p cng gim th dng thng mch cng gim v z r ( cn gi l khi in tr phi tuyn). B lc sng hi c cu to t cun khng in l & cc t lc c , cun khn l c lp ni tip vi mch in cn t lc c th lp song song vi mch in (nm pha sau cun khng in l). c) Nguyn l lm vic ca thit b ct lc st: Khi st nh trc tip vo ng dy in h th 3 pha 220/380vac 50hz , hoc st nh vo cc vng ln cn ri cm ng vo ng dy h th ri lan truyn vo thit b ct lc st trc khi n n ph ti ( cc thit b dng in ) . Xung in st ny c bin in p ln lm cho in tr phi tuyn ca van ct st s cp ngng dn , lc ny n s m mch cho dng in st i qua n xung t . Tip theo b lc l c c tc dng lm gim thp bin xung st v tch b cc thnh phn sng hi , nhiu tn s cao . Xung in st cn st vi bin thp khi ra khi b lc l c th s b van ct st th cp ct thm mt ln na . Khi xung in st gim thp n di gi tr in p ngng ca van ct st th in tr phi tuyn ca van ct st s tng nhanh ngt dng ct xung st . II. Chng st lan truyn cho li in h th 3 pha 220/380v 50/60hz : 1. Dng chng st Van s cp ( gi l thit b ct st ngun 3 pha hoc 1 pha ), lp song song vi ngun in ct gim xung in st ln xung t . * U IM : - Khng b gii hn dng ti nn cng lc c th Bov c nhiu thit b dng in . - V y ch l thit b ct st s cp nn thng gi thnh thp . * NHC IM : - Ch ct hu ht cc xung ln m khng lc c cc thnh phn tn s cao ca st , nh cc sng hi , cc loi nhiu . . . Cc hng c th p ng tt nh : TPS C , OBO C , MCG USA, ERICO C , TERCEL C . 2. Dng thit b ct lc st (thng l lp ni tip vi ph ti) va ct xung in st , va lc c cc loi sng hi ca st . * U IM : - Bo v a cp cho ph ti ( gm ct st s cp , lc , ct st th cp ) , do c an ton cao . * NHC IM : - V c ch to bo v a cp nn gi thnh cao . - V lp ni tip nn b gii hn vi mt dng in nht nh . - Cc hng p ng tt nh : TPS C , OBO C , ERICO C , TERCEL C . 3. Chng st lan truyn cho ng dy thng tin : 1. Chng st lan truyn cho ng dy in thoi lp trn phin Krone 10 i dy : tu theo mc in p tn hiu , tn s lm vic , tc ng truyn s la chn cc thit b bo v khc nhau . Cc hng c th p ng nh : TPS C, ERICO C, TERCEL C . 2. Chng st lan truyn trn ng dy ni mng my tnh cp RJ45 : c nhiu hng la chn nh APC USA , ATLENTIC USA , ERICO C , TPS C. 3. Chng st lan truyn trn ng dy cp ng trc 75W : c nhiu hng la chn nh

ERICO C , TPS C , OBO C . Thanh Thnh Theo http://kythuat.tech.officelive.com