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Tinjauan dari sisi Standardisasi Produk Udang, Kualitas Lingkungan dan Perubahan Iklim
Oleh Nyoman Suryadiputra
TOPIK BAHASAN Persebaran Mangrove di Indonesia & Permasalahannya Peranan Mangroves dalam Konteks Perubahan Iklim (Mitigasi & Adaptasi) & Blue karbon Peranan Mangrove dalam Sertifikasi Produk Udang & Kesehatan Lingkungan
Components: Estuaries, Coral reefs, Seagrass beds, Ponds, fresh/ brackish water and peat swamps, beach forests, Mangroves, Lagoons, Bays
Mountain
Removal of upland forests threatened downstream livelihood & fishery
Upland Lowland
Shrimp ponds
Off Shore
River
lagoon
Rice fields Estuary
Coral Reefs
Salt pans
presure
mudflat
*) Sumber : Wetland Data Base 1997. Wetlands International Indonesia Programme PPSDALBakosurtanal (2009) : Total Indonesias Mangrove = 3,244,018 Ha)
Spalding M., et al., 2010 in the World Atlas of Mangroves (Indonesia was reported to have 3,189,359 Ha
95.338
97.712 321.347
PPSDALBakosurtanal (2009) : Total Indonesias Mangrove = 3,244,018 Ha) Spalding M., et al., 2010 in the World Atlas of Mangroves (Indonesia was reported to have 3,189,359 Ha
*) if sylvo-fishery adopted about 26 million ton CO2 can be sequestered in 10 yrs
Maluku
Total Present Mangrove area : 3.2 Million Ha from previously 7.2 Million Ha
ABRASION ALONG THE ERETAN KULON COAST- INDRAMAYU DAMAGING SHRIMP PONDS - 2000
Perbandingan keadaan kawasan di Muara Gembong dan sekitarnya pada tahun 1989 (Kiri) dan tahun 2003 (kanan). Lingkaran merah menunjukkan kawasan yang mengalami abrasi sangat parah.
LUAHA TALU/ Laguna Teluk Belukar : PENGAMBILAN PASIR LAUT Water Surface area Laguna = 47,4 ha ; max depth 14 m Area of mangrove = 66 ha Salinitas: 30ppt (0,1-2,5m) - 35ppt (at > 13 m) 20 true mangrove species, 8 mammals, 49 birds species threatened by land 33 speculators, road construction, sand mining etc
Man-made disaster
Bukit temega
~ 16 km length.
Artificial wave breaker to mitigate coastal abrasionSpoilt the beauty of Candi dasa beach
Mangroves are among the most carbon-rich forests in the tropics, containing on average 1,023Mg ( = 1023 ton ) carbon per hectare. (CIFOR April 2011, Nature Geoscience)
Disebabkan oleh peningkatan jumlah Gas Rumah Kaca, diantaranya yaitu : karbondioksida (CO2), metana (CH4), dinitro oksida (N20), hidrufluorokarbon (HFC), perfluorokarbon (PFC) dan sulfurheksafluorida (SF6). Diakibatkan oleh pembakaran bahan bakar fosil (minyak bumi/batu bara), penggundulan & kebakaran hutan, pertanian (penggunaan pupuk kimia).
2000
DRR
prevent soil slides from dykes (water quality control), biodiversity, shade, organic fertilizer, support green belt, climate mitigation & adaptation etc.
Proses perombakan limbah organik pada kolam fakultatif dan Peranan Fitoplankton dalam mitigasi perubahan iklim
CO2 absorption Drop into water/ sink to bottom Microbial Reaction (bacteria, yeasts, fungi) Decomposition Process Breaking down into smaller particles Food for estuarine organisms (Prawns, fishes, crabs) molluscs
O2 released
To the Sea
SABUK HIJAU KAWASAN CAGAR ALAM PULAU DUA Perda Kota Serang No. 6 Th. 2011
Cagar Alam Pulau Dua
Sabuk Hijau
500 Ha kawasan hijau, potensial 511,500 ton carbon Atau 1,877,205 ton CO2
PICTORIALS at BB-COP sites, 6 months old trees (photo taken in April 2010)
Pembangunan fasilitas objek wisata oleh masyarakat di Hutan Mangrove Ds Reroreja, Kab Sikka NTT
Cemara Laut, umur 3 tahun : 46,749 kg C (46,7 ton) /2,5 ha. (Atau 18.7 ton C/ 1Ha dalam 3 tahun). Mangrove, umur 3 tahun : 1,26 ton/ 1 Ha dalam 3 tahun
www.wetlands.org/greencoast/en or www.wetlands.or.id .
