Distributed Power and FACTS

Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)

Phasor analysis of general series compensation

The usual arrangement for series compensation is as depicted in
Figure 1. The compensator applies a series voltage V
pq
as depicted
in Figure 1. The phasor diagram for this arrangement is given in
Figure 2















Figure 1 Series compensator arrangement for a power
transmission system



















Figure 2. Phasor diagram for the transmission system
depicted in Figure 5. with series compensation

V
M
V
S
jX/2
V
R
jX/2
V
G
V
pq
P
r
+jQ
r
Imaginary
V
S
jXI

I

/2
/2

V
R
Real
= /2
V
M
V
G

0
V
comp

For the uncompensated case (V
comp
=0, =0) the power transmitted
can be given by:

*
r r
P jQ
jX
| |
+ =
|
\ .
G r
r
V V
V
(1)
For the compensated case we have
*
r r r
P jQ
jX
| |
+ =
|
|
\ .
G comp r
V - V - V
V
(2)
which gives
*
r r
P jQ
jX jX
| |
+ = +
|
\ .
*
r comp
G r
r
V V
V - V
V
(3)

Using
0
2
j
comp
V e
o
o |
| |
+
|
\ .
=
comp
V as shown in Figure 2 then
( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 0 0
sin sin sin
r comp r comp
r G
r
V V V V
V V
P P
X X X
o o | o | = + = +
(4)

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 0 0
cos 1 cos cos
r comp r comp
r G
r
V V V V
V V
Q Q
X X X
o o | o | = + = +
(5)

The uncompensated real and reactive power is given by P
0
and Q
0

The real and reactive power is therefore fully controllable in the VA
range
max r comp
V V
X
. If we normalise such that
2
/ 1 V X = for the
transmission line then the uncompensated real and reactive power
are related by
( )
2
2
0 0
( ) 1 ( ) 1 Q P o o + + =
(6)
which can be plotted as given in Figure 3. The controllable region
for a UPFC for a given load angle
0
can be given as shown in
Figure 4. This can be compared with the controllable locus for a
GCSC or SSSC. Notice that the GCSC controllable range is also
limited be the line current. If there is no current then the GCSC
output can only be zero. Also shown is the controllable loci of a
phase angle regulator which is normally realised by thyristor
controlled phase shift transformer as shown in Figure 5.


A UPFC offers far more controllability than other devices and is
usually a lot faster than thyristor controlled devices.
0 0.5 1
2
1.5
1
0.5
Real Power
R
e
a
c
t
i
v
e

P
o
w
e
r


Figure 3 The relationship between real power and reactive
power for an uncompensated line































0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
Real Power
R
e
a
c
t
i
v
e

P
o
w
e
r



Figure 4 PQ relationship for received power on a
transmission line showing also the controllable region of a
UPFC and the loci of the controllable SSSC, GCSC and phase
angle regulator





UPFC
controllable
region
controllable
loci of phase
angle
regulator
controllable
loci of SSSC
controllable
loci of GCSC

Figure 5 Thyristor controlled phase shift transformer.


Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)

A series compensator which can inject real and reactive power is
known as a Unified Power Flow Controller and the usual
arrangement using 2 back to back convertors is as shown in
Figure 6. Converter 2 can provide V
comp
fully controlled in phase
angle and amplitude and is limited by the converter VA rating and
the VA rating of the series transformer. Converter 1 is to absorb or
provide real power for converter 2. Both converter 1 and converter
2 can provide/control line reactive power independently

















Figure 5 Realisation of a Unified Power Flow Controller using
two back to back voltage sourced converters..
Phase-a
Phase-b
Phase-c
c)
controller Voltage
sourced
converter 1
settings
busbar
Step down
transformer

V
comp
Voltage
sourced
converter 2
Series transformer