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2012 Interational Conference on Computing, Electronics and Electrical Technologies [ICCEET]

Design and Analysis of Interleaved Boost


Converter for Renewable Energy Source
J.S.Anu Rahavi*, T.Kanagapriya*, Dr.R.Seyezhai**
raavianu@gmail.com,priya.kg@gmail.com
Abstract-Renewable energy is derived from natural
resources that are replenished constantly. The
commonly used renewable energy systems include
photovoltaic cells and fuel cells. A suitable DC-DC
converter is proposed for highly efcient renewable
energy systems. Interleaved Boost Converter (mC)
topology is discussed in this paper for renewable energy
applications.The advantages of interleaved boost
converter compared to the classical boost converter are
low input current ripple, high efciency, faster
transient response, reduced electromagnetic emission
and improved reliability. Three cases of interleaved
boost converter have been considered and analysed.
Two-phase mc's with (i) the front end inductors
magnetically coupled (ii) uncoupled inductors and (iii)
inversely coupled inductors performance have been
analyzed and compared. The output voltage ripple,
input current ripple and inductor current ripple of the
three types of converters are compared. The waveforms
of input, inductor current ripple and output voltage
ripple are obtained using MA TLAB/SlMULINK. The
design equations for IBC have been presented. Using
the results obtained from simulation the best of the
three IBC is inferred.
KeywordsUncoupled, Directly coupled, Inversely
coupled mc, ripple.
I. INTRODUCTION
Fossil fels are energy souces such as coal, oil and
natral gas. The world virtually depends on the
supply of fossil-fel for energy. But the common
issue is that fossil-fels are running out. It would take
millions of years to completely restore the foss
i
l fels
tat we have use
d
in just a few
d
ecades. This means
fossil fels are non-renewa
b
le sources of energy.
Renewa
b
le energy comes
i
n as a resolution for this
glo
b
al issue. Renewa
b
le energy is any natural souce
tat can replenish itself naturally over a shor amount
of time. Renewa
b
le energy comes fom many
commonly known souces such as solar power, win
d
,
rnning water and geothermal energy.
'
Student, EEE Depament, SSNCE, Tamil Nadu, India.
Associate Professor, EEE Deparment, SSNCE,
Tamilnadu, India.
978-1-4673-0210-4112/
$
3l.00 2012 IEEE 447
Renewa
b
le energy sources are wonderfl options
b
ecause they are limitless. Also another great beneft
f
om using renewa
b
le energy
i
s that many o
f
them
d
o
not pollute our air and water, the way
b
urn
i
ng fossil
f
els does. Any such renewa
b
le energy system
requires a suita
b
le converter to make it effcient.
Interleaved
b
oost converer is one such converter that
can
b
e used for these applications.
The Interleave
d
boost converter has high voltage step
up, reduced voltage ripple at the outut, low
switching loss, reduce
d
electromagnetic interference
an
d
faster transient response. Also, the steady-state
voltage ripples at the outut capacitors of mc are
reduced. Though IBC topology has more in
d
uctors
i
ncreasing the complexity of the converer compared
to the convent
i
onal
b
oost converer it is preferre
d
b
ecause of the low ripple content in the input an
d
outut si
d
es. In or
d
er to re
d
uce this complex
i
ty, this
paper invest
i
gates the
b
ene
f
ts of couple
d
, uncouple
d
and inversely inductors for mc. Detaile
d
analysis
has been
d
one to study the ripple content of all the
three tyes of the converter. The suita
b
le mc for fel
cell applications is propose
d
[1]. Gating pulses are
generated using pulse generator. Simulations have
b
een performed to vali
d
ate the concepts.
II. OPERTION OF mc
The two phases of the converer are
d
riven 180
d
egrees out of phase, th
i
s is
b
ecause the phase shif to
b
e prov
i
de
d
depends on the num
b
er of phases g
i
ven
b
y 360/n where n stan
d
s for the num
b
er of phases[3].
Fig. Circuit diagram of a to phase uncoupled IC
S
i
nce two phases ae use
d
the ripple fequency is
d
ou
b
led and results in re
d
uction of voltage ripple at
the output si
d
e. The input current ripple is also
reduced
b
y this arrangement.
2012 Interational Conference on Computing, Electronics and Electrical Technologies [ICCEET]
When gate pulse is g
i
ven to the frst phase for a t
i
me
tJ, the current across the in
d
uctor rises an
d
energy
i
s
store
d
in the inductor. When the device in the frst
phase
i
s te
d
OFF, the energy store
d
is trasfered
to te load through the outut
di
ode D. The
i
n
d
uctor
ad the capac
i
tor serve as voltage sources to exten
d
te voltage gain an
d
to reduce te voltage stess on
te switch. The increasing current rate across the
outut
d
iode is contolle
d b
y in
d
uctances in the
phases. Gate pulse is given to the second phase
duing the time t1 to t2 when the
d
ev
i
ce
i
n the
f
rst
phase is OFF. When the device in the phase two is
ON the in
d
uctor chages for the same time and
transfers energy to the load in a similar manner as the
frst phase. Therefore the two phases feed the load
continuously.
Fig.1 to 3 shows te schemat
i
c
di
agrams of the
two phase
i
nterleaved
b
oost converter w
i
th
uncoupled, d
i
rectly coupled an
d i
nversely coupled
IBe. As the outut current
i
s divi
d
ed by the num
b
er
of phases, the current stess in each tansistor is
reduce
d
. Each transistor is switched at the same
fequency but at a phase diference of [3].
Switching sequences of each phase may overlap
depending upon the
d
uty ratio (D). In this case the
input voltage to the IBC is 20V and the
d
esired
outut voltage is 40V, therefore has to been chosen
as 0.5.
Fig. 2 Circuit Diagram of a 2-phase directly coupled IC
Fig. 3 Circuit Diagram of a two phase inversely coupled IC
448
III. DESIGN METHODOLOGY OF IBC
The design methodology for all types of IBC's
require a selection of proper values of in
d
uctor,
capacitor ad proper choice of the power
semicon
d
uctor devices to reduce the switch
i
ng
losses[4]. The steps involve
d i
n
d
es
i
gning IBC are as
follows [5]:

Decision of duty ratio and num


b
er of phases

Select
i
on of In
d
uctor values

Selection of power semicon


d
uctor switches

Design of output
f
lter
A) Se
l
ection of dut ratio and number of phases
Two phase IBC
i
s chosen s
i
nce te ripple content
reduces with increase in the num
b
er of phases. If the
number of the phases
i
s
i
ncreased frther, w
i
thout
much decrease in the ripple content, the complexity
of the circuit increases very much, there
b
y
i
ncreasing
the cost of implementation. Hence, as a tradeof
b
etween the ripple content and the cost an
d
complexity, num
b
er of phases is chosen as two. The
number of inductors, switches and
d
iodes are same as
the num
b
er of phases an
d
switching fequency is
same for all the phases.
Vin e) d (0.34<D<0.66)
0.0
U.UJ
4
>
U.Uc

_ UJ
UJ 2
U
J.`b
O9'
1JJJ
:

cJJa

c JJi
c JJ/
75
|
:!al
*
|
J7G1 J/b2
Mc(s,3

F
J`:Z J7':
!
d./bJ

:`:!
'|b/
'
J`::
Fig. 4 Switching pater for two phase IC
(1)
J/
The input cur ent ripple can be zero at specifc duty
ratios which are multiples of lI, where N stan
d
s for
2012 Interational Conference on Computing, Electronics and Electrical Technologies [ICCEET]
the no of p
h
ases. Here the num
b
er of phases is two
therefore the duty ration is taen as 0.5. The
switching pater is show in Figue 4.
B) Se
l
ection of inductors
For te selection of t
h
e proper inductor and capacitor
te design equation part for all the tree converters
ae given
b
elow:
1. Uncoup
l
ed inductor
The value of the inductance is given by equation
L
"H!!
~j
2. Coup
l
ed inductor
(2)
The equivalent inductance (Lcq) [9] expression for
directly coupled mc is
L
VinDT
(3)
^
Where V _ represents input voltage, D represents dut
ratio. T
h
e p
h
ase curent ripple which is decided
b
y
Leq is given
b
y

1
1
=
"H

*
1+u+2u
)huSc
~

+u-2u
(4)
To fnd out the values of mutual inductance (Lr, t
h
e
input curent is calculated using the input voltage and
power [6]. With a coupling coef
f
cient (a) of 0.61,
te minimum self- inductance of the coupled inductor
is found as

L=

+u
L
1+u-2u
The value of m is calculated as
(5)
Lm= a.L (6)
Therefore, the overall input curent ripple is derived
as
_ V_
H
1 (''
-u
( l-f)
(7)
ln
L
1+u-2u
From the a
b
ove equations it is clea that increasing
the value of the coupling coeffcient can effectively
reduce the input current ripple,
b
ut the phase current
ripple is increased [7]. Therefore, the value of
coupling coeffcient is careflly chosen as 0.61, so
that the input cur ent ripple is reduced and the phase
current ripples ae witin the limts [8].
3.
1
nverse
l
y coup
l
ed inductor
The self inductance value for inversely coupled is
obtained
f
om t
h
e equation below:
D
1
_ '
+u
1-D
(8)
1+u
The mutual inductance value is given
b
y
1_ - O.1 (9)
449
C) Se
l
ection of Power Devices
The semiconductor device chosen for constructing
the two p
h
ase interleaved boost converer is te
IGBT [10]. The main benefts of IGBT ae lower on
state resistance, lower conduction losses and high
switching operation. The maximum voltage across
the switching devices is given by
(10)
Where Ni
_
is te input voltage, D is the duty ratio of
the converter. T
h
e diode has less forwad voltage,
h
igh reverse
b
reakdow voltage and less reverse
recovery current which results in reduced switc
h
ing
loss. Due to a
b
sence of reverse recovery curent,
there is no need of active snu
bb
er circuit for
protection. Hence the circuit complexity is reduced.
Circuit relia
b
ility is improved and design of the
converter is simplifed.
D) Outut Fi
l
ter
A capacitor flter is needed at te outut to limit the
peak to pea ripple of the outut voltage. T
h
e
capacitace of t
h
e outut flter is fnction of the duty
cycle, fequency and minimum load resistance during
maximum load [15]. For 5% output voltage ripple,
the value of the capacitance is given
b
y the formula
C=
"_!!
(11)
"_
Where R represents the load resistance, V 0 represents
the outut voltage and T represents the switching
period.
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS
As per t
h
e design equations, a two phase interleaved
b
oost converter wit
h
uncoupled, directly coupled
inductors and inversely coupled inductors are
simulated in MATLABI SIMULINK .The values for
uncoupled mc are L=2.5m, C=781F ,f2KHz.and
R=3.2f.The outut voltage is Vo=38V for an input
Vin=20V. The values used for directly and inversely
coupled mc are summarized as N_ = 20V, R = 3.2
f, C =78uF, fs= 2 kHz, Lm = 7mH, g = Lk2 =
4.3mH, Vo =37v, D=0.5and a = 0.61 for directly
coupled. Fig 5 and 6 s
h
ows inductor curent ripple
waveform and the outut voltage waveform of
uncoupled me. Figs. 7 and 8 show the inductor
curent ripple and outut voltage waveforms of a
directly coupled mc under steady-state condition.
For directly coupled inductors, phase curent ripple
and input curent ripple is lesser compared to
uncoupled inductors.
2012 Interational Conference on Computing, Electronics and Electrical Technologies [ICCEET]
:.:
J:
=
:z.:

g Jz
8
g::.:
g
: JJ
:
'
.:
:: : :
!ime(s)
7J
'
``
Fig. Iductor curent wavefor for uncoupled L
Tie(s)
Fig. 6 Output voltage wavefor of 2-phase uncoupled L
@ II.5

g
<
=
1ime(s)
Fig. J Iductor curent waveform for coupled L
Time(s)
Fig. Output voltage wavefor for Coupled C
450
*.
Time(s)
Fig. Outut voltage wavefor for Inversely Coupled L
Fig 10 shows variation of te input current ripple of
each phase according to duty ratio. The input cur ent
ripple of te convent
i
onal
b
oost converter is l
i
nearly
increase
d
with increase in
d
uty ratio. However, in N
phase IBC; the input curent ripple can
b
e zero at
specifc
d
uty ratios, which are multiple duties of lI,
such as 0.5 in 2-phase IBe. The input cur ent ripple
is proportionally increase
d
to the input voltage. On
the other side, it is inversely proportional to
inductance and fequency.
ycum: |ccui
- - --
LUt_ tO
Fig. !0Iput curent ripple variation with duty ratio
Fig.ll depicts te outut voltage r
i
pple. Compare
d
with the convent
i
onal boost converer, the output
voltage ripple of IBC
i
s draat
i
cally reduce
d
[16].
As in case of the input current ripple, the outut
voltage ripple of the conventional boost converter is
linealy increased an
d
the outut voltage ripple of
IBC passes zero points according to speci
f
c duty
2
ratios. The outut voltage ripple is decreased
b
y lI
times.
2012 Interational Conference on Computing, Electronics and Electrical Technologies [ICCEET]
I l l I
1 ....._..._...,._
.
.
.
~lMMH@K
^ZlV@
"lVK@K
** Al RH@
. .
.....1.l.....1.... ..... .
l I l l I l

_..
l
..._ ._._.....
l I l l l .
> =
Fig. 11 Outut voltage rpple vaiation with duty ratio
TALE I
Simulation results for uncoupled, directly coupled and inversely
coupled IC
Paameters Uncoupled Directly Inversely
IBC CoupledIC coupledIC
Outut 0.5% 0.4% 0.42%
voltage rpple
Inductor 16.67% 18% 14%
curent ripple
Input curent 0.08% 0.03% 0.06%
ripple
From the results we infer that the inductor ripple is
lesser for inversely coupled compare
d
to the others,
however the input current ripple is higher for
inversely couple
d
IBC.We know that whenever the
inductor cur ent ripple is less, efciency is more. The
higher value of
i
nput current ripple of inversely
coupled is not suita
b
le for certain applications.This
higher curent ripple can
b
e reduced by selecting
proper value of duty rat
i
o and coupl
i
ng coeffcient.
The results indicate that the d
i
rectly coupled IBC
gives a reduce
d
input current ripple which
i
s best
su
i
ted for fel cell applicat
i
ons.
V.CONCLUSION
Interleaved
b
oost converter has so many advantages
and
i
s a suita
b
le converter for renewa
b
le energy
applications.Three cases of IBC using uncoupled,
coupled and inversely coupled inductor have
b
een
analyzed for renewa
b
le energy applications. Their
design equations have
b
een presented and
performance parameters of all thee cases have
b
een
compared us
i
ng simulat
i
on. It
i
s demonstrated that
the d
i
rectly coupled
i
nterleaved DC-DC converer
efectively reduces the overall current ripple
compare
d
to that of uncoupled
i
n
d
uctors. Therefore
directly couple
d
IBC
i
s a suita
b
le choice for fel
cells.
451
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