Bisnis udang nasional mencapai US$ 1 milliar per tahun, sebagian besar ekspor untuk konsumen Jepang, Eropa, 1970s: commercial shrimp farming started (1970s) Amerika Booming 1980s/1990s to meet demand US, EU & Japan Pendekatanshrimp, Monodon) nasional juga menimbulkan (Black tiger budidaya udang persoalan keamanan pangan, dampak lingkungan, perubahan Booming 2000s of Vannameiisu-isu sosial. iklim dan Disisi Indonesia shrimp export is Amerika, Jepang) semakin Now, lain, konsumen (Eropa, worth of US$ 1 billion per memperhatikan masalah keamanan pangan dan menerapkan year. standard yang harus diikuti produsen jika produknya However, shrimp culture diterima. public (consumer) practices raise concern over food safety, environmental impact, and social Standard ini semakin diperluas, kini mencakup isu sosial dan unrest. lingkungan. Various activities have been done to address the concern, Salah satu bentuk standar tersebut disusun dalam including Good Aquaculture Practices standard (CBIB) mekanisme sertifikasi developed by government.
Certification
Consumers demand safer product: (1) food safety; (2) farms environmental impact; (3) farms social impact 385 existing certification systems, incl. FT, organic, eco- , etc. In aquaculture there are 27 (..we identified so far) Two of these were selected in RSCIP: 1. GlobalGAP: non-Multi Stakeholder, third party (assessor), no label, food safety oriented 2. Aquaculture Stewardship Council: Multi Stakeholder, third party (assessor), label, environment and social impact oriented
ponds ponds ponds ponds River ponds ponds River ponds ponds
Mandatory green belt (Presidential Decree no 32 year 1990). Total 70 ha, existing forest < 2 ha, 70 ha need to be (manually) rehabilitated by planting mangrove
River
Open Sea
Mandatory riparian (Ministry of Public Works Decree no 63, year 1993 ). Total 270 ha, existing forest cover 105 ha around 165 ha need to be (manually) rehabilitated.
Area Total area of cluster (ha) % Original area of mangrove Total original area of mangrove (ha) Total area of mangrove need to be maintained/rehabilitated according to ASC (50% original area of mangrove) (ha) Areas still covered by mangrove (ha) Remaining damage areas need Rehabilitation (ha)
Projection of cumulative avoided CO2 emission under scenario project within 10 years in Banyuwangi Project Area
Banyuwangi's Site Cluster area (Ha) Area of mangroves & ponds (ha) Remaining damage areas need Rehabilitation to comply with ASC standart (Ha) Data & Assumption Sylvofishery development rate (ha/yr) Biomass increment (ton/ha/yr) Carbon increment (ton/ha/yr), 50% C org Carbon loss of Sediment removal (ton/ha/yr) Stock carbon pond soil 0 - 30 cm (Ton/ha) Stock carbon mangrove soil 0 - 30 cm (Ton/ha) Standing stock carbon mangrove (ton/ha) C Stock mangrove area (ton/ha) Ratio of pond bottom area & sediment removal area Rehabilitation of forest community (ha/yr) Natural mangroves expansion (ha/th) : : : 477 454 27 Value 30 14.6 7.3 -12.3 33.24 178.37 73.74 252.11 0.07 11.26 0.85 Source Assumption (Sukardjo & Yamada, 1992) (Sukardjo & Yamada, 1992) (Field measurement, 2011) (Field measurement, 2011) (Field measurement, 2011) (Field measurement, 2011) (Field measurement, 2011) (Field measurement, 2011) (Spatial analysis, 2011) (Spatial analysis, 2011)
Projection of cumulative avoided CO2 emission under scenario project within 10 years in Bone Project Area
