Announcement: Math Drop-in Centre now open!

MATH 1050Y
A Non-Calculus Based Introduction to Probability & Statistical Methods
Section A FW 2012-13 Instructor: Jaclyn Semple

Where: Gzowski 338 Hours: Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday 11am 1pm 12pm 3pm 11am 2pm 1pm 4pm 10am 1pm

Help is available for all first-year courses and some second-year courses. Not every student staff member can provide help in all courses. At other times during the day, the room is available for use as a workroom or study space

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MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)

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Recap of Last Class

Recap of Last Class

1
2. The class boundaries for the first class would be: A. (0.5) 2.5 B. 0 2.5 C. 0 2.1 D. (0.1) 2.1
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Chapter 2 Describing, Exploring, and Comparing Data

2-1 Overview 2-2 Summarizing Data with Frequency Tables 2-3 Graphs of Data 2-4 Measures of Central Tendency 2-5 Measures of Variation 2-6 Measures of Position 2-7 Exploratory Data Analysis
MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)

Graphs of Data
A graph is a way to represent the distribution of a data set in pictorial form. Our objective is to identify a suitable graph for representing the data set. The graph should be effective in revealing the important characteristics of the data.

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Histograms
A histogram is a bar graph in which horizontal scale represents classes vertical scale represents frequencies the heights of the bars correspond to the frequency values the bars are drawn adjacent to each other (usually without gaps). We construct a histogram after we have constructed a frequency table.
MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)

Histograms
Figure 2-1 corresponds directly to Table 2-2.

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Interpreting Histograms
Frequency tables and graphs such as histograms enable us to see how our data are distributed. Shape: uniform, normal (bell), multimodal (more than one peak) Many procedures in statistics require that a distribution be bellshaped, and one way to check that requirement is to construct a histogram.

Interpreting Histograms
Symmetry: two halves are mirror image of each other

2
This histogram is approximately symmetric.

This histogram is approximately bell-shaped.

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Frequency Polygon
A frequency polygon uses line segments connected to points directly above the class midpoint values for a frequency distribution. Figure 2-4 below shows the frequency polygon corresponding to Table 2-2.

Ogive
An ogive is a line graph that depicts cumulative frequencies. Figure 2-5 shows the frequency polygon corresponding to Table 2-2.

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Stem-and-Leaf Plots
In a stem-and-leaf plot (or stemplot), we sort data by separating each value into a leaf (the rightmost digit) and the stem (all digits except the rightmost digit). Consider the example below

Example: Stem-and-Leaf Plots

The growth (in cm) of two varieties of plant after 20 days are given below. Lets construct a stemplot!
Variety 1 20 41 59 50 23 Variety 1 12 43 55 58 32 39 51 53 35 43 38 52 59 38 53 18 53 42 41 45 Variety 2 45 25 55 36 55 62 13 56 50 59 57 38 62

Variety 2

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Expanded Stem-and-Leaf Plots

Expanded leaf plots (or split plots) are created by subdividing rows into one with digits 0 through 4 and another with digits 5 through 9. This increases the number of classes (rows) just as in a histogram.
Variety 1 Variety 1 20 41 59 50 23 15 16 12 43 55 58 32 19 34 39 51 53 35 43 27 37 38 52 59 38 53 27 40

Back to Back Stem-and-Leaf Plots

Used for comparison of two distributions Example:
20 41 59 50 23 Variety 1 12 43 55 58 32 39 51 53 35 43 38 52 59 38 53 18 53 42 41 45 Variety 2 45 25 55 36 55 62 13 56 50 59 57 38 62

Variety 1 2 0 2 1 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 3 5 6 1 0 2

Variety 2 8 8 2 5 5 3 5 5 6 7 9 2 2 - 42

3 9 8 8 5 3 3 0 1 2 3 3 5 8 9

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MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)

Pause & Practice

In the data set represented by the following stemplot, how many times does the number 28 occur?

Pareto Charts
A Pareto chart is a bar graph for qualitative data with the bars arranged in order according to frequencies, with the tallest bar at the left.

A. B. C. D.

0 1 3 4

0 9 1 246999 2 111134567888999 3 000112222345666699 4 001445 5 0014 6 7 7 3

This focuses attention on the more important categories, as in Figure 2-6.

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Pie Charts
A pie chart is a graph depicting qualitative data as slices of a circle, where the size of each slice is proportional to the relative frequency of each category.

Scatter Diagrams
A scatter diagram is a plot of paired (x,y) data with a horizontal x-axis and a vertical y-axis. The pattern of the plotted points is often helpful in determining whether there is a relationship between the two variables.

To calculate the number of degrees for each class:

Degrees =
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Tables and Graphs

Qualitative Data Quantitative Data

Histograms and Excel

Histogram and cumulative frequency charts can be constructed from raw data need to provide class boundaries

Tables

Graphs

Graphs

Tables

Frequency table Relative frequency table

Bar chart Pareto Chart Pie Chart

Histogram Frequency Polygon Ogive Stem-and-leaf plot

Frequency table Relative frequency table Cumulative frequency table

Can use bar and line charts if you have the frequency table made use the histogram function in Data Analysis to create a frequency table still need to figure out number of classes and class boundaries See pages 49-51 of the textbook
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Coming up
Reminders: Assignment #1 DUE tomorrow in seminar Quiz #1 tomorrow in seminar bring iClicker Assignment #2 posted print & bring to seminar to work on / get help on For next class: Do practice questions from 2-3 Read Section 2-4
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