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Select
i
on of In
d
uctor values
Design of output
f
lter
A) Se
l
ection of dut ratio and number of phases
Two phase IBC
i
s chosen s
i
nce te ripple content
reduces with increase in the num
b
er of phases. If the
number of the phases
i
s
i
ncreased frther, w
i
thout
much decrease in the ripple content, the complexity
of the circuit increases very much, there
b
y
i
ncreasing
the cost of implementation. Hence, as a tradeof
b
etween the ripple content and the cost an
d
complexity, num
b
er of phases is chosen as two. The
number of inductors, switches and
d
iodes are same as
the num
b
er of phases an
d
switching fequency is
same for all the phases.
Vin e) d (0.34<D<0.66)
0.0
U.UJ
4
>
U.Uc
_ UJ
UJ 2
U
J.`b
O9'
1JJJ
:
cJJa
c JJi
c JJ/
75
|
:!al
*
|
J7G1 J/b2
Mc(s,3
F
J`:Z J7':
!
d./bJ
:`:!
'|b/
'
J`::
Fig. 4 Switching pater for two phase IC
(1)
J/
The input cur ent ripple can be zero at specifc duty
ratios which are multiples of lI, where N stan
d
s for
2012 Interational Conference on Computing, Electronics and Electrical Technologies [ICCEET]
the no of p
h
ases. Here the num
b
er of phases is two
therefore the duty ration is taen as 0.5. The
switching pater is show in Figue 4.
B) Se
l
ection of inductors
For te selection of t
h
e proper inductor and capacitor
te design equation part for all the tree converters
ae given
b
elow:
1. Uncoup
l
ed inductor
The value of the inductance is given by equation
L
"H!!
~j
2. Coup
l
ed inductor
(2)
The equivalent inductance (Lcq) [9] expression for
directly coupled mc is
L
VinDT
(3)
^
Where V _ represents input voltage, D represents dut
ratio. T
h
e p
h
ase curent ripple which is decided
b
y
Leq is given
b
y
1
1
=
"H
*
1+u+2u
)huSc
~
+u-2u
(4)
To fnd out the values of mutual inductance (Lr, t
h
e
input curent is calculated using the input voltage and
power [6]. With a coupling coef
f
cient (a) of 0.61,
te minimum self- inductance of the coupled inductor
is found as
L=
+u
L
1+u-2u
The value of m is calculated as
(5)
Lm= a.L (6)
Therefore, the overall input curent ripple is derived
as
_ V_
H
1 (''
-u
( l-f)
(7)
ln
L
1+u-2u
From the a
b
ove equations it is clea that increasing
the value of the coupling coeffcient can effectively
reduce the input current ripple,
b
ut the phase current
ripple is increased [7]. Therefore, the value of
coupling coeffcient is careflly chosen as 0.61, so
that the input cur ent ripple is reduced and the phase
current ripples ae witin the limts [8].
3.
1
nverse
l
y coup
l
ed inductor
The self inductance value for inversely coupled is
obtained
f
om t
h
e equation below:
D
1
_ '
+u
1-D
(8)
1+u
The mutual inductance value is given
b
y
1_ - O.1 (9)
449
C) Se
l
ection of Power Devices
The semiconductor device chosen for constructing
the two p
h
ase interleaved boost converer is te
IGBT [10]. The main benefts of IGBT ae lower on
state resistance, lower conduction losses and high
switching operation. The maximum voltage across
the switching devices is given by
(10)
Where Ni
_
is te input voltage, D is the duty ratio of
the converter. T
h
e diode has less forwad voltage,
h
igh reverse
b
reakdow voltage and less reverse
recovery current which results in reduced switc
h
ing
loss. Due to a
b
sence of reverse recovery curent,
there is no need of active snu
bb
er circuit for
protection. Hence the circuit complexity is reduced.
Circuit relia
b
ility is improved and design of the
converter is simplifed.
D) Outut Fi
l
ter
A capacitor flter is needed at te outut to limit the
peak to pea ripple of the outut voltage. T
h
e
capacitace of t
h
e outut flter is fnction of the duty
cycle, fequency and minimum load resistance during
maximum load [15]. For 5% output voltage ripple,
the value of the capacitance is given
b
y the formula
C=
"_!!
(11)
"_
Where R represents the load resistance, V 0 represents
the outut voltage and T represents the switching
period.