Bone's Site Cluster area (Ha) : 630.2 Area of mangroves & ponds (ha) : 614.0 Remaining damage areas need Rehabilitation to comply with : 153.1 ASC standart (Ha) Data & Assumption Value Sylvofishery development rate (ha/yr) 50.0 Biomass increment (ton/ha/yr) 14.6 Carbon increment (ton/ha/yr), 50% C org 7.3 Carbon loss of sediment pond removal (ton/ha/yr) -18.1 Stock carbon pond soil 0 - 30 cm (Ton/ha) 29.7 Stock carbon mangrove soil 0 - 30 cm (Ton/ha) 178.4 Standing stock carbon mangrove (ton/ha) 86.1 C Stock mangrove area (ton/ha) 264.5 Ratio of pond area & sediment pond removal area 0.1 Deforestation, 30 %/10yr (1990-2000&2000-2010) or 4 %/yr 4.0%
Source Assumption (Sukardjo & Yamada, 1992) (Sukardjo & Yamada, 1992) (Field measurement, 2011) (Field measurement, 2011) (Field measurement, 2011) (Field measurement, 2011) (Field measurement, 2011) (Field measurement, 2011) (Spatial analysis, 2011)
Projection of cumulative avoided CO2 emission under scenario project within 10 years in Mahakam Project Area
Delta Mahakam's Site Cluster area (Ha) : 1318 Remaining damage areas need Rehabilitation to comply with : 376 ASC standart (Ha) Data & Assumption Value Sylvofishery development rate (ha/yr) 100 Biomass increment (ton/ha/yr) 14.6 Carbon increment (ton/ha/yr), 50% C org 7.3 Carbon loss of sediment pond removal (ton/ha/yr) -14.88 Stock carbon pond soil 0 - 30 cm (Ton/ha) 40.02 Stock carbon mangrove soil 0 - 30 cm (Ton/ha) 178.37 Standing stock carbon mangrove (ton/ha) 119.44 C Stock mangrove area (ton/ha) 297.81 Ratio of pond area & sediment pond removal area 0.02 Deforestation, 40 %/10yr (2000-2010) or 5 %/yr 5%
Source Assumption (Sukardjo & Yamada, 1992) (Sukardjo & Yamada, 1992) (Field measurement, 2011) (Field measurement, 2011) (Field measurement, 2011) (Field measurement, 2011) (Field measurement, 2011) (Field measurement, 2011) (Spatial analysis, 2011)
Wetlands International
Environmental Impact
By: Dandun Sutaryo Ita Sualia Ragil Satryio Muhammad Ilman
ponds ponds ponds ponds River ponds ponds River ponds ponds
Mandatory green belt (Presidential Decree no 32 year 1990). Total 70 ha, existing forest < 2 ha, 70 ha need to be (manually) rehabilitated by planting mangrove
River
Open Sea
Mandatory riparian (Ministry of Public Works Decree no 63, year 1993 ). Total 270 ha, existing forest cover 105 ha around 165 ha need to be (manually) rehabilitated.
Tons CO2 gained in each pond cluster (total area & annual gained)
MAHAKAM LHOKSEUMAWE BONE BANYUWANGI BULUNGAN
Ton CO2 Ton CO2 Ton CO2 @Lhokseuma @Lhokseum Ton CO2 @Mahakam we (90 ha) at awe (90 ha) @Bone (290 (340 ha) /years n-year /years ha) at n-year
Ton CO2 Ton CO2 @Banyuwangi Ton CO2 @Bone (290 (30 ha) at n- @Banyuwangi ha) /years year (30 ha) /years
87.42 463.21 2,050.35 4,261.25 8,524.94 16,025.21 42,859.56 66,770.23 95,178.73 124,192.35 140,475.98
87.42 375.79 1,587.14 2,210.89 4,263.69 7,500.27 26,834.35 23,910.67 28,408.50 29,013.62 16,283.63
23.14 122.62 542.74 1,127.98 2,256.60 4,241.97 11,345.18 17,674.47 25,194.37 32,874.45 37,184.82
23.14 99.47 420.13 585.24 1,128.62 1,985.37 7,103.21 6,329.29 7,519.90 7,680.08 4,310.37
74.57 395.09 1,748.83 3,634.59 7,271.27 13,668.56 36,556.68 56,951.08 81,181.85 105,928.77 119,817.75
74.57 320.53 1,353.74 1,885.76 3,636.68 6,397.29 22,888.12 20,394.39 24,230.78 24,746.91 13,888.98
7.71 40.87 180.91 375.99 752.20 1,413.99 3,781.73 5,891.49 8,398.12 10,958.15 12,394.94
7.71 33.16 140.04 195.08 376.21 661.79 2,367.74 2,109.76 2,506.63 2,560.03 1,436.79
33.43 177.11 783.96 1,629.30 3,259.54 6,127.29 16,387.48 25,529.79 36,391.87 47,485.31 53,711.40
33.43 143.68 606.85 845.34 1,630.23 2,867.75 10,260.19 9,142.31 10,862.07 11,093.44 6,226.09
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