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS
As per t
h
e design equations, a two phase interleaved
b
oost converter wit
h
uncoupled, directly coupled
inductors and inversely coupled inductors are
simulated in MATLABI SIMULINK .The values for
uncoupled mc are L=2.5m, C=781F ,f2KHz.and
R=3.2f.The outut voltage is Vo=38V for an input
Vin=20V. The values used for directly and inversely
coupled mc are summarized as N_ = 20V, R = 3.2
f, C =78uF, fs= 2 kHz, Lm = 7mH, g = Lk2 =
4.3mH, Vo =37v, D=0.5and a = 0.61 for directly
coupled. Fig 5 and 6 s
h
ows inductor curent ripple
waveform and the outut voltage waveform of
uncoupled me. Figs. 7 and 8 show the inductor
curent ripple and outut voltage waveforms of a
directly coupled mc under steady-state condition.
For directly coupled inductors, phase curent ripple
and input curent ripple is lesser compared to
uncoupled inductors.
2012 Interational Conference on Computing, Electronics and Electrical Technologies [ICCEET]
:.:
J:
=
:z.:
g Jz
8
g::.:
g
: JJ
:
'
.:
:: : :
!ime(s)
7J
'
``
Fig. Iductor curent wavefor for uncoupled L
Tie(s)
Fig. 6 Output voltage wavefor of 2-phase uncoupled L
@ II.5
g
<
=
1ime(s)
Fig. J Iductor curent waveform for coupled L
Time(s)
Fig. Output voltage wavefor for Coupled C
450
*.
Time(s)
Fig. Outut voltage wavefor for Inversely Coupled L
Fig 10 shows variation of te input current ripple of
each phase according to duty ratio. The input cur ent
ripple of te convent
i
onal
b
oost converter is l
i
nearly
increase
d
with increase in
d
uty ratio. However, in N
phase IBC; the input curent ripple can
b
e zero at
specifc
d
uty ratios, which are multiple duties of lI,
such as 0.5 in 2-phase IBe. The input cur ent ripple
is proportionally increase
d
to the input voltage. On
the other side, it is inversely proportional to
inductance and fequency.
ycum: |ccui
- - --
LUt_ tO
Fig. !0Iput curent ripple variation with duty ratio
Fig.ll depicts te outut voltage r
i
pple. Compare
d
with the convent
i
onal boost converer, the output
voltage ripple of IBC
i
s draat
i
cally reduce
d
[16].
As in case of the input current ripple, the outut
voltage ripple of the conventional boost converter is
linealy increased an
d
the outut voltage ripple of
IBC passes zero points according to speci
f
c duty
2
ratios. The outut voltage ripple is decreased
b
y lI
times.
2012 Interational Conference on Computing, Electronics and Electrical Technologies [ICCEET]
I l l I
1 ....._..._...,._
.
.
.
~lMMH@K
^ZlV@
"lVK@K
** Al RH@
. .
.....1.l.....1.... ..... .
l I l l I l
_..
l
..._ ._._.....
l I l l l .
> =
Fig. 11 Outut voltage rpple vaiation with duty ratio
TALE I
Simulation results for uncoupled, directly coupled and inversely
coupled IC
Paameters Uncoupled Directly Inversely
IBC CoupledIC coupledIC
Outut 0.5% 0.4% 0.42%
voltage rpple
Inductor 16.67% 18% 14%
curent ripple
Input curent 0.08% 0.03% 0.06%
ripple
From the results we infer that the inductor ripple is
lesser for inversely coupled compare
d
to the others,
however the input current ripple is higher for
inversely couple
d
IBC.We know that whenever the
inductor cur ent ripple is less, efciency is more. The
higher value of
i
nput current ripple of inversely
coupled is not suita
b
le for certain applications.This
higher curent ripple can
b
e reduced by selecting
proper value of duty rat
i
o and coupl
i
ng coeffcient.
The results indicate that the d
i
rectly coupled IBC
gives a reduce
d
input current ripple which
i
s best
su
i
ted for fel cell applicat
i
ons.
V.CONCLUSION
Interleaved
b
oost converter has so many advantages
and
i
s a suita
b
le converter for renewa
b
le energy
applications.Three cases of IBC using uncoupled,
coupled and inversely coupled inductor have
b
een
analyzed for renewa
b
le energy applications. Their
design equations have
b
een presented and
performance parameters of all thee cases have
b
een
compared us
i
ng simulat
i
on. It
i
s demonstrated that
the d
i
rectly coupled
i
nterleaved DC-DC converer
efectively reduces the overall current ripple
compare
d
to that of uncoupled
i
n
d
uctors. Therefore
directly couple
d
IBC
i
s a suita
b
le choice for fel
cells.
451
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